RT 初试考题20021220
2002年考研英语(一)答案及解析
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C OR D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the20th century and the diffusion of printing in the15th and16th centuries.Yet much had happened 1.As was discussed before,it was not2the19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_3_，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the4of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution5up,beginning with transport,the railway,and leading6through the telegraph,the telephone,radio,and motion pictures7 the20th century world of the motor car and the air plane.Not everyone sees that Process in8.It is important to do so.It is generally recognized,9,that the introduction of the computer in the early20th century,10by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process,11its impact on the media was not immediately12.As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became“personal”too,as well as13,with display becoming sharper and storage14increasing.They were thought of,like people,15 generations,with the distance between generations much16.It was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the17within which we now live.The communications revolution has18both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time,but there have been19view about its economic,political,social and cultural implications.“Benefits”have been weighed20“harmful”outcomes.And generalizations have proved difficult.1.［A］between［B］before［C］since［D］later2.［A］after［B］by［C］during［D］until3.［A］means［B］method［C］medium［D］measure4.［A］process［B］company［C］light［D］form5.［A］gathered［B］speeded［C］worked［D］picked6.［A］on［B］out［C］over［D］off7.［A］of［B］for［C］beyond［D］into8.［A］concept［B］dimension［C］effect［D］perspective9.［A］indeed［B］hence［C］however［D］therefore10.［A］brought［B］followed［C］stimulated［D］characterized11.［A］unless［B］since［C］lest［D］although12.［A］apparent［B］desirable［C］negative［D］plausible13.［A］institutional［B］universal［C］fundamental［D］instrumental14.［A］ability［B］capability［C］capacity［D］faculty15.［A］by means of［B］in terms of［C］with regard to［D］in line with16.［A］deeper［B］fewer［C］nearer［D］smaller17.［A］context［B］range［C］scope［D］territory18.［A］regarded［B］impressed［C］influenced［D］effected19.［A］competitive［B］controversial［C］distracting［D］irrational20.［A］above［B］upon［C］against［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A], [B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile,you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing,the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers,you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries,you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses’convention,of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens,sunny weather,and so on.Everyone is very peaceful,polite and friendly until,waiting in a line for lunch,the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat,who rushes to the head of the line,grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Who is that?”the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh,that’s God,”came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous,you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’s the delivery which causes theaudience to smile,so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote“If at first you don’t succeed,give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21.To make your humor work,you should.[A]take advantage of different kinds of audience[B]make fun of the disorganized people[C]address different problems to different people[D]show sympathy for your listeners22.The joke about doctors implies that,in the eyes of nurses,they are.[A]impolite to new arrivals[B]very conscious of their godlike role[C]entitled to some privileges[D]very busy even during lunch hours23.It can be inferred from the text that public services.[A]have benefited many people[B]are the focus of public attention[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor[D]have often been the laughing stock24.To achieve the desired result,humorous stories should be delivered.[A]in well-worded language[B]as awkwardly as possible[C]in exaggerated statements[D]as casually as possible25.The best title for the text may be.[A]Use Humor Effectively[B]Various Kinds of Humor[C]Add Humor to Speech[D]Different Humor StrategiesText2Since the dawn of human ingenuity,people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,"says Dave Lavery,manager of a robotics program at NASA,“we can't yet give a robot enough‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the1960s and1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year2010,researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found,in attempting to model thought,is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the98percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability,and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in.[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D]the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27.The word“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)most probably means.[A]programs［B］experts［C］devices［D］creatures28.According to the text,what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can.[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B]interact with human beings verbally.[C]have a little common sense.[D]respond independently to a changing world.29.Besides reducing human labor,robots can also.[A]make a few decisions for themselves.[B]deal with some errors with human intervention.[C]improve factory environments.[D]cultivate human creativity.30.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D]best used in a controlled environment.Text3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost$26a barrel, up from less than$10last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s.In Europe,taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation,a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly50%less oil than in1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,if oil prices averaged$22a barrel for a full year,compared with $13in1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5%of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in1974or1980. On the other hand,oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In1973commodity prices jumped by70%,and in1979by almost30%.31.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A]global inflation.[B]reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy.[D]Iraq’s suspension of exports.32.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A]price of crude rises.[B]commodity prices rise.[C]consumption rises.[D]oil taxes rise.33.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35.From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.Text4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of“double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who“until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’s like surgery,”he says.“We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death. If you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong andeven dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes“systematic patient abuse”.He says medical licensing boards“must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36.From the first three paragraphs,we learn that.[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37.Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D]A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38.According to the NAS’s report,one of the problems in end-of-life care is.[A]prolonged medical procedures[B]inadequate treatment of pain[C]systematic drug abuse[D]insufficient hospital care39.Which of the following best defines the word“aggressive”(line4,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate40.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they.[A]manage their patients incompetently[B]give patients more medicine than needed[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technologymight be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character, human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning“values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?（45）Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46.Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled“Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning,and2.give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）下一站考研主要经营:【1】公共课全程视频【2】上百门专业课视频【3】各种考研书籍【4】全国500所院校专业课真题与解析（下一站考研网QQ号：311671180214510311）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This Section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selectionof recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer allyour answers from your test booklet to A NSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen,heard. Some of the information has been given to youfill out the table with the information you’vein the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Welch’s Personal InformationPlace of Birth PhiladelphiaYear of Birth 1901Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920Major at University 1Final Degree PhDYear of Marriage 1928Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year) 2Field Study in the South Pacific (Age) 3Main Interest 4Professorship at Columbia Started (Year) 5Death (Age) 77Part BDirections:For questions 6-10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S. journalist. While you listen, completethe sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)Besides reporters, who else were camped out 6for days outside the speaker’s home?apartmentOne reporter got to the speaker’s 7pretending to pay.The speaker believed the reporter wanted a 8picture of her lookingWhere is a correction to a false story usually 9placed?According to the speaker, the press will lose10readers unless the editors and the newsdirectorsPart CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or[D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only.