高考英语语法专题复习讲义定语从句

高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义定语从句

定语从句及相关术语

1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面;

2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词;关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why 等;关系词常有3个作用：1,引导定语从句;2,代替先行词;3,在定语从句中担当一个成分;

注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分;一般whom作为宾语;

4.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示;主要由形容词担任;此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语;短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语;

先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词;

一限定性定语从句

一、关系代词在句中作主语、宾语或定语

1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语也可以省略;

2而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位

置

3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括当先行词是anything, ever ything, nothing , none等不定代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等,这时的that 常被省略还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that

4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样;

二、关系副词在句中作状语

关系副词=介词+关系代词

why=for which

where=in/ at/ on/ ... which 介词同先行词搭配

when=during/ on/ in/ ... which 介词同先行词搭配

1. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句;

2. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导;

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to

business trip, he brings a lot of living neces sities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc;

3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话;

二非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如：

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师;

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园;

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍;

3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦;

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发;

4. 有时as也可用作关系代词

5. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why和关系代词that,而用who, whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物.；

三关系代词引导的定语从句

指人在从句中做主语

1 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.

2 Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天,我帮助了一个迷路的老人.

2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略;注：who和whom已无太大区别,可以通用;

1 Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.

2 Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩.

3 The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友.

注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略;

如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk