呼吸系统疾病英文
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➢ Nose: cilia↓, capillary↑ ➢ Sinuses: mucous ➢ Auditory tube ➢ tonsil ➢ Larynx
6
lower respiratory tract：
➢ Weak Cartilage Supporting , ciliary function impairment
10
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI, or Common Cold)
1. Etiology 90% viruses, the majority of colds. rhinoviruses ,coronaviruses. parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus. 2. season fall and winter 3. Frequency three to eight colds a year.
• LRT ：Trachea、bronchia 、bronchiole、 the respiratory bronchiole、the alveolar duct and the alveolus
3
4
5
Anatomy characteristics upper respiratory tract
14
Complications
sinusitis otitis media cervical lymphadenopathy Mesentery lymphadenopathy retropharngeal abscess pneumonia rheumatic fever acute glomerulonephritis
➢Impaired mucociliary clearance function ➢SIgA↓、IgA↓、IgG↓ subtype of IgG ↓ ➢Alveolar macrophages ↓ , lysozyme ↓
lactoferrin ↓ 、interferon ↓ complement ↓
11
Inoculation by virus
Release of Inflammatory mediators in nasal secretions
Invasion of epithelium of nasopharynx,sinuses and URT
Cholinergic stimulation
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
Tan Wei-ping
1
Contents
▪ Upper Respiratory Infection ▪ Acute infectious Laryngitis ▪ Acute Bronchitis ▪ Bronchiolitis ▪ Pneumonia
2
Anatomy
upper respiratory tract(URT)
• Cricoid Cartilage
lower respiratory tract(LRT)
• URT ：Nose、pharynx 、 Uvula 、 Larynx 、 auditory tube、paranasal sinuses
8
Arterial blood gas examination
(1) pH↓acidosis； (2) PaO2↓ SaO2 ↓ hypoxemia； (3)PaCO2↑ carbon dioxide retention
mal-ventilation
9
The Immunological Characteristics：
cellular damage of nasopharynx
Increased vascular Permeabiቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱity
Increased mucus production
bronchial constriction
Nasal Stuffiness
Rhinorrhea
postnasal drip cough
13
Specific type of URI
➢ Herpangina:coxsackie-viruses group A. summer /fall.High fever, sore throat，
1-4mm vesicles /ulcers on anterior tonsillar pillars, softpalate,uvula,tonsils pharyngeal wall. ➢ Pharyngoconjunctival fever :type 3,7 adenovirus, spring /summer. High fever, sore throat，pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, cervical lymphadenopathy.
➢ Right bronchus :straight , large ➢ Collagen and elastin fibers，capillary，
interstitial tissue
Thorax：chest wall, respiratory
muscle；diaphragm，mediastinum
Pathophysiology of the common cold
sore throat
12
The clinical manifestation
Common cold ➢ congestion ➢ a runny nose ➢ sneezing ➢ Cough,sore throat ➢ sometimes vomiting and diarrhea ➢ Fever,malaise,abdominal pain
7
Physiological characteristics
➢ The compensatory ability ↓ ➢ Respiratory rate↑ ➢ Pattern of respiration ➢Gas-exchanging membrane :diffuse rate
CO2＞O2 ➢Resistance of airway: child ＞adult
6
lower respiratory tract：
➢ Weak Cartilage Supporting , ciliary function impairment
10
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI, or Common Cold)
1. Etiology 90% viruses, the majority of colds. rhinoviruses ,coronaviruses. parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus. 2. season fall and winter 3. Frequency three to eight colds a year.
• LRT ：Trachea、bronchia 、bronchiole、 the respiratory bronchiole、the alveolar duct and the alveolus
3
4
5
Anatomy characteristics upper respiratory tract
14
Complications
sinusitis otitis media cervical lymphadenopathy Mesentery lymphadenopathy retropharngeal abscess pneumonia rheumatic fever acute glomerulonephritis
➢Impaired mucociliary clearance function ➢SIgA↓、IgA↓、IgG↓ subtype of IgG ↓ ➢Alveolar macrophages ↓ , lysozyme ↓
lactoferrin ↓ 、interferon ↓ complement ↓
11
Inoculation by virus
Release of Inflammatory mediators in nasal secretions
Invasion of epithelium of nasopharynx,sinuses and URT
Cholinergic stimulation
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
Tan Wei-ping
1
Contents
▪ Upper Respiratory Infection ▪ Acute infectious Laryngitis ▪ Acute Bronchitis ▪ Bronchiolitis ▪ Pneumonia
2
Anatomy
upper respiratory tract(URT)
• Cricoid Cartilage
lower respiratory tract(LRT)
• URT ：Nose、pharynx 、 Uvula 、 Larynx 、 auditory tube、paranasal sinuses
8
Arterial blood gas examination
(1) pH↓acidosis； (2) PaO2↓ SaO2 ↓ hypoxemia； (3)PaCO2↑ carbon dioxide retention
mal-ventilation
9
The Immunological Characteristics：
cellular damage of nasopharynx
Increased vascular Permeabiቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱity
Increased mucus production
bronchial constriction
Nasal Stuffiness
Rhinorrhea
postnasal drip cough
13
Specific type of URI
➢ Herpangina:coxsackie-viruses group A. summer /fall.High fever, sore throat，
1-4mm vesicles /ulcers on anterior tonsillar pillars, softpalate,uvula,tonsils pharyngeal wall. ➢ Pharyngoconjunctival fever :type 3,7 adenovirus, spring /summer. High fever, sore throat，pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, cervical lymphadenopathy.
➢ Right bronchus :straight , large ➢ Collagen and elastin fibers，capillary，
interstitial tissue
Thorax：chest wall, respiratory
muscle；diaphragm，mediastinum
Pathophysiology of the common cold
sore throat
12
The clinical manifestation
Common cold ➢ congestion ➢ a runny nose ➢ sneezing ➢ Cough,sore throat ➢ sometimes vomiting and diarrhea ➢ Fever,malaise,abdominal pain
7
Physiological characteristics
➢ The compensatory ability ↓ ➢ Respiratory rate↑ ➢ Pattern of respiration ➢Gas-exchanging membrane :diffuse rate
CO2＞O2 ➢Resistance of airway: child ＞adult