(10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on a report about children’s healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time? [A] How muchexercise they get every day.[B] What they are most worried about.[C] How long their parents accompany them daily.[D] What entertainment they are interested in.12. The academy suggests that children under age two ________.[A] get enough entertainment[B] have more activities[C] receive early education[D] have regular checkups13. According to the report, children’s bedrooms should ________.[A] be no place for play[B] be near a common area[C] have no TV sets[D] have a computer for studyQuestions 14-16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up?[A] Family debts.[B] Bank savings.[C] Monthly bills.[D] Spending habits.15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit?[A] $190,000.[B] $330,000.[C] $500,000.[D] $1,000,000.16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth?[A] Invest into a mutual fund.[B] Use the discount tickets.[C] Quit his eating-out habit.[D] Use only paper bills and save coins.Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Glieberman, a domestic-relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. Which word best describes the lawyer’s prediction of the change in divorce rate?[A] Fall[B] Rise[C] V-shape[D] Zigzag18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?[A] To embrace changes of thought.[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life.[C] To return to the practice in the ‘60s and ‘70s.[D] To create stability in their lives.19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago?[A] They feared the complicated procedures.[B] They wanted to go against the trend.[C] They were afraid of losing face.[D] they were willing to stay together.20. Years ago a divorced man in a company would have ________.[A] been shifted around the country.[B] had difficulty being promoted.[C] enjoyed a happier life.[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.THIS IS THE END OF SECTION IDO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTIONUNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO CONTINUE全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(二)National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002)考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。
2002年数学一考研真题解答
中国教育在线考研频道
中国教育在线（） 中国最权威考研门户
中国教育在线考研频道
中国教育在线考研频道
中国教育在线（） 中国最权威考研门户
中国教育在线考研频道
中国教育在线（） 中国最权威考研门户
中国教育在线考研频道
中国教育在线（） 中国最权威考研门户
中国教育在线考研频道
中国教育在线（） 中国最权威考研门户
中国教育在线考研频道
中国教育在线（） 中国最权威考研门户
中国教育在线考研频道
中国教育在线（） 中国最权威考研门户
中国教育在线（） 中国最权威考研门户
2002年全国中国教育在线考研频道
中国教育在线（） 中国最权威考研门户
中国教育在线考研频道
中国教育在线（） 中国最权威考研门户
2020 参考2002年考研英语真题答案及解析
2002 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
文章第一段从早期的通信革命入手，指出在15、16 世纪和20 世纪之间发生了很多事情，特别是通信革命加快了步伐。
第二段接着提到20 世纪计算机的出现极大地改变了这一进程。
第三段指出随着计算机的发展，我们步入了一个信息社会。
在计算机影响下，通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式，也影响了我们的思考和感知方式。
在结尾部分，文章提到，当然，关于这种通信革命在经济、政治、社会和文化各方面的影响是利大于弊还是弊大于利，还存在争议。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] between 在…当中，在空间、位置或时间的中间[B]before 在此之前早些时候，在…前面[C]since 自从…以后，以前[D]later 后来，稍后，随后[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：时间副词的用法辨析。
解此题关键看两个方面，一是理解文章第一句话的含义：人们曾对20 世纪电视的发展以及15 世纪和16 世纪印刷术的传播进行了比较。
二是注意转折连词yet的用法，yet一般标志着接下来的内容与前面的内容出现了较大的不同，如：She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.（她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了）。
文中第二句话结构非常简单，主语和谓语都无法体现与第一句话的强烈对照，这时只能通过空格里填入的时间状语来体现了，因此这个时间副词应与第一句话中的时间状语in the 20th century 和in the 15th and 16th centuries 相呼应并对照。
接下来关键看这个时间副词表示的是哪个时间段，15、16 世纪之前，20 世纪之后还是两者之间。
其实我们从下文中的the 19th century 也可以推断出正确答案是between，即“然而，在这两个时段之间却发生了很多事情”。
2002全国研究生考研数学二真题及解析
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2002年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(数学)理及答案
2002年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（数学）理及答案本试卷分第I 卷(选择题)和第II 卷(非选择题)两部分．第I 卷1至2页．第II 卷3至9页．共150分．考试时间120分钟．第Ⅰ卷(选择题共60分)一、选择题：本大题共12小题，每小题5分，共60分．在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的．本试卷分第I 卷(选择题)和第II 卷(非选择题)两部分．第I 卷1至2页．第II 卷3至9页．共150分．考试时间120分钟．第Ⅰ卷(选择题共60分)一、选择题：本大题共12小题，每小题5分，共60分．在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的．（1）圆1)1(22=+-y x 的圆心到直线3y x =的距离是 （A ）21（B ）23 （C ）1 （D ）3（2）复数3)2321(i +的值是 （A ）i - （B ）i （C ）1- （D ）1 （3）不等式0|)|1)(1(>-+x x 的解集是（A ）}10|{<≤x x （B ）0|{<x x 且}1-≠x （C ）}11|{<<-x x （D ）1|{<x x 且}1-≠x （4）在)2,0(π内，使x x cos sin >成立的x 的取值范围是（A ）)45,()2,4(ππππ （B ）),4(ππ （C ）)45,4(ππ （D ）)23,45(),4(ππππ （5）设集合},412|{Z k k x x M ∈+==，},214|{Z k k x x N ∈+==，则（A ）N M = （B ）N M ⊂ （C ）N M ⊃ （D ）∅=N M（6）点)0,1(P 到曲线⎩⎨⎧==t y t x 22（其中参数R t ∈）上的点的最短距离为（A ）0 （B ）1 （C ）2 （D ）2（7）一个圆锥和一个半球有公共底面，如果圆锥的体积恰好与半球的体积相等，那么这个圆锥轴截面顶角的余弦值是 （A ）43 （B ）54 （C ）53 （D ）53- （8）正六棱柱111111F E D C B A ABCDEF -的底面边长为1，侧棱长为2，则这个棱柱侧面对角线D E 1与1BC 所成的角是（A ）︒90 （B ）︒60 （C ）︒45 （D ）︒30 （9）函数c bx x y ++=2（),0[+∞∈）是单调函数的充要条件是 （A ）0≥b （B ）0≤b （C ）0>b （D ）0<b （10）函数111--=x y 的图象是（11）从正方体的6个面中选取3个面，其中有2个面不相邻的选法共有 （A ）8种 （B ）12种 （C ）16种 （D ）20种 （12）据2002年3月5日九届人大五次会议《政府工作报告》：“2001年国内生产总值达到95933亿元，比上年增长7.3%”，如果“十•五”期间（2001年－2005年）每年的国内生产总值都按此年增长率增长，那么到“十•五”末我国国内年生产总值约为（A ）115000亿元 （B ）120000亿元 （C ）127000亿元 （D ）135000亿元第II 卷(非选择题共90分)二、填空题：本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分．把答案填在题中横线． （13）函数xa y =在]1,0[上的最大值与最小值这和为3，则a ＝（14）椭圆5522=+ky x 的一个焦点是)2,0(，那么=k （15）72)2)(1(-+x x 展开式中3x 的系数是（16）已知221)(xx x f +=，那么)41()4()31()3()21()2()1(f f f f f f f ++++++＝ 三、解答题：本大题共6小题，共74分，解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤． （17）已知12cos cos 2sin 2sin 2=-+αααα，)2,0(πα∈，求αsin 、αtg 的值（18）如图，正方形ABCD 、ABEF 的边长都是1，而且平面ABCD 、ABEF 互相垂直点M 在AC 上移动，点N 在BF 上移动，若a BN CM ==（20<<a ）（1）求MN 的长；（2）a 为何值时，MN 的长最小；（3）当MN 的长最小时，求面MNA 与面MNB 所成二面角α的大小（19）设点P 到点)0,1(-、)0,1(距离之差为m 2，到x 、y 轴的距离之比为2，求m 的取值范围（20）某城市2001年末汽车保有量为30万辆，预计此后每年报废上一年末汽车保有量的6%，并且每年新增汽车数量相同为保护城市环境，要求该城市汽车保有量不超过60万辆，那么每年新增汽车数量不应超过多少辆？（21）设a 为实数，函数1||)(2+-+=a x x x f ，R x ∈ （1）讨论)(x f 的奇偶性； （2）求)(x f 的最小值（22）设数列}{n a 满足：121+-=+n n n na a a ， ,3,2,1=n （I ）当21=a 时，求432,,a a a 并由此猜测n a 的一个通项公式； （II ）当31≥a 时，证明对所的1≥n ，有 （i ）2+≥n a n （ii ）2111111111321≤++++++++n a a a a ADE参考答案（13）2 （14）1 （15）1008 （16）27 三、解答题（17）解：由12cos cos 2sin 2sin 2=-+αααα，得0cos 2cos sin 2cos sin 42222=-+ααααα0)1sin sin 2(cos 222=-+ααα 0)1)(sin 1sin 2(cos 22=+-ααα∵)2,0(πα∈∴01sin ≠+α，0cos 2≠=α ∴01sin 2=-α，即21sin =α ∴6πα=∴33=αtg （18）解（I ）作MP ∥AB 交BC 于点P ，NQ ∥AB 交BE 于点Q ，连结PQ ，依题意可得MP ∥NQ ，且NQ MP =，即MNQP 是平行四边形∴PQ MN =由已知a BN CM ==，1===BE AB CB ∴2==BF AC ，a BQ CP 22== )20( 21)22( )2()21( )1(22222<<+-=+-==+-==a a a a BQ CP PQ MN（II ）由（I ）21)22( 2+-=a MN 所以，当22=a 时，22=MN 即当M 、N 分别为AC 、BF 的中点时，MN 的长最小，最小值为22（III ）取MN 的中点G ，连结AG 、BG ， ∵BN BM AN AM ==,，G 为MN 的中点∴MN BG MN AG ⊥⊥,，即AGB ∠即为二面角的平面角α又46==BG AG ，所以，由余弦定理有 31464621)46()46(cos 22-=⋅⋅-+=α 故所求二面角为31arccos -=πα（19）解：设点P 的坐标为),(y x ，依题设得2||||=x y ，即x y 2±=，0≠x 因此，点),(y x P 、)0,1(-M 、)0,1(N 三点不共线，得2||||||||=<-MN PN PM∵0||2||||||>=-m PN PM ∴1||0<<m因此，点P 在以M 、N 为焦点，实轴长为||2m 的双曲线上，故112222=--my m x 将x y 2±=代入112222=--m y m x ，并解得222251)1(mm m x --=，因012>-m 所以0512>-m 解得55||0<<m 即m 的取值范围为)55,0()0,55( -（20）解：设2001年末汽车保有量为1b 万辆，以后各年末汽车保有量依次为2b 万辆，3b 万辆，…，每年新增汽车x 万辆，则301=b ，x b b +⨯=94.012对于1>n ，有)94.01(94.0 94.0211x b xb b n n n ++⨯=+⨯=-+ 所以)94.094.094.01(94.0211n n n x b b +++++⨯=+x b nn06.094.0194.01-+⨯=n x x 94.0)06.030(06.0⨯-+= 当006.030≥-x，即8.1≤x 时 11=≤≤≤+b b b n n当006.030<-x，即8.1>x 时 数列}{n b 逐项增加，可以任意靠近06.0x 06.0]94.0)06.030(06.0[lim lim 1xx x b n n n n =⨯-+=-+∞→+∞→ 因此，如果要求汽车保有量不超过60万辆，即60≤n b （ ,3,2,1=n ）则6006.0≤x，即6.3≤x 万辆 综上，每年新增汽车不应超过6.3万辆（21）解：（I ）当0=a 时，函数)(1||)()(2x f x x x f =+-+-=- 此时，)(x f 为偶函数当0≠a 时，1)(2+=a a f ，1||2)(2++=-a a a f ，)()(a f a f -≠，)()(a f a f --≠此时)(x f 既不是奇函数，也不是偶函数（II ）（i ）当a x ≤时，43)21(1)(22++-=++-=a x a x x x f 当21≤a ，则函数)(x f 在],(a -∞上单调递减，从而函数)(x f 在],(a -∞上的最小值为1)(2+=a a f ．若21>a ，则函数)(x f 在],(a -∞上的最小值为a f +=43)21(，且)()21(a f f ≤． （ii ）当a x ≥时，函数43)21(1)(22+-+=+-+=a x a x x x f若21-≤a ，则函数)(x f 在],(a -∞上的最小值为a f -=-43)21(，且)()21(a f f ≤-若21->a ，则函数)(x f 在),[+∞a 上单调递增，从而函数)(x f 在),[+∞a 上的最小值为1)(2+=a a f ．综上，当21-≤a 时，函数)(x f 的最小值为a -43 当2121≤<-a 时，函数)(x f 的最小值为12+a当21>a 时，函数)(x f 的最小值为a +43．（22）解（I ）由21=a ，得311212=+-=a a a 由32=a ，得4122223=+-=a a a 由43=a ，得5133234=+-=a a a由此猜想n a 的一个通项公式：1+=n a n （1≥n ） （II ）（i ）用数学归纳法证明：①当1=n 时，2131+=≥a ，不等式成立． ②假设当k n =时不等式成立，即2+≥k a k ，那么3521)2)(2(1)(1+≥+=+-++≥+-=+k k k k k k a a a k k k ．也就是说，当1+=k n 时，2)1(1++≥+k a k 据①和②，对于所有1≥n ，有2n a n ≥+． （ii ）由1)(1+-=+n a a a n n n 及（i ），对2≥k ，有1)1(11++-=--k a a a k k k121)121(11+=++-+-≥--k k a k k a……1)1(2122211211-+=++++≥---a a a k k k k于是11211111-⋅+≤+k k a a ，2≥k2131212211121111111111121111=+≤+≤+=+++≤+∑∑∑=-=-=a a a a a nk k nk k nk k。
