非谓语动词的六大用法

非谓语动词的六大用法
在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，充当句子主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语而不能起谓语作用的动词，是动词的非谓语形式，又叫作非谓语动词。

非谓语动词有动词不定式（to do）、动词-ing形式和过去分词（done）。

一、动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语
1.不定式作主语表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来动作；动词的-ing形式作主语表示经常性、习惯性动作或已经发生的动作。

To remember these words today is our main task. 今天记住这些单词是我们的主要任务。

Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old . 散步对年轻人和老年人都是很好的运形式。

Suffering is the most powerful teacher of life.苦难是人生最伟大的老师。

Being laughed at in the public made him angry. 在公共场所被嘲笑使他很生气。

2.不定式和动词的-ing形式作主语的常用句型
1) 不定式作主语的句型
①It is +形容词(名词) to do
It is better to be safe than sorry. 事后追悔不如事前稳妥。

It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open. 开设店铺易，维持常开难。

It is necessary to complete the design before National Day.在国庆节前完成设计是必要的。

It is very important to follow the rules.遵守规则是非常重要的。

It’s a waste of time to do that. 干那件事是浪费时间。

It is a great art to laugh at your own misfortune. 对己之不幸付之一笑，这是一门伟大的艺术。

②It takes (sb. )some time to do
It took me half an hour to do the work. 我花了半小时做这项工作。

It took me 20 minutes to recite the text. 背诵那篇课文花费了我20分钟。

③It costs (sb.) some money to do
It will cost you 500 dollars to repair the car.修理这部车要花费你500美元。

It costs a great deal to live in big cities. 生活在大城市花钱很多。

2) 动词-ing形式作主语的句型
①It ' s no use (useless ) doing
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 泼水难收。

It’s no use quarreling with him. 与他争吵没有用。

②It 's no good doing
It is no good leaving today’s work for tomorrow. 把今天的工作留到明天是没有好处的。

③there is no doing 没有可能做某事
There is no knowing where he is now. 没法知道他现在在哪里。

There’s no denying the fact. 这一事实不容否认。

There is no getting over the difficulty. 这困难无法克服。

3.不定式的复合结构
不定式的复合结构用for/of sb. to do sth. 表示。

用for 还是of ，取决于前面的形容词：如形容词是表示容观情况的easy, difficult, hard , important , impossible , necessary 等时用for；如形容词是表示人的特征、状态、或性质的foolish , silly, stupid, clever, wise, kind, nice, lazy, polite , impolite, careless, honest, brave, proud 等时用of 。

It’s very important for us to learn a foreign language.对我们来说学习一门外语很重要。

It is foolish of you to believe in such a person.你信任这种人是很傻的。

4.不定式和动词的-ing形式作主语时谓语动词的单复数
单个不定式、动词的-ing形式以及两个或两个以上疑问词+不定式作主语，谓语动词都要用单数。

To learn a foreign language well requires painstaking effort. 要学好一门外语就得下苦功夫。

Collecting stamps is a good hobby. 集邮是一种有益的爱好。

Wasting time is robbing oneself. 浪费时间就是掠夺自己。

When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.何时何地建新工厂还没有决定。

二、动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语
1. 动词不定式作宾语
只接跟不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, afford, decide, desire, expect, refuse , hope, manage, plan, pretend , promise , wish , would like (love ) 等。

We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.我们同意在这里见面，但是到目前为止他还没有出现。

If one desires to succeed in anything, he must pay the price. 如果想做成点事，就得付出代价一干。

How did you manage to persuade him?你是怎么说服他的？
2.动词-ing形式作宾语
1)只能以动词-ing形式作宾语的动词有：advise , allow, appreciate, avoid , consider (考虑)，delay , enjoy , escape, excuse ,finish, keep , imagine, mind, miss, permit, practise, risk, suggest 等动词及feel like , insist on , be fond of , what (how ) about 等固定词组。

另外，worth ,busy 这两个形容词后也用动名词作宾语。

He advised putting up a tent there. 他建议在那里搭起帐篷。

We don’t allow smoking in the lab.我们不准在实验室吸烟。

I don’t feel like eating anything now. 我现在不想吃任何东西。

If you insist on leaving now , please go ahead.你一定要走, 那就请便吧。

Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well. 任何值得做的事就值得把它做好。

2)以下句型结构中省略了介词，故其后的动词要用-ing形式：
have a hard time(in)doing费了很大劲做某事；have difficulty/trouble/problems (in) doing 做某事有麻烦；spend some time (in) doing 花费多少时间做某事；stop/prevent…（from）doing防止……做某事；waste time (in)doing浪费时间做某事
Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time passing the exam.
由于卧病在床将近一个月之久，他非常艰难地通过了考试。

They seem to have difficulty getting all the furniture upstairs.他们把所有的家具都搬到楼上去似乎有困难。

Even though our house is in tip-top condition, we're having problems selling it.虽然我们的房子状况很好，但现在把它卖出去还是有困难。

According to a recent U.S survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week watching TV. 美国最新一项调查显示, 儿童每周看电视长达25小时。

His disability does not prevent/stop him following the mainstream curriculum.他的残疾并没有阻止他学习主流课程。

We wasted a whole afternoon (in) trying to repair the car. 我们浪费了整整一下午的时间想把汽车修理好。

3)含介词to的动词短语后要以动词-ing形式作宾语
devote... to，be ( get ) used/accustomed to , be addicted to, look forward to , get down to , lead to, pay attention to , prefer ... to , stick to , object to等短语中的to 为介词，后跟动词-ing形式或名词作宾语。

They devoted themselves to helping the poor. 他们献身于帮助穷人。

They're accustomed to using organic fertilizers. 他们习惯于使用有机肥。

She looks forward every spring to walking in the flower-lined garden.她期待每个春天在铺满鲜花的花园里散步。

Do you object to working on Sundays?你反对在星期日工作吗?
3)need , want , require 作“需要”讲时，后跟动词-ing形式或不定式的被动式表示被动含义。

This sentence needs improving/to be improved. 这个句子需要改进。

My bike wants repairing/to be repaired. 我的自行车需要修理。

These plants require watering/to be watered every day. 这些植物需要每天浇水。

3.以下动词既可跟动词不定式又可跟动词-ing形式作宾语，但含义不同：
1) can't help to do不能帮助做；can't help doing情不自禁
2) try to do尽力做；try doing试着做
3) go on to do接着做另一件事；go on doing继续做原来在做的事
4) mean to do打算做；mean doing意味着
5) forget , remember, regret 后跟不定式表示未发生的动作，跟动词-ing形式表示已发生的动作。

6) stop to do停下来去做；stop doing停止做
She can’t help to clean the house because she’s busy making a cake.她忙着做蛋糕，所以不能帮忙打扫房子。

While shopping, people sometimes can’t help being persuaded into buying something they don’t really need. 购物时，人们有时会忍不住被说服去买他们并不真正需要的东西。

Please try to finish the work in 30 minutes. 请尽量在30分钟之内完成这项工作。

When you can’t go to sleep, try counting sheep. 睡不着觉的时候，试试数羊这个办法。

Life is a shipwreck, but we must not forget to sing in the lifeboats.生活是条沉船，但我们不要忘了在救生艇上高歌。

I forgot writing to him,so I wrote again.我忘了给他写过信，所以我又写了一封信。

She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path. 她到了山顶，停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。

Stop struggling, life is stopped. 停止奋斗，生命也就停止了。

三、非谓语动词作表语
1. 动词不定式和动词-ing形式作表语，相当于一个名词作表语，说明主语的内容是什么。

如：
The best way to reassure the audience is to let them know that the play is about to begin.安抚观众最好的办法，就是让他们知道戏即将开始。

Success is going from failure to failure without losing enthusiasm.成功就是不断失败，而不丧失热情。

这里我们需要注意两点：
1)动词-ing形式作主语时，如作表语的是一个动词，这个动词也要用-ing形式与作主语的-ing相对称。

不定式作主语时作表语的动词也要用不定式。

如：Seeing is believing (To see is to believe)眼见为实。

To spread knowledge is to spread happiness.（Spreading knowledge is spreading happiness）传播知识就是播种幸福。

