双马来酰亚胺树脂

双马来酰亚胺树脂
1.1 引言
先进树脂基复合材料以其轻质、高比强、高比模、耐高温和极强的材料性和可设计性而成为发展中的高技术材料之一。

其在航空、航天工业中的应用也显示
[1]了独特的优势和潜力，被认为是航空、航天材料技术进步的重要标志。

而基体树脂则是决定复合材料性能优劣的一个关键因素。

作为先进树脂基复合材料的基体树脂，它不仅要有优良的机械性能(尤其是断裂韧性)、耐热、耐湿热、耐老化、耐腐蚀等，而且还要有良好的加工性。

但现有树脂存在的主要问题是不能将高温性能、耐湿热性、韧性及加工性有机地统一起来。

目前用于先进树脂基复合材料的基体树脂主要是环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂和双马来酰亚胺树脂。

环氧树脂具有优良的加工性，但耐湿热性能差，已逐渐不能满足高性能的要求。

聚酰亚胺树脂具有突出的耐热性、耐湿热性能，但其苛刻的工艺条件限制了其应用。

双马来酰亚胺(BMI)树脂是今年来发展起来的一种新
[2]型耐热高聚物，它的价格比较便宜，其成型加工的条件也不是十分的苛刻。

采用间接法合成在加工中没有小分子放出，故使得制品无气隙。

除了作为复合材料的母体树脂外，也可以作压塑料、涂料、胶粘剂等。

在200?,220?一万小时9老化后仍无明显的降解现象发生。

它还能耐射线，在5×10rad照射下机械性能不发生变化。

它广泛用于航空、航天和机电等高科技领域。

BMI不仅具有聚酰亚胺树脂的耐热性、耐侯性、耐湿热性的优点，而且具有类似于环氧树脂的成型工艺性，是目前备受青睐的的高性能聚合物之一。

1.2 双马来酰亚胺树脂概述
双马来酰亚胺(BMI)树脂是由聚酰亚胺树脂体系派生出来的一类树脂体系，是以马来酰亚胺(MI)为活性端基的双官能团化合物，其树脂具有与典型热固性树脂相似的流动性和可塑性，可用与环氧树脂相同的一般方法加工成型。

同时
[3]它具有聚酰亚胺树脂的耐高温、耐辐射、耐潮湿和耐腐蚀等特点，但它同环氧树脂一样，有固化物交联密度很高使材料显示脆性的弱点，溶解性能差。

双马来酰亚胺树脂固化物具有良好的耐高温性、耐辐射性、耐湿性及低吸水率，作为高强度、高模量和相对低密度的高级复合材料树脂，虽然已在航空航天业，电子电器业，交通运输业等诸多行业中日益获得广泛的应用，但是，经常使用的BMI结构的双马来酰亚胺树脂在丙酮中的溶解度小，不能用于预浸料，给
[4]加工带来不便。

另外，双马来酰亚胺熔点较高，熔融粘度大，溶解性差，必须使用特殊的溶剂，由于这些溶剂的使用，使生产成本增加，而且，由于极性溶剂
的存在，与马来酰亚胺产生强的相互作用，加之沸点较高，成型温度高，在烘干和热处理固化过程中不易使溶剂完全从制品中渗出，残存的溶剂使制品脆性大，性能下降，特别是韧性差，阻碍了其应用和发展。

为此，必须对其进行改性，改善其加工性能，使其更好地发挥其综合性能较好的特点，为人类社会的发展作出贡献。

近年来，对双马来酰亚胺的改性研究一直是耐热高分子材料领域中的一个非常活跃的发展方向。

1.2.1 BMI的熔点
BMI单体多为结晶固体，因其不同的结构而具有不同的熔点。

一般来讲，脂肪族BMI单体具有较低的熔点，且其熔点随亚甲基链段的变长而降低，这是因为分子中极性基团密度的降低和分子链的柔顺性增大所致。

芳香族BMI的熔点大多较高，但随结构的不同而有较大差异。

不对称因素的引入破坏了分子结构
[5]的对称性，使其晶体的完善程度下降，因而熔点降低。

1.2.2 BMI的溶解性
常用的BMI单体不能溶于普通有机溶剂，如丙酮、乙醇、氯仿中，只能溶于二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)等强极性、毒性大、价格高的溶剂中。

[6]这是由于BMI的分子极性以及结构对称性所决定的，因此如何改善溶解性
是BMI改性的一个主要内容。

1.2.3 BMI的反应性
MI单体结构中，C=C双键受邻位两个羰基的吸电子作用而成为贫电子键，B 因而易于与二元胺、酰胺、酰肼、硫化氢、氰尿酸和多元酚等含活泼氢的化合物进行加成反应，它也可以同含不饱和双键的化合物、环氧树脂及其他结构的BMI
[7]进行共聚反应，同时也能在催化剂或热作用下发生自聚反应。

