英语专业语言学课件

Sequential rule (1)

Sequential rules ---- Every language has certain permitted sequences of sounds. A stop is not permitted after a stop consonant like /p/, /b/, /k/ or /g/. When a word begins with /l/ or /r/, the next phoneme must be a vowel.
Speech Sounds
Outline
Phonetics and phonology
Classifying English consonants Classifying Englis vowels Principles in phonology Phonological rules
Stress, tone and intonation in English
Principles in phonology
free variation
minimal pair
complementary distribution
Phonological rules

Sequential rule

Assimilation rule Deletion rule Vowel reduction rule
Exercises: underline the words that begin with a sound as required.



A bilabial consonant: mad sad bad cad pad had lad A velar consonant: nod god cod pod rod Labiodental consonant: rat fat sat mat chat vat pat An alveolar consonant: nick lick sick tick kick quick A palato-alveolar consonant: sip ship tip chip lip zip A dental consonant: lie buy thigh thy tie rye A glide: one war yolk rush
Underline the words that end with a sound as required:
A fricative pay horse tough rice breath push sing wreathe hang cave message A nasal train bang leaf limb A stop drill pipe fit crab fog ride laugh rack through tip An affricate: rack such ridge booze
Phonetics is the study of physical properties of speech sounds. It is the study of actual sounds. (concrete,
parole, speech act, Phone[ ])
Phonology accounts for how speech sounds are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages. It tries to describe the regularities of sound patterns.
1. 2.
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4. 5. 6. 7.
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9. 10.
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Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar) Hard palate Soft palate (velar) Uvula Tip of tongue Blade of tongue Back of tongue Vocal cords Pharyngeal cavity Nasal cavity

Underline the words that contain the sound as required: A central vowel: mad lot but boot word A front vowel: reed pad load fate bit bed cook A rounded vowel: who he bus her hit true boss bar walk A back vowel: paid reap fool top good father
[p] [b]
[t] [d] [s]
[v]
[k] [g]
[h]
[z]
Affricates
Nasals Liquids Glides
VL
VD VD VD VD
[n] [l], [r]
[w]
Classification of vowels
Five factors are employed to distinguish between vowels. (1) the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low); (2) the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back); (3) the degree of lip rounding (rounded, unrounded); (4) openness of the mouth; (5) the length of the vowels (long, short)
Assimilation rule
Assimilation rule----assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar, e.g. a vowel is nasalized before a nasal consonant: cap/can; tap/tan the prefix in is pronounced differently when in different phonetic contexts: indiscreet, inconceivable, input
(abstract,langue, language system, Phoneme/ /)
Speaker's mind Mouth Ear Listener's mind
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Phonology
Phonetics
A phone is the smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech. A phoneme is a minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings of words.

Describe the underlined consonants according to three
dimensions:
vd/vl letter brother sunny hopper itching lodger calling singing robber place manner
The place of articulation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
7. 8. 9.
Bilabial; Labiodental; Dental Alveolar; Palatoalveolar; Palatal; Velar; Uvular; Glottal.
The manner of articulation

Stops/Plosives: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]; Fricatives: [f], [v], [s], [z], [], [], [], [], [h]; Affricates: [], [];



Nasals: [m], [], [];
Liquids: [l](lateral), [r]; Glides: [w], [].
Allophones are the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.
An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.
Vowel reduction rule
Classification of English speech sounds
English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: Vowels Consonants Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the Air-stream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.
Sequential rule (2)

If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules. a) the first segment is always /s/ b) the second always a voiceless stop /p/ or /t/ or /k/ c) the third either a liquid /l/, /r/ or a glide /w/, /j/.


The description of English consonants
Place manner Stops or plosives Fricatives Voicing VL VD VL VD Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Deletion rule

Deletion rule---- it tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented, e.g. /g/ deletion occurs before a word-final nasal consonant: sign, design, paradigm, there is no [g] sound; but the [g] sound is pronounced in their corresponding forms.
Classification of consonants
English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions:

The place of articulation The manner of articulation

The diagram of speech organs