2)动词不定式常指具体的某一次动作，尤其是将来动作，而动词-ing
形式多表示泛指的、多次重复的动作，所以ambition, hope, wish, plan, intention, dream, goal等作主语时常用不定式作表语，而hobby, job等作主语时，常用-ing形式作表语。

如：
Her ambition is to reach the very top of her profession.她的雄心是要达到她职业的顶峰。

Our only hope was to get her to a hospital fast.我们唯一的希望就是赶快把她送到医院。

Her hobby is drawing. 她的业余爱好是绘画。

My job is taking photos. 我的工作是照相。

Our favorite sport is skating. 我们最喜欢的运动是滑冰。

2.表示心理状态的动词encourage, astonish, excite, interest, disappoint, move, frighten , please, puzzle , satisfy, surprise, tire, worry 等有-ing和-ed两种形式，都属于形容词，作表语时，如表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令（使）人……的”时，用-ing形式；表示主语本身所处的状态，意为“感到……的”时，用-ed形式。

如：
The news sounds encouraging and we are greatly encouraged.消息听起来令人鼓舞，我们受到了极大鼓舞。

The news was disappointing. 消息令人失望。

We are satisfied with the result. 我们对这个结果感到满意。

注意：这类动词作定语和宾补时，其-ing和-ed形式的选择也是这样判断的。

如：
She had never spent a more worrying day. 他从来没有经历过更令人焦急的一
天了。

Laws that punish parents for their little children’s action against the law get parents worried . 因儿童犯罪而惩罚他们的父母，这方面的法律规定使父母们感到十分忧虑。

四、非谓语动词作宾补
1. 以带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise (建议), ask (要求), allow (允许), beg (乞求，请求), call on (号召), cause (促使), consider（认为）,encourage (鼓励), expect (预料，期待), force (强迫，迫使), get (使), hate (不喜欢，憎恨), invite (邀请), like (喜欢), order (命令), permit (允许), persuade (说服), remind (提醒), require (要求), tell (告诉), want, warn (告诫), wish (希望), would like (想要)等。

His parents won’t allow him to stay out late. 他父母不允许他在外面待到很晚。

My advisor encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skills. 我的导师鼓励我选修夏季课程以提高我的写作技能。

If you want your children to keep their feet on the ground, put some responsibility on their shoulders. 你若希望你的孩子总是脚踏实地，就要让他们负些责任。

2.感官动词see, watch , notice , observe , look at, smell, feel , hear , listen to
等既可跟不带to 的不定式，又可跟动词-ing和过去分词作宾补，判断的方法是：当宾语与宾补在逻辑上是主谓关系时，用不定式(强调全过程) 或动词-ing(强调动作正在进行) ；当宾语与宾补在逻辑上是动宾关系时，用过去分词。

I noticed him fall off his bike. 我看到他从自行车上掉了下来。

I heard them singing the song.我听见他们在唱那首歌。

I saw her dancing when I went in. 当我进去的时候，我看见她在跳舞。

They would like to see the plan carried out next year.他们想要看到这项计划在明年得到执行。

注意：上述动词变成被动语态以后，其结构是：sb./sth. be seen to do/doing/done。

to do 和doing与主语之间是主动关系，前者表示动作已经结束，后者表示动作正在进行；done与主语之间是被动关系。

He was seen to get into a white car. 有人看见他进入了一辆白色的小汽车。

The missing boy were last seen playing near the river.人们最后一次看到那个失踪的男孩的时候，他在河边玩。

I noticed the car destroyed. 我发现那辆车被毁掉了。

3. 使役动词make , let , have后的宾补
1) make sb.(sth.) do/done
The boss made the workers do the work all day.老板迫使工人们整天干活。

Love makes the world go round. 爱情使世界运转。

She spoke too fast to make herself understood.她说得太快，无法使人听懂。

注意：make后跟动词原形作宾补时，如变成被动语态，be made后要加to。

Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 虽然他曾经常把他小妹妹弄哭，但今天他被他小妹妹弄哭了。