BMI的固化和固化温度与其结构有很大的关系，一般BMI及其改性树脂的固化温度为
200?,220?，后处理温度为230?,250?。

1.2.4 BMI的耐热性
BMI由于含有苯环、酰亚胺杂环及交联密度较高而使其固化物有良好的耐
[8]热性，其Tg一般大于250?，使其温度范围为177?,232?左右。

1.2.5 BMI 的力学性能
BMI树脂的固化反应属于加成型聚合反应，成型过程中无低分子副产物放出，容易控制，固化物结构致密，缺陷少，因而BMI具有较高的强度和模量。

但是由于化合物的交联密度高、分子链刚性强而使BMI呈现出极大的脆性，它
[9]表现在抗冲击性差、断裂伸长率小、断裂韧性低。

而韧性差是阻碍BMI应
用及发展的技术关键之一。

此外，BMI还有优良的电性能、耐化学性能、耐环境及耐辐射等性能。

[10]1.3 双马来酰亚胺树脂的增韧改性
BMI分子链由于芳环和酰亚胺环的存在而表现为刚性链，具有较高的耐热性、低的热膨胀系数及较高的弯曲强度和模量。

但这种刚性链结构也导致树脂具
[11]有脆性，容易断裂的缺点。

增韧改性，即通过分子结构的改变或形态控制来实现BMI韧性的提高。

常用方法主要有两种:一是加入二元胺扩链后加入环氧树脂、橡胶等共聚;另一方法是双烯类化合物共聚，可极大的改进BMI的工艺性能。

从分子结构分析增韧的途径有两条:一是降低链的刚性，如引入柔性链节，降低芳环或芳杂环的密度等;二是降低固化物的交联密度，如将R链延长等，从不同分子间和不同相之间相互作用分析增韧方法，即将橡胶粒子或热塑性塑料与BMI树脂共混，通过相分离，相反转变化或形成互穿网络(IPN)结构而达到增
[12]韧的目的。

1.3.1 烯丙基化合物共聚法
[13](1) 烯丙基化合物改性BMI的原理
BMI分子结构中由于羰基的吸电子作用，其碳碳不饱和双键为贫电子双键与烯丙基化合物首先进行双烯加成，生成1?1的中间体，然后在较高温度下，BMI的双键与中间体进行Diels-Adler反应，生成具有梯形结构的高交联密度的聚合物，其反应方程式如下:
OHOOO
Ene 反应NNCHHOOHN2
OOO 321
O
NDiels-Alder 反应
OONOONOHOHOHOOO
ONNNOOO热引发的重Ene 引发的重OOO 芳构化反应N芳构化反应NNOOO
645
烯丙基化合物室温下非常稳定，即使在高温下，加入引发剂时也很难自聚，
[14]这是由于自由基与烯丙基单体作用存在着如下两种反应:
RCHCHCH22CHCH+ CHRCHCH2CH2CHCHRH + CH2
R
CHCHR + CH 2CHCHCH2
由于烯丙基醚化合物中醚键的存在，使它成为BMI优良的增韧改性剂。

另外，由于醚氧键的吸电子作用，使烯丙基的反应活性较高，易于BMI发生反应，
目前开发出的烯丙基醚化合物的结构如下:
XBM: 1
CH3
CHOCOCHCHCHCHCH2222
CH3 XBM: 2
O
CHOSOCHCHCHCHCH2222
O
XBM: 3
OCHCHCH22
CH2
n
XBM: 4
CHOOCHCHCHCHCH2222
XBM: 5
CHCHCHCHOCHOCH2222
CHCH2
XBM: 6
CHCHCHCHCHCHCHCH22nnOCCOOCCO
NN
CHCHOCH22
XBM,XBM与BMI共聚改性得到的改性BMI树脂的耐热指数大约在13
219?,236?之间。