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案参考答案Section Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionPart A1 sociology2 19303 234 religions5 1954Part B6 cameramen / camera men7 a personal visit8 depressed9 among advertisements 10 take firm actionPart C11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.BSection Ⅱ Use of English21.A 22.D 23.C 24.B 25.B 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.C 30.B 31.D 32.A 33.A 34.C 35.B 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.CSection Ⅲ Reading Comprehension41.C 42.B 43.D 44.D 45.A 46.C 47.C 48.D 49.B 50.C 51.B 52.D 53.D 54.A 55.A 56.B 57.C 58.B 59.A 60.D答案解析Section ⅠListening Comprehension听力部分原文Part AM：Margaret Welch was born in Philadelphia in 1901.She began her studies at DePauw University in 1919，but after a year she transferred to study at Barnard University，Majoring in sociology.She received her undergraduate degree from Barnard in 1923.She ultimately acquired a PhDfrom Columbia University in 1929.She married Dr.Reo Fortune in 1928. Together they wrote Growing Up In New Guinea，published in 1930.Welch worked with her husband on another book called Balanese Character that was published in 1942.At the age of 23，Dr.Welch undertook a field study in the South Pacific.The experience resulted in her writing of her highly popular bookComing of Age In Samoa，published in 1928.Dr.Welch s interests andwritings centered on religions.She worked in the Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History from 1926 through to the end of her life.She was a professor of anthropology at Columbia starting in the year 1954，working with her old associate Ruth Benedict. She wrote a book entitled An Anthropologist At Work about Benedict.It was published in 1959.Margaret Welch died in 1978.W：You now have 30 seconds to check you answers to Questions 1-5.Part BW：When I was getting divorced in 1975，reporters and cameramen were camped out for days in the lobby and on the sidewalk outside.They came from all over the country.Foreign reporters too.It was terrible.My neighbors could barely get in and out of the building. One reporter，who had been a friend of mine，got up to my apartment after persuading the doorman into believing that he was there on a personal visit.I wouldnt let him in .He just wanted to talk，he said.I was certain that he had a camera and wanted a picture of me looking depressed.I just couldn t believe this attempt to invade my is the reporters present themselves as having the perfect right to be anywhere，to ask any question.It doesn t matter how personal the matter may be.People don t trust the press the way they used to. In most cases，stories are sensationalized in order to attract more public attention. Some papers print things that simply are not true.In many papers，if acorrection has to be made，it s usually buried among advertisements.I ve received hundreds of letters from people asking me how do you know what s true in the press these days.I find it difficult to respondsometimes.I tell them that there are good newspapers and serious，responsible and honest reporters.Don t judge all of us by the standardsof the bad ones.Unless the guys at the top—the editors and the news directors-take firm action，pretty soon no one is going to believe anything they read in the papers of see on television news.M：You now have 50 seconds to check your answers to Questions 6-10.Part C（一）M：Next time you bring your kids in for a checkup，don t be surprisedif the doctor asks about their tastes in entertainment.The American Academy of Medicine suggested last week that doctors work with parents to evaluate how much TV kids watch and what they see， what video and computer games they play，which websites they visit on the Internet，whether they view R-rated videos without the company of their parents，what music they like and what books they read.Doctors are worried thatkids who spend too much time in front of the tube don t get enoughexercise and can become overweight.The academy is also concerned that the messages kids get from entertainment media can make them more violent and sexually active.The academy recommends that children under age two not watch any TV.“Children need activities to stimulate the brain during the first twoyears of life，”says Dr.Miriam Baron，who chairs the academy s committeeon public education.“They need feedback and socialization.”Older children，she says，should watch TV in a common area.Their bedrooms should be “electronic media-free”zones where they can have a quiet place to read，study，play or just relax.W：You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11-13.（二）W：If you re in your 20s，you own your first car，your career is more or less launched，and you re starting to look forward to owning a home.But you re worried，too.Perhaps you ve got some debt.You probably don t have much in the way of savings.And with all your expenses，it doesn t look like you ll be able to improve that situationsoon.If you wonder how to cut corners，there s an obvious place to look-at your spending habits.Do you buy a soda each weekend？Waste $ 1 a day for 40 years and，when you re set to retire，you ll find your account is short by $ 190，000.Grab a calculator and you ll discover that，over 40 years going outto dinner twice a month at $ 40 each time amounts to half a million.Even a pack-a day cigarette habit will lighten your retirement account by $ 330，000.And the same with cable TV and those cool earrings.They will probably amount to as much as one million.So，the first clue to accumulating wealth is this：focus on your spending habits.Here are a couple of tricks to help you save even if youswear you can t afford to. Stop buying things that fall rather than risein value.Pay yourself first：Before you pay the monthly bills，send $ 25 to a mutual fund. Stop spending coins.From nwo on，spend only paper currency，and keep the change every day.Get your family involved，and youll double your e discount tickets at the supermarket—butuse them correctly.How？ If you really want to make these tickets worthwhile，you actually must invest into your mutual fund the amount yousave by using the tickets.Otherwise，you re wasting your time—and yourmoney.M：You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 14-16.（三）W：Mr. Glieberman，do you see any change in the high rate of broken marriages？M：The divorce rate is beginning to level off and probably will begin to drop in the next year or two，though not significantly.The tight economy has made it more difficult for troubled couples to handle all the costs associated with setting up separate house-holds.Also，I believe theres a comeback of thought—after the turbulent60s and70s—that thefamily does have value.In the midst of change and family disintegration，people seem to have a greater desire now to create stability in their lives.W：What is the divorce rate now？M：About 1 in 3 marriages ends in divorce，a ratio far higher than it was 20 years ago when the philosophy was “We ll tough it out no matter what.Society demands that，for appearances sake，we stay together.”Divorce no longer carries much disgrace.There s no way，for example，that Ronald Reagan，a divorced man，could have been elected President in 1960.And there are countless other divorced politicians who years ago would have been voted out of office if they had even considered a divorce，let alone gotten one.The same was true in the corporate structure，where divorced people rarely moved up the executive ladder.Now corporations welcome a divorced man，because they can shift him around the country without worrying about relocating his family or making certain that they are happy.W：You now have 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 17-20.Section Ⅱ Use of English21［答案］A［注释］本题固然涉及副词的使用知识，然而，更重要的是考查考生句与句之间语义逻辑的理解能力。
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一数学考试
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2002年考研真题英语一
2002年考研真题英语一Introduction:In this article, we will discuss the 2002 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (NPEE) English Language Test (English I). We will explore the structure, content, and format of the exam in order to provide an in-depth understanding of the test and assist candidates in their preparation.1. Overview of the 2002 NPEE English I TestThe 2002 NPEE English I Test consisted of two sections: Section A and Section B. Section A focused on Listening Comprehension, while Section B focused on Reading Comprehension and Translation. Each section had its own time limit and criteria for evaluation.2. Section A: Listening ComprehensionSection A aimed to assess candidates' listening skills and included multiple-choice questions. Candidates were required to listen to recordings and select the most appropriate response or answer based on the content of the audio. This section tested candidates' ability to understand spoken English, including both global and specific information.3. Section B: Reading Comprehension and TranslationSection B aimed to evaluate candidates' reading comprehension and translation abilities. It consisted of two parts: Part I - Reading Comprehension, and Part II - Translation. Part I featured a series of reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Candidates were required to read and comprehend the passages in order to choose the correct answers.Part II involved translating sentences from Chinese to English, testing candidates' understanding of both languages and their ability to express ideas accurately.Tips for Preparation:1. Familiarize yourself with the test format: Understanding the structure and sections of the exam will help you allocate your time effectively during the actual test.2. Enhance your listening skills: Practice listening to various English audio materials, such as podcasts, news broadcasts, and interviews, to improve your ability to understand spoken English.3. Improve reading comprehension: Read a variety of English texts, such as articles, essays, and academic papers, to enhance your reading speed and comprehension abilities.4. Practice translation: Regularly translate sentences from Chinese to English and vice versa to improve your translation skills and accuracy.Conclusion:The 2002 NPEE English I Test was designed to assess candidates' English language proficiency in listening, reading, and translation. By understanding the structure and content of the exam, candidates can better prepare themselves for the test and increase their chances of achieving a satisfactory score. With diligent practice and focused preparation, candidates can confidently approach the exam and perform well. Best of luck to all the candidates!。