2)let sb./sth do
Let sleeping dogs lie. 不要惹事生非。

My parents wouldn’t let me go out with boys.我父母不許我与男孩子们一起交往。

3)have当“使，让”讲时，用于以下三个结构：
①have +宾语+do sth. 表示“让某人做某事”，宾补表示的是一次性动作，宾语与宾补之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。

Don’t forget to have him come. 别忘了让他来。

The manager had his assistant host the party. 经理让他的助理主持了聚会。

①have +宾语+doing 表示“使……处于某种状态”，“让某情况发生”。

该结构中的宾补表示的是正在进行或持续性的动作。

宾语与宾补之间也有逻辑上的主谓关系。

I have the car waiting outside. 我让车在外面等着。

They had the fire burning all night long. 他们让火整夜燃烧着。

We won’t have you smoking in the sitting-room. 我们不允许你在起居室抽烟。

①have +宾语+done 表示“让某人做某事”或“遭遇”。

Why not have the suit cleaned? 为什么不把这套衣服送去洗。

She had the car washed at the weekend. 她周末请人洗车。

I had my cellphone stolen yesterday. 昨天我的手机被偷了。

4.keep,leave 后的宾语补足语
keep, leave 后的宾语补足语有两种形式：宾语与宾补之间是主动关系用
词-ing形式；宾语和宾补之间是被动关系用过去分词。

Don’t leave the water running while you brush your teeth. 刷牙时不要让水流着。

I’m really sorry to have kept you waiting outside for so long.很抱歉，让你在外面等了这么久。

We mustn’t leave the work half done. 这工作我们不能做一半就留着。

I hope you will keep me informed of how you are getting on with your work.我希望你能使我了解你的工作进展如何。

注意：“leave+宾语+to do”表示“让……做某事”，有“离开”、“不干涉”的含义。

如：
Let’s leave her to solve the problem. 我们且让她去解决这个问题吧。

5.catch sb. doing碰见（抓住）某人正在作某事
He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.他环顾四周，发现一个男人正把手伸进一个乘客的口袋。

Several times she had caught him staring at her. 她好几次发觉他在盯着她看。

6.with复合结构中的宾补
在“with+宾语+动词”结构中，作宾补的动词要用to do(未发生的动作)、doing（主动与进行）、done（被动和完成）。

with复合结构在句子中作状语，表示原因、时间、伴随、方式、结果等。

With all this work to do, I won’t have time to go out. 有所有这些工作要做，我就没有时间出去了。

With the teacher helping us, we had no difficulty solving the problem.有老师的帮助，我们毫不费力地解决了这个问题。

With exams approaching, it's a good idea to review your class notes.随着考试的临近，复习一下你的课堂笔记是个不错的主意。

1978 ended with nothing settled. 在一切悬而未决的情况下1978年结束了。

With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了, 火车开始起动了。

五、非谓语动词作定语
1. 不定式作定语
1)不定式只作后置定语，表示将来动作。

He is reading the report to be published tomorrow. 他正在阅读那份明天要发表的报告。

The medicine to be taken in the afternoon lies on the table. 下午要吃的药放在桌子上。

2)名词attempt (试图), ability (能力), ambition (雄心), chance (机会), force (力量), opportunity (机会), promise (许诺), time (时刻，时机), way (方法)等后要用不定式作定语。

如：
I think it is important that all people have the ability to read. 我认为每个人都
能识字这一点很重要。

A good soldier should have the ambition to become a general. 一个好的士兵应该有当将军的抱负。

A ready way to lose a friend is to lend him money. 失友都因借钱起。

3)序数词及序数词所修饰的名词后要用不定式作定语。

He is the first boy to hand in his paper. 他是第一个交卷的男生。

Jack is the first to come and the last to leave in our class. 在我们班上，杰克总是第一个来最后一个走。

2.动词-ing形式和过去分词作定语
1)单个分词作定语放在所修饰的名词之前；分词短语放在所修饰的名词之后。

A rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔，转业不聚财。

Borrowed garments never fit well. 借来的衣服不合身。

Shared joy is double joy and shared sorrow is half sorrow.同乐则乐倍之，分忧
则忧半之。

The house standing at the corner of the street was built in 1960. 街角那所房子是1960年建造的。

怕由一只狮子所带领的一群绵羊。

2)动词-ing形式的主动式作定语，表示正在进行的主动动作，被动式（being done）作定语表示正在进行的被动动作；及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成，不表示被动。

Who is the girl speaking to the teacher? 在和老师说话的那个女孩是谁？
The car being repaired is my uncle’s. 正在修的那辆小汽车是我叔叔的。

Throughout history, the language spoken by a powerful group spreads across a civilization. 纵观历史，有权势的团体所说的语言总能跨越一种文明而得到传播。

The ground is covered with fallen leaves. 地面被落叶所覆盖。

六、非谓语动词作状语
1.不定式作状语
不定式作目的状语（to do, so as to , in order to）、原因状语和结果状语(...enough to do , too...to do, so... as to，only to do/to be done )。

Other men live to eat, while I eat to live.别人为食而生存，我为生存而食。

（目的状语）
Don't climb a tree to look for fish. 勿缘木求鱼。

（目的状语）
Eat to please yourself, but dress to please others. 吃使自己受用，穿使别人受用。

（目的状语）
I went to the library so as to borrow books. 我去图书馆为的是借书。

（目的状语）
She is pleased to go with us. 她高兴和我们一起去。

（原因状语）
We are very sad to hear the news. 听到那个消息我们很悲伤。

（原因状语）
He is old enough to dress himself.他大了，能自己穿衣服了。

（结果状语）
One is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

（结果状语）
He was so angry as to be unable to speak.他生气得连话都说不出来了。

（结果状语）
The news reporter hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had left.新闻记者匆忙赶到机场，结果被告知电影明星已经离开了。

（结果状语）
2.分词作状语
分词作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随、结果和让步状语。

如句子主语与分词之间是主谓关系，用动词-ing，是动宾关系用过去分词。

当分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作而发生时，要用分词的完成式having done（与主语之间是主动关系）和having been done（与主语之间是被动关系）；分词作状语时，前面可以加上when, while, as, once, although等连词。

Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 从小山上往下看，这公园显得很美。

（时间状语）
Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. 汤姆排队等了半个小时之后，突然意识到他把钱包丢在了家里。

（时间状语）
Do not swap horses when crossing a stream. 处在危难中，不宜大更动。

（时间状语）
When first introduced to the market, these products enjoyed great success.这些产品刚投放市场时就很成功。

（时间状语）
Being ill, he didn’t come to school. 因为病了，他没有来学学校。

(原因状语) Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. 同其他大陆分离了几百万年之久, 澳大利亚有许多世界上其他地方所没有的动植物。

（原因状语）
Given more time,I could do it better.如果给我更多时间的话，我可以做得更好。

（条件状语）
The boy slipped out of the room, followed by his pet dog. 这个男孩溜出了房间，后面跟着他的宠物狗。

（伴随状语）
The child fell, striking his head against the door.小孩摔倒了，头撞在了门上。

（结果状语）
Although warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. 虽然有人
告诉他有危险，可是他仍然到薄薄的冰上去滑冰。

（让步状语）
3. to begin with, to tell you the truth, to speak the truth, to make matters worse, believe it or not , judging from (by ) ... , generally speaking, supposing, taking everything into consideration, compared to/with 等在句中作状语时，与句子主语无关，其形式固定不变。

To begin with, she is too young for that kind of job.首先, 她做这种工作年纪还太轻。

To make matters worse, it started to rain again. 更糟的是，又开始下雨了。

Judging from his accent, he must be from the south.从口音判断，他肯定是南方人。

Supposing we fail, what shall we do? 如果失败，我们将怎么办？
Compared with her achievements, her shortcomings are, after all, only secondary. 她的缺点同她的成绩相比, 毕竟是第二位的。

最后，我们需要注意非谓语动词的否定式是在其前加not/never。

Not having completed the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. 因为没有完成这个项目，他们不得不在那里又待了两个星期。

Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许进入，他只好在外面等候。

I promised never to go there again. 我答应过绝不再去那儿。