XBM,XBM分别是活性官能基热固性树脂和热塑性树脂46
的改性剂。

其中最引人注目的是XBM/BMI改性体系性能，采用XBM/BMI树55脂制得的材料，具有良好的电性能和力学性能。

XBM是具有活性官能团热塑性数值的改性剂，研究者将XBM与BMI和66烯丙基双酚A共聚，其结果表明，当XBM的用量为5,时，改性效果最佳，其6 1/2Tg,290?，K值接近于1.0MPa?m，弯曲模量为3.9GPa。

此外，人们还研制IC
出二烯丙基酞酸酯和三烯丙基异氰酸酯，并对BMI进行改性，制得耐热性优异的复合材料。

(2) 烯丙基化合物改性BMI体系
O,O’-二烯丙基双酚A是最早用于BMI改性的烯丙基化合物。

我国广泛应用的商品化树脂4501A和QY8911-A就是以O,O’-二烯丙基双酚A为改性剂的BMI
[15]树脂。

此外，袁荞龙等人还采用如下结构的化合物对BMI进行改性研究。

OHOH
CHCHCHCHCHCHCH22222
尽管采用O,O’-二烯丙基双酚A改性BMI获得巨大成功，但由于二烯丙基双酚A中存在异丙基，使得改性后树脂的耐热性有限。

因此，人们设想利用其它基团取代，以获得耐热性较高的新型BMI改性剂。

已合成出的二烯丙基化合物如下:
CHCHCHCHCHCH2222
HOXOH
式 X=
CFO3
CSO
CFOSSOC3O ，，，，，
(3) 烯丙基树脂改性BMI
采用耐热性较高的热塑性树脂改性BMI，可获得较高韧性和耐热性的改性BMI 树脂，但工艺性较差，传统的热固性酚醛树脂、环氧树脂具有较高耐热性，若采用它们对BMI进行改性，可望获得韧性、耐热性和工艺性俱佳的改性BMI树脂。

然而，商品化的酚醛树脂、环氧树脂与BMI很难发生反应。

为此，人们合成出了烯丙基酚醛树脂(AF)和烯丙基环氧树脂(AE)，它们的结构式如下: AE: 1 OHRR
OOO
CHCHCHCHCHCH2222 AE: 2
CHCHCHCHCHCH2222
OCHCHOOCHCHO22
OHOHRR AE: 3
CHCHCH22
CHCHCH22OOHR
OCOCHCHCHO22
COCHCHCHO22RHOROOH
CHCHCH22 式中，R表示–CH 3
AF: AF: 12
OHOHOHCHCHCHCHCHCH2222
CHCH2CH22nn
AE，AF均可与多种溶剂及树脂相混溶常温下，AE为粘性透明液体，粘度在
1.98,7.03Pa?s。

AF为棕红色透明粘性液体，粘度在3.2,7.8 Pa?s。

相对分子质量相同的情况下，AF树脂的粘度随着烯丙基化的程度增加而降低，由于烯丙基不能自聚，AE和AF树脂与未改性的环氧树脂和酚醛树脂一样，室温下储存稳定性较好，与BMI预聚得到改性BMI树脂，室温下为透明固体，可溶于丙酮形成透明液体。

[16]1.3.2 多烯基聚酚氧树脂改性BMI
多烯丙基聚酚氧树脂改性是在小分子烯丙基化合物和热塑性树脂改性BMI基础上而发展。

多烯丙基聚酚氧树脂是一种分子设计性很强的改性剂，人们可以根据改性需要设计出不同主链结构、不同烯丙基含量的多烯丙基聚酚氧树脂(DXF)，其结构通式如下:
CHCHCH22CHCH33
OCOCHCHCHOCOCHCHCHO2222nCHCHOH33OH
CHCHCHCHCHCH2222CHCH33
COCHCHCHOCOCHCHCH2222
OHCHCHOH33
1.3.3 酚类化合物改性BMI树脂
BMI酰亚胺上的双键由于羰基的吸电子作用使得它呈现缺电子性，可以在碱性催化剂的条件下，与负电子的活性基团例如酚羰基发生Michael加成反应。

OO
OHCCbasic+ NNCH2catalystHOCC
OO
OO
OCC
NNCH2OCC
OO
[22]Forgo等人做过这类的改性，他们用双酚A改性BMI树脂，使得的催化剂为P,P’-二氨基二苯甲烷，改性后材料具有较好的韧性。