2002年全国普通高校全国统一考试(全国卷(改编成当前高考试题模式)
2002年全国普通高校全国统一考试（全国卷(改编成当前高考试题模式）第一部分：阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）AIn 1901, H. G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the Explorers (探险者) landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of undergroundcities. They expressed their surprise to the ―moon people‖ they met.In turn, the ―moon people‖ expressed their surprise. ―Why,‖ they asked, ―are you traveling to ou ter space when you don’t even use your inner space?‖H. G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969 , human beings really did land onthe moon . People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon . However , the question that the ―moon people‖ asked is still an interesting one . A growing number of acientists areseriously thinking about it.Underground systems are already in place. Many cities have underground car parks. In some cities, such as Tokyo, Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. The ―Chunnel‖ , a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France , is now complete.But what about underground cities? Japan’s Taisei Corporation is designing a network of underground systems, called ―Alice Cities,‖ The designers imagine using surface space for pubic parks and using underground space for flats , offices , shopping , and so on . A solar dome (太阳能穹顶) would cover the whole city.Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space . The surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks, gardens, and wilderness, H. G. Wells ―moon people‖ would agree. Would you?1. The explorers in H. G. Wells story were surprised to find that the ―moon people‖_______.A. knew so much about the earthB. understood their languageC. lived in so many underground citiesD. were ahead of them in space technology2. What does the underlined word ―it‖ (paragraph 2) refer to ?A. Discovering the moon’s inner space.B. Using the earth’s inner space.C.Meeting the ―moon people‖again.D.Traveling to outer space.3. What sort of underground systems are already here with us?A. Offices,shopping areas,power stations.B.Tunnels,car parks, shopping areas.C.Gardens, car parks, power stations.D. Tunnels,gardens,offices.4. What would be the beat title for the text?A. Alice Cities—cities of the futureB. Space travel with H. G. WellsC. Enjoy living undergroundD. Building down, not upBLONDON (Reuters) –Organic fruit , delivered right to the doorstep. That is what Gabriel Gold prefers, and he is willing to pay for it. If this is not possible, the 26 year-old computer technician will spend the extra money at the supermarket to buy organic food .―Organic produce is always better ,‖ Gold said , ―The food is free of pesticides (农药)，and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally(本地) grown and seasonal , so it is more tasty.‖ Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business. But how many shoppers really know what they are getting ,and why are they willing to pay a higher price for organic produce? Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences—but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete . For example , small amounts of pesticides can be used on organic products . And about three quarters of organic food in Britain is not local but imported (进口) to meet growing demand . ―The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year, so it is a very fast-growing market ,‖ said Sue Flock , a specialist in this line of business.5. More and more people in Britain are buying organic food because __________ .A. they are getting richerB. they can get the food anywhereC. they consider the food free of pollutionD. they like home-grown fruit6. Which of the following statements is true to the facts about most organic produce sold inBritain?A. It grows indoors all year round .B. It is produced outside Britain.C. It is grown on family farms.D. It is produced on large farms.7. What is the me aning of ―the organic trend ‖ as the words are used in the text?A. growing interest in organic food.B. better quality of organic foodC. rising market for organic food.D. higher prices of organic food8. What is the best title for this news story?A. Organic food—healthy , or just for the wealthy?B. The making of organic food in Britain.C. Organic food—to import or not?D. Good qualities of organic foodCTHEATRECity VarietiesThe Headrow, Leeds. Tel. 430808Oct 10-11 only A night at the Varieties .All the fun of an old music hall Barry Cryer ,Duggle Brown ,6 dancers ,Mystina ,Jon Barker ,Anne Duval and the Tony Harrison Trio .Laugh again at the old jokes and listen to your favourite songs .Performances :8 pm nightly .Admission :£ 5 ；under 16 or over 60: £ 4.York Theatre RoyalSt Leonard’s Place ,York .Tel 223568Sept 23-Oct 17 Groping for Words—a comedy by Sue Townsend .Best known for her Adrian Mole Diaries ,Townsend now writes about an evening class which two men and a woman attend .A gentle comedy.Admission :First night .Mon : £ 2; Tues—Fri : £ 3.25—5.50 ;Sat: £ 3.50—5.75.Halifax PlayhouseKing’s Cross Strect ,Halifax ,Tex .365998Oct 10—17 On Golden Pond by Erneat Thompson .This is a magical comedy about real people .A beautifully produced .well—acted play for everyone .Don’t miss it .Performances :7:30 pm.Admission : £ 2 .Mon :2 seats for the price of one .Grand TheatreOxford Street ,Leeds ,Tel .502116Restaurant and CaféOct 1-17 The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole ,Aged 13 ,Sue Townsend’s m usical play ,based on her best –selling book .Perlonances :Evenings 7:45 October 10—17 ,at 2:30 pm.No Monday performanceAdmission :Tues—This : £ 2—5 ; £ 2—69．Which theatre offers the cheapest seat ?A．Halifax Playhouse B．Gity VarietiesC．Grand Theatre. D．York Theatre Royal10．If you want to see a play with old jokes and songs ,which phone number will you ring to booka seat ?A．502116 B．223568 C．365998 D．43080811．We may learn from the text that Sue Townsend is .A．a writer B．an actress C．a musician D．a directorDTreasure hunts （寻宝）have excited people’s imagination for hundreds of years both in real life and in books such as Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island .Kit Williams ,a modern writer ,had the idea of combining the real excitement of a treasure hunt with clues （线索）found in a book when he wrote a children’s story ,Masquerade ,in 1979 .The book was about a hare ,and a month before it came out Williams buried a gold hare in a park in Bedfordshire .The book contained a large number of clues to help readers find the hare ,but Williams put in a lot of ―red herrings ‖,or false clues ,to mislead them.Ken Roberts ,the man who found the hare ,had been looking for it for nearly two years .Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time ,he found it by logic （逻辑）,not by luck .His success came from the fact that he had gained an important clue at the start .He had realized that the words :―One of Six to Eight‖under the f irst picture in the book connected the hare in some way to Katherine of Aragon ,the first of Henry VIII’s six wives .Even here ,however ,Williams had succeeded in misleading him .Ken knew that Katherine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton in Cambridgeshire in 1536 and thought that Williams had buried the hare there .He had been digging there for over a year before a new idea occurred to him.He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill ,in Befordshire ,and thought that he must have buried the hare in a place he knew well ,but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon ,until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773.Even then his search had not come to an end .It was only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross that he decided to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there .Williams encouraged him continue ,and on February 24 th 1982 ,he found the treasure .it was worth £ 3000 in the beginning ,but the excitement it had caused since its burial made it much more valuable .12．The underlined word ―them‖（paragraph1）refers to .A．red herrings B．treasure huntsC．Henry VIII’s six wives D．readers of Masquerade13．What is the most important clue in the story to help Ken Roberts find the hare ?A．Two stone crosses in Ampthill B．Stevenson’s Treasure IslandC．Katherine of Aragon D．Williams’ hometown14．The stone crosses in Ampthill were built .A．to tell about what happened in 1773 B．to show respect for Henry VIII’s first wife C．to serve as a roadsign in Ampthill Park D．to inform people where the gold hare was15．Which of the following describes Roberts’ logic in searching for the hare ?a.Henry VIII’s six wi vesb.Katherine’s burial place at Kimboltonc.Williams’ childhood in Ampthilld.Katherine of Aragone.stone crosses in Ampthill ParkA．a—b—c—e—d B．d—b—c—e—aC．a—d—b—c—eD．b—a—e—c—d七选五The Internet has opened up a whole new online world for us to meet, chat and go where we’ve never been before.But just as in face to face communication, there are some rules of behavior that should be followed when on line.—16—Imagine how you’d feel if you were in the other person’s shoes.For anything you’re about to send: ask yourself, ―Would I say this to the person’s face?‖ If the answer is no, rewrite and reread.—17—If someone in the chat room is rude to you, your instinct (本能) is to fire back in the same manner. But try not to do so.