动名词用法
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1.动名词由动词+ ing构成,否定形式为not doing,具有动词和名词的性质,在句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
1)作主语。如:
动名词是由动词变化而来,所以,动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。例如:
Smoking may cause cancer. 吸烟可能导致癌症。
Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 乘火车到杭州要16个小时。
动名词作主语时,对于一些比较长的动名词短语,一般采用"It is …"和"There is …"两种句式来表示。例如:
It is no use waiting for him any longer.等他是没有用的。
It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again.很值得再向你的指导老师咨询一下这个问题。
There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。
2)作表语。如:
Her job is teaching.
3)作宾语。如:
He is fond of playing football.
I like swimming.
①admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feel,like,finish,forgive,give up,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist,risk,suggest,can’t help(情不自禁),can’t stand(无法忍受)等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式。
②forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别。
Let’s go on studying Lesson 6. (让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。)
Let’s go on to study Lesson 6. (让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。)
I remember doing the exercise. (我记得做过练习。)
I must remember to do it. (我必须记着做这事。)
I tried not to go there. (我设法不去那里。)
I tried doing it again. (我试着又干了一次。)
Stop speaking. (不要讲话。)
He stopped to talk. (他停下来讲话。)
I mean to come early today. (我打算今天早些来。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)
③在allow,advise,forbid,permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如:
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
④动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动
形式作宾语表示事情需要做,这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如:
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
Her method is worth trying.
⑤在短语devote to,look forward to,stick to,to be used to,object to,thank you for,excuse me for,be(kept) busy,have difficulty/trouble/problem(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),there’s no use/good/need,feel/seem like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式,例如:
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥在love,hate,prefer,like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时,指一般情况,而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。
⑦start,begin,continue在书面语中多后接动名词,在口语中多后接不定式。
但start和begin在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语:当主语是物而不是人时;当start或begin 以-ing形式出现时,当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时。如:
It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant.
⑧在should(would) like/love等后须用不定式。
4)作定语,例如:
swimming pool 游泳池 reading material 阅读材料
walking stick 手杖 floating needle 浮针
opening speech 开幕词 listening aid 助听器
waiting room 候车室 running water 自来水
developing countries 发展中国家 working people 劳动人民
He has a reading room.
5)动名词作状语
动名词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。动名词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。
Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden. (时间)
打扫完房间,我们开始在花园里除草。
Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work. (时间)
进屋以后,她看到人人都在工作。
Being ill, he couldn't go to school. (原因)
因为生病,他不能去上学。
Having no interest in the topic, he didn't go to the lecture. (原因)
由于对这个话题没有兴趣,他没去参加讲座。
Working diligently, you will certainly succeed. (条件)
只要刻苦学习,你会成功的。
Using atomic energy, we can build spaceships. (条件)
利用原子能,我们能够建造太空船。
Granting the achievements to be great, there is still something to be desired. (让步)
(尽管)成绩是巨大的,(但)仍有一些要求改进的东西。
My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (结果)
我的车被交通拥挤堵住,所以延误了。
Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities. (方式)
我们坐火车访问了好多城市。
Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. (伴随)