语言学概论-Chapter 3

Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.
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The phoneticians are interested in the difference .
• Sequential rules ---- the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language,
(The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other.)
• e.g. “k b i l” might possibly form
blik, klib, bilk, kilb
Not permissible
lkbi, ilbk, bkil,ilkb,
Sequential rules
the patterning of sounds in a particular language is governed by rules.
Some rules of phonology
• Sequential rules
• Assimilation rule • Deletion rule
Sequential rules
the patterning of sounds in a particular language is governed by rules.
these rules are to be found out by a phonologist.)
the different (i.e., phones) but do not make one word so phonetically different as to create a new word or a new meaning
Phonetics & phonology
the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages;
Assimilation rule
Assimilation rule----assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.(sloppy tendency) e.g. Nasalized: bean, green, team
Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
Phonology
English Linguistics
Students of English
Zhao Lin
From Department of Foreign Language Institute QQ:3`082170
Chapter 3
Phonology
The phonologists: To identify the phonemes of a language To find out in what way the phonemes can be combined
Complementary distribution
Complementary distribution(p40)----allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic contexts, e.g. dark [l] & clear [l], please, butler, clear feel, help, middle aspirated [p] & unaspirated [p].
If a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel.
lkbi, lbik
(violate the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes)
e.g.
spring, strict, square, splendid, scream.
e.g. the phoneme /p/ [pit], [tip], [spit]
Allophone
Allophones ---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.(In most cases it is rule-governed;
If three consonants together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules, a) the first phoneme must be /s/, b) the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/, c) the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.
E.g.
[pit], [tip], [spit]
Phones may and may not distinguish meaning. [si:m]and [ti:m]
Phoneme
A phoneme---- is a phonological unit;
a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context,
Minimal pair
• Minimal pair----when two different forms are identical (the same) in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, e.g. beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but /i://i//e//æ/ /u:/ / Λ/ pill, bill, till, dill,kill /p//b//t//d//k/ phonemes all these sound combinations together constitute a minimal set(They are identical in form except for the initial consonants. )
Phonemic contrast
Phonemic contrast----different or distinctive phonemes in the same position of a word and distinguish meaning e.g. /b/ and /p/ [ bit ] and [pit]. /k/ and /t/ kill and till
[pit], [tip], [spit] the above words are the allophones of the same phoneme[p]
Basic Concepts of Phonology
phonemic contrast complementary distribution minimal pair
(it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.)
Basic Concepts of Phonology
phone phoneme allophone
Phone
A phone---- a phonetic unit or segment.
The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
the prefix in is pronounced differently when in different phonetic contexts:
• indiscreet • inconceivable • input
alveolar [n] velar bilabial [m]
We are ‘copying’ a feature of the consonant that follow it.
leap peel
Phonological conclusion Particular language
Phonologically, fundamentally the same, since the same function in communication, in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.
What is not permissible in English might be permissible in another language.(specific)
e.g
never occurs in initial position in English or standard Chinese, but it does occur in other language or some regional dialects, such as Vietnamese, Shanghai dialect, and Cantonese.
Assimilation rule
Assimilation rule----assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.(sloppy tendency) e.g. Nasalized: bean, green, team
the prefix in is pronounced differently when in different phonetic contexts:
• indiscreet • inconceivable • input
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