—18—If it was caused by a disagreement with another member, try to fix the situation by politely discussing it. Remember to respect the beliefs and opinions of others in the chat room.—19—Offer advice when asked by newcomers, as they may not be sure what to do or how to communicate. Wh en someone makes a mistake, whether it’s a stupid question or an unnecessarily long answer, be kind about it. If it’s a small mistake, you may not need to say anything. Even if you feel strongly about it, think twice before saying anything. Having good manners yourself doesn’t give you license to correct everyone else.—20—At the same time, if you find you are wrong, be sure to correct yourself and apologize to those that you have offended.It is not polite to ask others personal questions such as their age, sex and marital status. Unless you know the person very well, and you are both comfortable with sharing personal information, don’t ask such questions.A. It’s natural that there some people who speak rudely or make mistakes online.B. Repeat the process till you feel sure that you’d feel comfortable saying the words to theperson’s face.C. Everyone was new to the network once.D. The basic rule is simple: treat others in the same way you would want to be treated.E. When you send short messages to a person online, you must say something beautiful to hear.F. You should either ignore the person, or use your chat software to block their messages.G. If you do decide to tell someone about a mistake, point it out politely.第二部分：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）What is intelligence(智力) anyway? When I was in the army I 21 an intelligence test that all soldiers took ,and , against 22 of 100,scored 160.I had an auto-repair man once, who, onthese intelligence tests, could not 23 have scoredmore than 80. 24 , when anything wentwrong with my car I hurried to him-and be always 25it.Well, then, suppose my auto-repairman26 questions for some intelligence tests. Be everyone of them I’d prove myself a 27 .Ina world where I have to work with my 28 ,I’d dopoorly.Consider my auto-repair man 29 .He had a habit of telling 30 . One time hesaid,―Doc,a deaf and dumb(聋哑)man 31 some nails. Having entered a store, he put twofingers together on the counter and made 32 movements with the other hand. The clerkbrought him ahammer. He 33his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering.The clerk 34him some nails. He picked out the right size and left. Well, Doc, the 35man who came in was blind. He wanted scissors(剪刀). 36 do you suppose he asked for them?‖ I lifted my right handand made scissoring movements with my first two fingers. He burst out laughing and said, ― Why ,you fool, he used his 37 and asked for them. I’ve been 38that on all my customers today,but I knew 39 I’d catch you .‖―Why is that ?‖ Iasked,―Because you are so goddamned educated,Doc, I knew you couldn’t be very 40 .‖And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there.21. A. failed B. wrote C. received D. chose22. A. an average B. a total C. an exam D. a number23. A. always B. possibly C. certainly D. frequently24. A. Then B. Thus C. Therefore D. Yet25. A. fixed B. checked C. drove D. changed26. A. answered B. Practiced C. designed D. tried27. A. teacher B. Doctor C. winner D. fool28. A. brains B. effort C. hands D. attention29. A. again B. as usual C. too D. as well30. A. lies B. jokes C. news D. tales31. A. bought B. tested C. found D. needed32. A. cutting B. hammering C. waving D. circling33. A. nodded B. raised C. shook D. turned34. A. brought B. packed C. sent D. sold35. A. clever B. other C. right D. next36. A. What B. How C. Who D. Which37. A. imagination B. hand C. voice D. information38. A. trying B. proving C. Practicing D. examining39. A. for sure B. at once C. in fact D. right now40. A. clear B. silly C. slow D. smart第三部分：语法填空（共10空，每空1.5分，共15分）Alice, a shark that lives at the National Sea Life Centre in England, did not start out life as a vegetarian. When she41.________ (bring) in from Florida in 2009, she was happily eating any seafood. 42.________，that changed in a few months, and she suddenly stopped eating completely. Deeply 43.________ (concern), the centre officials took her in for an X-ray, 44.________ showed that a fishing hook was hiding deep inside her mouth. So they took her to see a doctor who realized the only way to save the shark was performing 45.________ rather risky operation. 46.________ (fortune), things went really well.But just when everybody was happy about the shark's recovery, the history-making shark began changing her eating habit, instead, 47.________ (prefer) to use her sharp teeth to eat vegetables! Although this may sound good, it is not really good 48.________ Alice's health because vegetables cannot provide enough protein that she needs to survive. Shark experts all over the world are confused at Alice's 49.________and they guess that 50.________ may have something to do with the wound the hook caused. But unless she speaks up, nobody is really going to know the real reason.第四部分：改错Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to EmeiMountain in Sichuan . It everyone knows ,it’s famousmountain with all kinds of plants and animals .The weatherwas fin e .It was about noon we arrived at the foot of the mountain .The three of them were very excited .As we climbed the mountain ,we fed monkeys ,visiting templesand told stories .On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful .The time passes quickly.Evening came down .We spent the night in a hotel at the topof the mountain .The food was expensive and the service was good .I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow .第五部分书面表达（满分25分）最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。
2002年真题及解析(word版)
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implication s. “Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?”the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes theaudience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible25. The best title for the text may be .[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .[A] programs ［B］ experts ［C］ devices ［D］ creatures28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can .[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic. ［B］sensitive. ［C］gloomy. ［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, theNational Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are p resumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph7)?[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? （45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二真题及详解
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题及详解试题部分一、填空题（本题共5小题，每小题3分，满分15分．把答案填在题中横线上．）（1）设函数⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧≤>-=0,e ,0,2arcsine 1)(2tan x a x xx f xx在0=x 处连续，则=a ______．（2）位于曲线xxey -=,+∞<≤x 0下方，x 轴上方的无界图形的面积是______．（3）微分方程02='+"y yy 满足初始条件10==x y，21|0='=x y 的特解是______． （4）++++∞→n n n n π2cos 1πcos 1[1lim=++]πcos 1nn Λ______． （5）矩阵⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-----222222220的非零特征值是______．二、选择题（本题共5小题，每小题3分，满分15分．每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内．）（1）设函数)(u f 可导，)(2x f y =当自变量x 在1-=x 处取得增量1.0-=∆x 时，相应的函数增量y ∆的线性主部为1.0，则)1(f '＝（ ） （A ）－1．（B ）0.1．（C ）1．（D ）0.5．（2）设函数)(x f 连续，则下列函数中必为偶函数的是（ ） （A ）.d )(20t t f x⎰（B ）.d )(20t t f x⎰（C ）.d )]()([0t t f t f t x--⎰（D ）.d )]()([0t t f t f t x-+⎰（3）设)(x y y =是二阶常系数微分方程xqy py y 3e =+'+"满足初始条件=)0(y0)0(='y 的特解，则当0→x 时，函数)()1ln(2x y x +的极限 （ ）（A ）不存在．（B ）等于1．（C ）等于2．（D ）等于3．（4）设函数)(x f y =在),0(+∞内有界且可导，则（ ） （A ）当0)(lim =+∞→x f x 时，必有.0)(lim ='+∞→x f x（B ）当)(lim x f x '+∞→存在时，必有.0)(lim ='+∞→x f x（C ）当0)(lim 0=+→x f x 时，必有.0)(lim 0='+→x f x（D ）当)(lim 0x f x '+→存在时，必有.0)(lim 0='+→x f x（5）设向量组321,,ααα线性无关，向量1β可由321,,ααα线性表示，而向量2β不能由321,,ααα线性表示，则对于任意常数k ，必有（ ） （A ）321,,ααα21,ββ+k 线性无关． （B ）321,,ααα21,ββ+k 线性相关． （C ）321,,ααα21,ββk +线性无关． （D ）321,,ααα21,ββk +线性相关．三、（本题满分6分）已知曲线的极坐标方程是θcos 1-=r ，求该曲线上对应于6π=θ处的切线与法线的直角坐标方程． 四、（本题满分7分）设⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧≤≤+<≤-+=,10,)1e (e,01,232)(22x x x x x x f x x求函数t t f x F x d )()(1⎰-=的表达式． 五、（本题满分7分）已知函数)(x f 在),0(+∞内可导，1)(lim ,0)(=>+∞→x f x f x ，且满足,e ))()((lim 110x hh x f hx x f =+→ 求)(x f ． 六、（本题满分7分）求微分方程0)2(=-+dx y x xdy 的一个解)(x y y =，使得由曲线)(x y y =与直线2,1==x x 以及x 轴所围成的平面图形绕x 轴旋转一周的旋转体体积最小．七、（本题满分7分）某闸门的形状与大小如图所示，其中直线l 为对称轴，闸门的上部为矩形ABCD ，下部由二次抛物线与线段AB 所围成．当水面与闸门的上端相平时，欲使闸门矩形部分承受的水压力与闸门下部承受的水压力之比为4:5，闸门矩形部分的高h 应为多少m （米）？八、（本题满分8分） 设),2,1()3(,3011Λ=-=<<+n x x x x n n n ，证明数列}{n x 的极限存在，并求此极限．九、（本题满分8分） 设b a <<0，证明不等式⋅<--<+ab a b a b b a a 1ln ln 222十、（本题满分8分）设函数)(x f 在0=x 的某邻域内具有二阶连续导数，且0)0(,0)0(,0)0(≠''≠'≠f f f .证明：存在惟一的一组实数321,,λλλ，使得当0→h 时，)0()3()2()(321f h f h f h f -++λλλ是比2h 高阶的无穷小．十一、（本题满分6分）已知B A ,为3阶矩阵，且满足E B B A 421-=-，其中E 是3阶单位矩阵． （1）证明：矩阵E A 2-可逆；（2）若⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-=200021021B ，求矩阵A ．十二、（本题满分6分）已知4阶方阵43214321,,,),,,,(αααααααα=A 均为4维列向量，其中432,,ααα线性无关，,2321ααα-=如果4321ααααβ+++=，求线性方程组β=Ax 的通解．详解部分一、填空题（本题共5小题，每小题3分，满分15分．把答案填在题中横线上．）（1）设函数⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧≤>-=0,e ,0,2arcsine 1)(2tan x a x xx f xx在0=x 处连续，则=a ______．【答案】2-【考点】函数的左极限和右极限、函数连续的概念 【难易度】★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点：若函数)(x f 在0x x =处连续，有)()(lim )(lim 00x f x f x f x x x x ==+-→→解析：tan 0001tan lim ()lim lim 2arcsin22x x x x e xf x x x+++→→→--=-== 20lim ()lim ,(0),xx x f x ae a f a --→→===()f x 在0x =处连续(0)(0)(0),f f f +-⇔==即 2.a =- （2）位于曲线xxe y -=,+∞<≤x 0下方，x 轴上方的无界图形的面积是______．【答案】1【考点】定积分的几何应用—平面图形的面积 【难易度】★★【详解】解析：所求面积为1)(00=-=+-=-==+∞-∞+-+∞--∞+∞+-⎰⎰⎰xx xx xedx e xee xd dx xe S ．其中，()01lim lim lim =--=-+∞→+∞→-+∞→xx xx xx e e x xe洛必达.（3）微分方程02='+"y yy 满足初始条件10==x y，21|0='=x y 的特解是______．【答案】y =【考点】可降阶的高阶微分方程【难易度】★★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点：可降阶的高阶微分方程,若缺x ，则令dydp py p y =''=',. 解析：方法1：将20yy y '''+=改写为()0yy ''=，从而得1yy C '=.以初始条件1(0)1,(0)2y y '==代入，有1112C ⨯=，所以得12yy '=.即21yy '=，改写为2()1y '=.解得2,y x C =+y =再以初值代入，1=""+且21C =.于是特解y =方法2：这是属于缺x 的类型(,)y f y y '''=.命,dp dp dy dpy p y p dx dy dx dy'''====. 原方程20yy y '''+=化为20dp ypp dy +=，得0p =或0dpy p dy+= 0p =即0dy dx =，不满足初始条件1'02y x ==，弃之， 由0dp yp dy +=按分离变量法解之，得1.C y 由初始条件11,'002y y x x ====可将1C 先定出来：1111,212C C ==.于是得12dy dx y =,解之，得22,y x C y =+=以01x y ==代入，得1=，所以应取“+”号且21C =.于是特解是y =（4）++++∞→n n n n π2cos 1πcos 1[1lim=++]πcos 1nn Λ______．【考点】定积分的概念 【难易度】★★★【详解】解析：记1n u n =11n i n == 所以011lim lim n n n n i u n →∞→∞===⎰11coscos22xxdx dx ππ===⎰12sin2x πππ==.（5）矩阵⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-----222222220的非零特征值是______．【答案】4【考点】矩阵的特征值的计算 【难易度】★★【详解】解析：22222220222222E A λλλλλλλλ-=--=--200011(4)222λλλλλ==--故4λ=是矩阵的非零特征值.（另一个特征值是0λ=(二重)）二、选择题（本题共5小题，每小题3分，满分15分．每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内．）（1）设函数)(u f 可导，)(2x f y =当自变量x 在1-=x 处取得增量1.0-=∆x 时，相应的函数增量y ∆的线性主部为1.0，则)1(f '＝（ ） （A ）－1． （B ）0.1．（C ）1．（D ）0.5．【答案】D【考点】导数的概念、复合函数的求导法则 【难易度】★★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点： ①dy 为y ∆的线性主部； ②)()]([))]([(x g x g f x g f ''='； 解析：在可导条件下，0()x x dyy x o x dx=∆=∆+∆.当00x x dy dx =≠时0x x dyx dx =∆称为y ∆的线性主部，现在2()2dyx f x x x dx'∆=∆，以1,0.1x x =-∆=-代入得(1)0.2dyx f dx'∆=⨯，由题设它等于0.1，于是(1)0.5f '=，应选（D ）. （2）设函数)(x f 连续，则下列函数中必为偶函数的是（ ） （A ）.d )(20t t f x⎰（B ）.d )(20t t f x⎰（C ）.d )]()([0t t f t f t x--⎰（D ）.d )]()([0t t f t f t x-+⎰【答案】D【考点】函数的奇偶性、积分上限的函数及其导数 【难易度】★★【详解】解析：[()()]t f t f t +-为t 的奇函数，[()()]xt f t f t dt +-⎰为x 的偶函数，（D ）正确，（A ）、（C ）是x 的奇函数，（B ）可能非奇非偶.例如()1f t t =+，均不选.（3）设)(x y y =是二阶常系数微分方程xqy py y 3e =+'+"满足初始条件=)0(y0)0(='y 的特解，则当0→x 时，函数)()1ln(2x y x +的极限 （ ）（A ）不存在． （B ）等于1．（C ）等于2．（D ）等于3．【答案】C【考点】洛必达法则、佩亚诺型余项泰勒公式 【难易度】★★【详解】解析：方法1：220000ln(1)222limlim lim lim 2()()()()1x x x x x x x y x y x y x y x →→→→+==='''洛洛 方法2：由(0)(0)0,(0)1y y y '''===.由佩亚诺余项泰勒公式展开，有22()00()2x y x o x =+++，代入，有222000222ln(1)1lim lim lim 211()()()22x x x x x o x y x x o x x→→→+==++=. （4）设函数)(x f y =在),0(+∞内有界且可导，则（ ） （A ）当0)(lim =+∞→x f x 时，必有.0)(lim ='+∞→x f x（B ）当)(lim x f x '+∞→存在时，必有.0)(lim ='+∞→x f x（C ）当0)(lim 0=+→x f x 时，必有.0)(lim 0='+→x f x（D ）当)(lim 0x f x '+→存在时，必有.0)(lim 0='+→x f x【答案】B【考点】导数的概念 【难易度】★★★★【详解】解析：方法1：排斥法 （A ）的反例21()sin ,f x x x =它有界，221()sin 2cos ,lim ()0x f x x x f x x→+∞'=-+=，但lim ()x f x →+∞'不存在.(C)与(D)的反例同（A ）的反例.0lim ()0x f x →+=,但0lim ()10x f x →+'=≠，（C ）不成立；0lim ()10x f x →+'=≠，（D ）也不成立.（A ）、（C ）、（D ）都不对，故选（B ）． 方法2：证明（B ）正确.设lim ()x f x →+∞'存在，记为A ，求证0A =.用反证法，设0A ≠.若0A >，则由保号性知，存在00x >，当0x x >时()2Af x '>,在区间0[,]x x 上对()f x 用拉格朗日中值定理知,有00000()()()()()(),.2Af x f x f x x f x x x x x ξξ'=+->+-<<,x →+∞，从而有()f x →+∞，与()f x 有界矛盾.类似可证若0A <亦矛盾.（5）设向量组321,,ααα线性无关，向量1β可由321,,ααα线性表示，而向量2β不能由321,,ααα线性表示，则对于任意常数k ，必有（ ） （A ）321,,ααα21,ββ+k 线性无关． （B ）321,,ααα21,ββ+k 线性相关． （C ）321,,ααα21,ββk +线性无关． （D ）321,,ααα21,ββk +线性相关．【答案】A【考点】向量的线性表示 【难易度】★★★【详解】解析：方法1：对任意常数k ，向量组123,,ααα，12k ββ+线性无关.用反证法，若123,,ααα，12k ββ+线性相关，因已知123,,ααα线性无关，故12k ββ+可由123,,ααα线性表出.设12112233k ββλαλαλα+=++,因已知1β可由123,,ααα线性表出，设为1112233l l l βααα=++代入上式，得2111222333()()()l l l βλαλαλα=-+-+-这和2β 不能由123,,ααα线性表出矛盾.故向量组123,,ααα，12k ββ+线性无关， 应选（A ）.方法2：用排除法取0k =，向量组123,,ααα，12k ββ+即123,,ααα，2β线性相关不成立，排除（B ）.取0k =，向量组123,,ααα，12k ββ+，即123,,ααα，1β线性无关不成立，排除（C ）.0k ≠时，123,,ααα，12k ββ+线性相关不成立（证法与方法1类似，当1k =时，选项（A ）、（D ）向量组是一样的，但结论不同，其中（A ）成立，显然（D ）不成立.） 排除（D ）.三、（本题满分6分）已知曲线的极坐标方程是θcos 1-=r ，求该曲线上对应于6π=θ处的切线与法线的直角坐标方程． 【考点】平面曲线的切线、平面曲线的法线 【难易度】★★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点：①切线方程：)(000x x y y y -'=- ②法线方程：)(1000x x y y y -'-=- 解析：极坐标曲线1cos r θ=-化成直角坐标的参数方程为(1cos )cos (1cos )sin x y θθθθ=-⎧⎨=-⎩ 即2cos cos sin cos sin x y θθθθθ⎧=-⎨=-⎩ 曲线上6πθ=的点对应的直角坐标为31,,42- 22666cos sin cos 1.sin 2cos sin dy dyd dx dxd ππθθπθθθθθθθθθ===+-===-+于是得切线的直角坐标方程为13()24y x -=-，即504x y -=法线方程为113()(()),24124y x --=---即104x y +-=. 四、（本题满分7分）设⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧≤≤+<≤-+=,10,)1e (e ,01,232)(22x x x x x x f x x求函数t t f x F x d )()(1⎰-=的表达式．【考点】定积分的分部积分法、积分上限的函数及其导数 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】解析： 当10x -≤<时2233213111()(2)().12222xx F x t t dt t t x x -=+=+=+--⎰ 当01x ≤<时，011()()()()xxF x f t dt f t dt f t dt --==+⎰⎰⎰23200000111()12(1)2(1)11021121111ln(1)ln(1)ln 202121t x x t t tx x t t x tt x x x te t t dt tde e x t dt xe dt e e e e x x x e e e e ----=++=---++=--+=--+++++=---+=---++++⎰⎰⎰⎰所以3211,1022()1ln ln 2,01112xx x x x x F x e x x e e ⎧+--≤<⎪⎪=⎨⎪-+-≤<⎪++⎩当当 五、（本题满分7分）已知函数)(x f 在),0(+∞内可导，1)(lim ,0)(=>+∞→x f x f x ，且满足,e ))()((lim 110x hh x f hx x f =+→ 求)(x f ．【考点】导数的概念、一阶线性微分方程 【难易度】★★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点：e =∆+∆→∆10)1(lim ；∆-∆+='→∆)()(lim)(0x f x f x f ，其中∆可以代表任何形式；解析：11()ln h ()()()f x hx hf x f x hx ef x ⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭，001()1()()lim ln lim ln(1)()()h h f x hx f x hx f x h f x h f x →→⎛⎫++-=+ ⎪⎝⎭001()()()()lim ln()lim ()()()()(),0.()h h f x hx f x x f x hx f x h f x f x f x x f x x f x →→+-+-=='=≠从而得到 1()1()0()lim ()xf x hf x x h f x hx e ef x '→⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭由题设于是推得()1()xf x f x x '=， 即 2()1()f x f x x '= 解此微分方程，得 11ln ()f x C x=-+ 改写成 1()xf x Ce-=再由条件lim ()1x f x →+∞=，推得1C =，于是得1().xf x e -=六、（本题满分7分）求微分方程0)2(=-+dx y x xdy 的一个解)(x y y =，使得由曲线)(x y y =与直线2,1==x x 以及x 轴所围成的平面图形绕x 轴旋转一周的旋转体体积最小．【考点】旋转体的体积、一阶线性微分方程、函数的最大值与最小值 【难易度】★★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点：dx x fV bax ⎰=)(2π解析：一阶线性微分方程21y y x'-=-，由通解公式有 22[]dx dx x x y eedx C ⎛⎫⎛⎫--- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎰⎰=-+⎰221[]x dx C x =-+⎰221(),12x C x Cx x x=+=+≤≤ 由曲线2y x Cx =+与1,2x x ==及x 轴围成的图形绕x 轴旋转一周所成的旋转体的体积为2222131157()()523V x Cx dx C C ππ=+=++⎰,令6215()052dV C dC π=+=,得75.124C =- 又()0V C ''>，故75124C =-为V 的惟一极小值点，也是最小值点，于是所求曲线为275.124y x x =-七、（本题满分7分）某闸门的形状与大小如图所示，其中直线l 为对称轴，闸门的上部为矩形ABCD ，下部由二次抛物线与线段AB 所围成．当水面与闸门的上端相平时，欲使闸门矩形部分承受的水压力与闸门下部承受的水压力之比为4:5，闸门矩形部分的高h 应为多少m （米）？【考点】定积分的物理应用—压力 【难易度】★★★★【详解】解析：建立坐标系，细横条为面积微元，面积微元2dA xdy =， 因此压力微元 2(1)dp gx h y dy ρ=+- 平板ABCD 上所受的总压力为 1102(1)hP gx h y dy ρ+=+-⎰其中以1x =代入，计算得 21P gh ρ=.抛物板AOB 上所受的总压力为 1202(1),P gx h y dy ρ=+-⎰其中由抛物线方程知x y =2124()315P g h ρ=+，由题意12:5:4P P =，即，251244()315h h =+ 解之得2h =（米）（13h =-舍去），即闸门矩形部分的高应为2m . 八、（本题满分8分）设),2,1()3(,3011Λ=-=<<+n x x x x n n n ，证明数列}{n x 的极限存在，并求此极限．【考点】数列的极限 【难易度】★★★【详解】解析：方法1：考虑（1）19(3)3343222n n n x x x ----==222933()4203322n n n x x x -+---==≤+ 所以132n x +≤（当1,2,n =L ），即32n x ≤（当2,3,n =L ），数列{}2,3,n x n =L 有上界32.再考虑（2）21n n n x x x --==0.=≥ 2,3,n =L .所以{}n x 单调增加.单调增加数列{}n x 有上界，所以lim n n x →∞存在，记为.a(3)由1n x +a 2230,a a -=得32a =或0a =，但因0n x >且单调增，故0a ≠，所以3lim 2n n x →∞=.方法2：由103x <<知1x 及13x -（）均为正数，故)211130(3).22x x x *<≤+-= 设302k x <≤，则113(3).22k k k x x x +≤+-= 由数学归纳法知，对任意正整数2n ≥有302n x <≤.210.n n n x x x +≤=≥-所以{}n x 单调增，单调增加数列{}n x 有上界，所以lim n n x →∞存在，记为a .再由1n x +=两边命n →∞取极限，得a =32a =或0a =，但因0n x >且单调增加，故0a ≠，所以32a =. 九、（本题满分8分） 设b a <<0，证明不等式⋅<--<+ab a b a b b a a 1ln ln 222【考点】函数单调性的判别 【难易度】★★★【详解】解析：左、右两个不等式分别考虑 先证左边不等式，方法1：由所证的形式想到试用拉格朗日中值定理.ln ln 1(ln ),0.x b ax a b b aξξξ=-'==<<<-而22112a b a bξ>>+. 其中第二个不等式来自不等式222a b ab +>（当0a b <<时），这样就证明了要证明的左边. 方法2：用单调性证，将b 改写为x 并移项，命222()()ln ln a x a x x a a x ϕ-=--+，有()0a ϕ=.22222124()()()a ax x a x x a x a x ϕ-'=-+++222222()4()0()()x a ax x a x a x a x --=+>++（当0a x <<）， 而推知当0x a >>时()0x ϕ>，以x b =代入即得证明.再证右边不等式，用单调性证，将b 改写为x 并移项，命()ln ln ),x x a x aφ=---有()0a φ=，及21()0,x x φ'==<所以当0x a >>时，()0x φ<，再以x b =代入，便得ln ln ),b a b a-<-即ln ln b a b a -<-右边证毕.十、（本题满分8分）设函数)(x f 在0=x 的某邻域内具有二阶连续导数，且0)0(,0)0(,0)0(≠''≠'≠f f f .证明：存在惟一的一组实数321,,λλλ，使得当0→h 时，)0()3()2()(321f h f h f h f -++λλλ是比2h 高阶的无穷小．【考点】无穷小的比较，洛必达法则 【难易度】★★★【详解】解析：方法1：由题目，去证存在唯一的一组123,,λλλ,1232()(2)(3)(0)lim0h f h f h f h f L h λλλ→++-==由此知，分子极限应为0，由()f x 在0x =连续，于是推知，应有123 1.λλλ++= （1）由洛必达法则，1232()(2)(3)(0)limh f h f h f h f L h λλλ→++-=1230()2(2)3(3)lim 2h f h f h f h hλλλ→'''++= （2） 分子的极限为1231230lim(()2(2)3(3))(23)(0)h f h f h f h f λλλλλλ→''''++=++，若不为0，则式（1）应为∞，与原设为0矛盾，故分子的极限应是0，即 123230λλλ++= （3） 对（2）再用洛必达法则，1231230()4(2)9(3)1lim(49)(0)22h f h f h f h L f λλλλλλ→''''''++''==++ 由(0)0f ''≠，故应有 123490λλλ++= （4）将（1）、（3）、（4）联立解之，由于系数行列式11112320,149=≠由克莱姆法则知，存在唯一的一组解满足题设要求，证毕. 方法2：由佩亚诺余项泰勒公式2211()(0)(0)(0)(),2f h f f h f h o h '''=+++ 222(2)(0)2(0)2(0)(),f h f f h f h o h '''=+++2239(3)(0)3(0)(0)(),2f h f f h f h o h '''=+++ 代入1232()(2)(3)(0)0limh f h f h f h f hλλλ→++-=2123123123201(1)(0)(23)(0)(49)(0)2lim h f f h f h h λλλλλλλλλ→⎡'''++-++++++⎢=⎢⎢⎣2221122332()()()o h o h o h h λλλ⎤+++⎥⎦， 上面[]中第二项极限为0，所以第一项中应有1231231231230490λλλλλλλλλ++=⎧⎪++=⎨⎪++=⎩ 由于系数行列式11112320,149=≠ 由克莱姆法则知，存在唯一的一组解满足题设要求，证毕. 十一、（本题满分6分）已知B A ,为3阶矩阵，且满足E B B A 421-=-，其中E 是3阶单位矩阵． （1）证明：矩阵E A 2-可逆；（2）若⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-=200021021B ，求矩阵A ．【考点】逆矩阵的概念、矩阵的计算 【难易度】★★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点： 若有E AB =则称B A ,互逆.解析：（1）由题设条件124A B B E -=-两边左乘A ，得 24B AB A =- 即 24AB B A -=(2)4884(2)8A E B A E E A E E -=-+=-+ (2)(4)8A E B E E --=1(2)(4)8A EB E E --=得证2A E -可逆（且11(2)(4)8A EB E --=-）.(2) 方法1：由（1）结果知111(2)(4)8(4)8A E B E B E --⎡⎤-=-=-⎢⎥⎣⎦18(4)2A B E E -=-+1204003204120040120002004002B E ---⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-=-=-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦[]3201001200104120010320100002001002001B E E ⎡--⎤⎡-⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥-=-→--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦M0101200101201308013001008800110011000022⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥→-→--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎢⎥⎣⎦11044100130100880011002⎡⎤-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥→--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎣⎦故 11104413(4)0881002B E -⎡⎤-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-=--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎣⎦10208(4)2110002A B E E -⎡⎤⎢⎥=-+=--⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦.方法2：由题设条件 124A B B E -=- 等式两边左乘A ，得 2(4)B A B E =-则12(4)A B B E -=-（求1(4)B E --过程见方法1）11044120120220131212001201308840020020041002⎡⎤-⎢⎥---⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=--=--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎣⎦08002014401104008002⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=--=--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦. 十二、（本题满分6分）已知4阶方阵43214321,,,),,,,(αααααααα=A 均为4维列向量，其中432,,ααα线性无关，,2321ααα-=如果4321ααααβ+++=，求线性方程组β=Ax 的通解．【考点】线性方程组解的性质和解的结构、非齐次线性方程组的基础解系和通解 【难易度】★★★★【详解】解析：方法1：由234,,ααα线性无关，及123420,αααα=-+即1234,,,αααα线性相关，及1234βαααα=+++知[][][]12341234,,,()3,,,,r r A r A r ααααβααααβ====M故Ax β=有解，且其通解为k ξη*+，其中k ξ是对应齐次方程0Ax =的通解，η*是Ax β=的一个特解,因 123420,αααα=-+故 []123412341220,,,010αααααααα⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥=-+==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦故[]1,2,1,0Tξ=-是0Ax =的基础解系.又[]1234123411,,,11βαααααααα⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=+++=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦故[]1,1,1,1Tη*=是Ax β=的一个特解，故方程组的通解为[][]1,2,1,01,1,1,1TTk -+.（其中k是任意常数）方法2：令[]1234,,,Tx x x x x =则线性非齐次方程为[]112233441234,,,x x x x x ααααααααβ+++==已知1234βαααα=+++，故11223344x x x x αααα+++=1234αααα+++将1232ααα=-代入上式，得12213344(23)()(1)0x x x x x ααα+-+-++-=由已知234,,ααα线性无关，上式成立当且仅当1213423010x x x x x +=⎧⎪-+=⎨⎪-=⎩ 取自由未知量3x k =，则方程组有解431321,,,23x x k x x k x k =====-+即方程组Ax β=有通解123410232310101x k x k k x k x ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-+-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥==+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦.（其中k 是任意常数）。
【精品推荐】2002年考研英语真题及解析
2 002 年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections ：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, 13 , with display becoming sharper increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social 2 the 19th century that the newspaper 4 5 6 7 8 9 1immediately 12 and they became “personal” too, as well as and storage 14 .and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.20 “harmful” 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 . ［A ］between. ［A ］after. ［A ］means. ［A ］process. ［A ］gathered. ［A ］on［B ］before ［B ］by ［C ］since ［C ］during ［C ］medium ［C ］light ［D ］later ［D ］until ［D ］measure ［D ］form ［B ］method ［B ］company ［B ］speeded ［B ］out ［C ］worked ［C ］over ［D ］picked ［D ］off . ［A ］of［B ］for ［C ］beyond ［C ］effect ［C ］however ［C ］stimulated ［C ］lest ［D ］into . ［A ］concept. ［A ］indeed0. ［A ］brought1. ［A ］unless2. ［A ］apparent ［B ］dimension ［B ］hence ［B ］followed ［B ］since ［B ］desirable ［D ］perspective ［D ］therefore ［D ］characterized ［D ］although ［C ］negative ［D ］plausible1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23.［A］institutional4.［A］ability5.［A］by means of6.［A］deeper［B］universal［B］capability［B］in terms of［B］fewer［C］fundamental［D］instrumental［C］capacity［D］faculty［C］with regard to［D］in line with［C］nearer［C］scope［D］smaller［D］territory［D］effected7.［A］context8.［A］regarded9.［A］competitive0.［A］above［B］range［B］impressed［C］influenced［B］controversial［C］distracting［D］irrational［B］upon［C］against［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A], [B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile,you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing,the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers,you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries,you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses’convention,of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens,sunny weather,and so on.Everyone is very peaceful,polite and friendly until,waiting in a line for lunch,the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat,who rushes to the head of the line,grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Who is that?”the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh,that’s God,”came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous,you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’s the delivery which causes theaudience to smile,so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote“If at first you don’t succeed,give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.2 2 2 2 21.To make your humor work,you should.[[[[A]take advantage of different kinds of audienceB]make fun of the disorganized peopleC]address different problems to different peopleD]show sympathy for your listeners2.The joke about doctors implies that,in the eyes of nurses,they are.[[[[A]impolite to new arrivalsB]very conscious of their godlike roleC]entitled to some privilegesD]very busy even during lunch hours3.It can be inferred from the text that public services.[[[[A]have benefited many peopleB]are the focus of public attentionC]are an inappropriate subject for humorD]have often been the laughing stock4.To achieve the desired result,humorous stories should be delivered.[[[[A]in well-worded languageB]as awkwardly as possibleC]in exaggerated statementsD]as casually as possible5.The best title for the text may be.[[[[A]Use Humor EffectivelyB]Various Kinds of HumorC]Add Humor to SpeechD]Different Humor StrategiesText2Since the dawn of human ingenuity,people have devised ever more cunning toolsto cope with work that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,"says Dave Lavery,manager of a robotics program at NASA,“w e can't yet give a robot enough‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the1960s and1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year2010,researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found,in attempting to model thought,is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the98percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability,and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in.[ [ [ [A]the use of machines to produce science fiction.B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.D]the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.2 27.The word“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)most probably meansA]programs［B］experts［C］devices［D］creatures8.According to the text,what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can.[.[[[[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.B]interact with human beings verbally.C]have a little common sense.D]respond independently to a changing world.29.Besides reducing human labor,robots can also.[ [ [ [A]make a few decisions for themselves.B]deal with some errors with human intervention.C]improve factory environments.D]cultivate human creativity.30.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.[ [ [ [A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.D]best used in a controlled environment.Text3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost$26a barrel, up from less than$10last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s.In Europe,taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation,a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly50%less oil than in1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,if oil prices averaged$22a barrel for a full year,compared with$ 013in1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only .25-0.5%of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in1974or1980.On the other hand,oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In1973commodity prices jumped by70%,and in1979by almost30%.3 31.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[[A]global inflation.[B]reduction in supply.C]fast growth in economy.[D]Iraq’s suspension of exports.2.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[ [A]price of crude rises.C]consumption rises.[B]commodity prices rise.[D]oil taxes rise.3 3 33.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［［［［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.4.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［［［［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.5.From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.Text4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important ［implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of“double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who“until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’s like surgery,”he says.“We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death. If you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong andeven dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes“systematic patient abuse”.He says medical licensing boards“must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36.From the first three paragraphs,we learn that.[ [ [ [A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’painB]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37.Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[ [ [A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D]A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.3 3 48.According to the NAS’s report,one of the problems in end-of-life care is.[[A]prolonged medical proceduresC]systematic drug abuse[B]inadequate treatment of pain[D]insufficient hospital care9.Which of the following best defines the word“aggressive”(line4,paragraph7[)?A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate0.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they.[[[[A]manage their patients incompetentlyB]give patients more medicine than neededC]reduce drug dosages for their patientsD]prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technologymight be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called b ehavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character, human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning“values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?（45）Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46.Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled“Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning,and2.give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