当然，除了上述所说的以外，还有共混改性法、氰酸酯法、二元胺扩联法、含硫化合物改性BMI的多种改性BMI的方法。

1.4 BMI的固化工艺研究进展
一般认为，烯丙基苯基化合物改性BMI树脂的固化反应包括三个阶段:
[17]1)100,200?阶段，主要发生“ene”反应，使分子扩链，超过180?时，该反应的反应速度显著。

2)200,300?阶段，主要发生“ene”反应、BMI自聚反应、成环反应(Diels-Alder成环)。

部分BMI形成的不熔交联聚合物从反应中析出而形成了富BMI链节的分散相，集体是共聚物，从而形成非弹性体增韧脆性树脂的两相体系。

在高于240?时体系中还会发生酚羟基脱水反应。

3)300,350?阶段，从增韧的角度看，该阶段中温度已经超过树脂的Tg，可以使体系固化更加完全，同时消除体系中存在的缺陷。

然而国内外改性BMI研究中很少见有用如此高的温度后处理树脂的，原因是在这个温度下，体系分散也很显著，树脂内应力增大，同时对设备要求高，难以工业化。

树脂的固化是热固性树脂及其复合材料制品的一个重要环节。

固化工艺参数选择的好坏对材料的性能有着很大的影响。

BMI的热固化由于环状结构的位阻原因使得固化温度偏高，导致材料内应力大，制品易开裂。

大量文献表明，采用适当的固化引发剂或催化剂，可以有效地降低固化温度，减小材料内应力。

BMI的热固化可
由自由基或阴离子引发，常见的自由基引发剂有BPO、AIBN;常见的阴离子引发剂有三苯基磷、2,甲基咪唑。

BMI的固化工艺研究的方法主要有:用差示扫描量热(DSC)法和借助红外光谱、DSC相结合的方法研究双马来酰亚胺树脂的固化反应过程，并利用Kissinger方法、Melak方法和Least,squares方法进行数据处理得到所需动力学参数，并最终结合实验数据得到最佳工艺参数和条件。

1.5 BMI的复合材料的成型工艺研究进展
复合材料是由两种或两种以上不同性能的材料组元通过宏观或微观复合形成的一种新型材料。

组元之间存在着明显的界面，各组元保持各自的固有特性，但复合成的材料具有单一组元所不具有的优良特殊性能。

复合材料的结构通常是一个相位连续相，称基体。

而另一相是以独立的形态分布在整个连续相中的分布相，与连续相相比，这种分散相的性能优越，会使复合材料的性能显著增强，成
[18]为增强材料。

复合材料既保持了增强纤维、基体材料本身的材料性能，又通过两种材料的相互补充和关联，获得两种组分材料所不具有的新的材料特性。

可以通过改变纤维的增强方式如方向角、铺层顺序等，按实际需要的材料性能如刚度、强度等对材料进行设计。

预浸料是纤维复合材料设计与制造工艺的一类中间材料，也是复合材料半成
[19]品的一种重要类型。

过去只重视提高航空航天用高性能复合材料的性能，不考虑或少考虑成本，现在市场竞争激烈，迫使所有新材料在投入生产使用前，必须证明其具有可接受的价格和性能的改善。

为此，努力降低复合材料成本，发展能降低最终复合材料产品成本的原材料或半成品，这已是低成本技术研究的重要方面，预浸料工艺就是一种能有效降低制造成本的技术。

1.6 双马来酰亚胺树脂的应用
双马来酰亚胺树脂因其优良的耐高温性，耐辐射性，耐湿性，耐老化性及低吸
水率并且与聚酰亚胺相比合成简单，原料易得，价格较廉等优点。

目前，改性BMI
树脂以应用于高新技术的许多领域，主要有:电器绝缘材料，温浸渍漆、层压板、
覆酮板、模压塑料等;耐磨材料、金刚石砂轮、重负荷砂轮、耐高温轴承粘合剂等;航天结构材料;功能材料;其他方面。

例如在军工中，由于双马来酰亚胺树脂满足常规条件下机动性和失速条件下的
可控性所必须具有的强度和刚度;在130,150?额定湿热条件下保持较高的强度和刚度，即使在结构受到低能量损伤后，仍有足够的剩余强度;优越的工艺性，确保复
合材料结构的高的成品率，适应大型构件与复杂型面构件的制造，因
[20]此双马来酰亚胺树脂作为基体树脂用于歼击机的的制造。

(英文版 )
Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-
party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the
interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest
politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the
contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations
repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and <
rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the
Fifth
Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department
The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee
of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political
Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party
compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision
of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of
rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the
integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and
to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members,
will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on
a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the
leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in
violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of <
rule >
real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate
violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and
responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years
implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses.
Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the。