第2章管理的历史

《科学管理原理》(1911)
Fredrick Winslow Taylor 佛雷德里克 泰罗 1856 – 1915
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Scientific Management 科学管理 P.32
The theory of scientific management:
Using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done 用科学方法来确定完成 一项工作的最佳方法:
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Historical Background of Management PP. 30-31
• Ancient Management 古代的管理
Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall) Venetians 威尼斯的 (floating warship assembly lines)
Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment.
Having a standardized method of doing the job.
Providing an economic incentive to the worker.
13 Frank 佛兰克 (1868-1924); Lillian 莉莲 (1878-1972) Gilbreth 加尔布雷思夫妇
Scientific Management (cont’d) How Do Today’s Managers Use Scientific Management?
• Use time and motion studies to increase productivity 使用时间动作研究来提高工作效率 • Hire the best qualified employees 雇用最好的合格 员工 • Design incentive systems based on output 设计根 据产出的激励机制（如：计件工资）
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Scientific Management (cont’d)
• Focused on increasing worker productivity through the reduction of wasted motion • Developed the microchronometer (精密 计时器） to time worker motions and optimize work performance • 通过时间动作优化来提 高工作效率
General Administrative Theorists 一般行政 管理 P. 34
Quantitative Approach 计量方法 P. 36
Organiza -tional Behavior 组织行 为方法 PP. 37-39
Early Examples of Management Adam Smith 亚当 史密斯 Industrial Revolution
• 泰罗的科学管理主要是致力于提高工作效率
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表 2–1
Taylor’s Four Principles of Management 4项管理原则 P.32
1. Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method. 2. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker. 3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. 4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers.
• Industrial Revolution (重大历史事件2)
Substituted machine power for human labor Created large organizations in need of management
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Major Approaches to Management 6大管理流派
18 德国社会学家 Max Weber 马克斯 韦伯 1864-1920
图 2–2 韦伯的理想的官僚制/科层制组织原则 P.35
劳动分工 管理职业化 权力等级化
正规化选拔
不讲个人情面 正式规章制度
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Learning Outcome 2.3
Quantitative Approach
计量（定量）管理方法
Management Yesterday and Today 管理的昨天与今天
Chapter
2
1
Exhibit 2–1 Development of Major Management Theories 图2-1 主要管理理论的发展 P. 31 (10e 修改）
Management Theories 管理理论的流派
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Historical Background of Management PP. 30-31
管理史上的两大事件：
• Adam Smith (重大历史事件1)
Published “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776

Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers
1. Scientific Management 科学管理学派 2. General Administrative Theory 一般行政管理 理论学派 3. Quantitative Management 计量方法管理学派 4. Organizational Behavior 组织行为学派 5. Systems Approach 系统论方法 6. Contingency Approach 权变方法
General Administrative Theory 一般行政管理理论 PP. 34-35
主要贡献： • bureaucracy organization 官僚制/科层制组织 • Emphasized rationality 理 性, predictability 守规矩, impersonality 不讲私人情 面, technical competence 技术素质, and authoritarianism 威权
Classical Approach 古典学派
Early Advocates 早期倡导者 Hawthorne Studies 霍桑实验
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Learning Outcomes 学习成果
阅读及学习完本章后要求掌握以下6点，并能回答其中的有关问题：
LO 2.1 管理的历史背景
LO 2.2 两个古典管理学派 LO 2.3 计量管理学派 LO 2.4 行为学派 LO 2.5 当代的管理学派 LO 2.6 当前的问题和趋势
Contemporary Approach 当代方法 Systems Approach 系统方法 PP.13-14 第1章 Contingency Approach 权变方法 P.15 第1章
Historical Background 历史背景 1911年 以前
Scientific Management 科学管理 PP. 32-33
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Learning Outcome 2.1
Historical Background Of Management
管理的历史背景
1. Describe some early evidences of management practice. 描述早期管理存在的 史实 2. Describe two important historical events that are significant to the study of management. 描述对管理研究非常重要的两个历史事件
1. Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of management. 解释哪 些数量方法在管理领域做出贡献 2. Discuss how today’s managers use the quantitative approach. 讨论今天的管理者如何运 用计量方法
4. Unity of command.
5. Unity of direction.
11. Equity.
12. Stability of tenure of personnel. 13. Initiative. 14. Esprit de corps.
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6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest. 7. Remuneration.
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古典管理学派之二
General Administrative Theory 一般行政管理理论
General Administrative Theory 一般行政管理理论 PP. 34-35
主要贡献
• Believed that the practice of management was distinct from other organizational functions 管理是一项独立工作 • 提出5大管理职能（第1章） • Developed fourteen principles of management that applied to all organizational situations 提 出14项管理原则
Henri Fayol 1841-1925 亨利 法约尔 现代管理理论之父
பைடு நூலகம்
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表 2–2 法约尔14项管理原则 14 Principles of Management P.34
1. Division of work. 2. Authority. 3. Discipline.
8. Centralization. 9. Scalar chain. 10. Order.
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古典管理学派之一
Scientific Management 科学管理
Scientific Management 科学管理 P.32
• The “father” of scientific management • 科学管理之父 1856 – 1915 • Published Principles of Scientific Management
Learning Outcome 2.2
Classical Approach
古典管理学派
1. Describe the important contributions made by Frederick W. Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. 描述泰勒及加 尔布雷斯夫妇的重要贡献 2. Discuss Fayol’s and Weber’s contributions to management theory. 讨论法约尔和韦伯对一般管理理论 的贡献 3. Explain how today’s managers use scientific management and general administrative theory. 解释今 天的管理者如何应用科学管理和一般行政管理理论。