【Selected】2002年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书).doc
20GG年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblan AandmarAA,B,CORDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe2 0thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuc hhadhappened 1 .Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot 2 the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic_ 3 _ ，followinginthewaAeofthepamphletandthebooAandinthe 4 oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevoluti on 5 up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading 6 throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures 7 the20th centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthat Processin 8 .Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,9 ,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury, 10 bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedth eprocess, 11 itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately 12 .Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andthey became“personal”too,aswellas13 ,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage 14 increasing.Theywerethoughtof,liAepeople, 15 generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch 16 .Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”bega ntobewidelyusedtodescribethe 17 withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas 18 bothworAandleisureandhowwethinAandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,but therehavebeen 19 viewaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits ”havebeenweighed20 “harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.1.［A］between［B］before［C］since［D］later2.［A］after［B］by［C］during［D］until3.［A］means［B］method［C］medium［D］measure4.［A］process［B］company［C］light［D］form5.［A］gathered［B］speeded［C］worAed［D］picAed6.［A］on［B］out［C］over［D］off7.［A］of［B］for［C］beyond［D］into8.［A］concept［B］dimension［C］effect［D］perspective9.［A］indeed［B］hence［C］however［D］therefore10.［A］brought［B］followed［C］stimulated［D］characterized11.［A］unless［B］since［C］lest［D］although12.［A］apparent［B］desirable［C］negative［D］plausible13.［A］institutional［B］universal［C］fundamental［D］instrumental14.［A］ability［B］capability［C］capacity［D］faculty15.［A］bymeansof［B］intermsof［C］withregardto［D］inlinewith16.［A］deeper［B］fewer［C］nearer［D］smaller17.［A］conteGt［B］range［C］scope［D］territory18.［A］regarded［B］impressed［C］influenced［D］effected19.［A］competitive［B］controversial［C］distracting［D］irrational20.［A］above［B］upon［C］against［D］withSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosi ng[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarAyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TeGt1IfyouintendusinghumorinyourtalAtomaAepeoplesmile,youmustAno whowtoidentifysharedeGperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelev anttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorth atyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.D ependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouar etalAingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsof theirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywantt ocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.HereisaneGample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhich worAswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.Amanarri vesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccom modations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeac eful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenl ypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalasA edSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinAshe ’sadoctor.”Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositio ntoAnowtheeGperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit ’llbeappropriateforyoutomaAeapassingremarAabouttheinediblecantee nfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyou mustn’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermaAingdi sparagingremarAsabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.Youwillbeonsafergr oundifyousticAtoscapegoatsliAethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.IfyoufeelawAwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomes morenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarAswhichy oucandeliverinarelaGedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’sthedeliverywhich causestheaudiencetosmile,sospeaAslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebr oworanunbelievinglooAmayhelptoshowthatyouaremaAingalight-hearte dremarA.LooAforthehumor.ItoftencomesfromtheuneGpected.Atwistonafamili arquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituat ion.SearchforeGaggerationandunderstatement.LooAatyourtalAandpicAo utafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.21.TomaAeyourhumorworA,youshould .[A]taAeadvantageofdifferentAindsofaudience[B]maAefunofthedisorganizedpeople[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners22.ThejoAeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare .[A]impolitetonewarrivals[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodliAerole[C]entitledtosomeprivileges[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours23.ItcanbeinferredfromtheteGtthatpublicservices .[A]havebenefitedmanypeople[B]arethefocusofpublicattention[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstocA24.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered .[A]inwell-wordedlanguage[B]asawAwardlyaspossible[C]ineGaggeratedstatements[D]ascasuallyaspossible25.ThebesttitlefortheteGtmaybe .[A]UseHumorEffectively[B]VariousAindsofHumor[C]AddHumortoSpeech[D]DifferentHumorStrategiesTeGt2Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworAthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplain nasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscient istshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebegu ntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizm oswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversaleGistencehasremove dmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms. OurbanAingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthanAuswithmechanic alpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessro bot-drivers.AndthanAstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmic ro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomeAindsof brainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlysAilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhand salone.ButifrobotsaretoreachtheneGtstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavet ooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomaAeatleastafewdecisio nsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“WhileweAnowhowtotellarobottohandlea specificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“we can'tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadyna micworld.”IndeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymiGedre sults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionof thehumanbrainbytheyear20GG,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoeGtendtha tforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain' sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerroro famachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironme nt.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediately disregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemo nAeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcro wd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatAindof ability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tAnowquitehowwedoit.26.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin .[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerousworA.[D]theelite’scunningtacAlingofdangerousandboringworA.27.Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans .[A]programs B］eGperts C］devices D］creatures28.AccordingtotheteGt,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan .[A]fulfilldelicatetasAsliAeperformingbrainsurgery.[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally.[C]havealittlecommonsense.[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld.29.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso .[A]maAeafewdecisionsforthemselves.[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.[C]improvefactoryenvironments.[D]cultivatehumancreativity.30.TheauthorusestheeGampleofamonAeytoarguethatrobotsare .[A]eGpectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.TeGt3Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPEC agreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26a barrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsu pscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshocA,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-19 80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.BothpreviousshocAsresultedindouble-dig itinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningof gloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweeAwhenIraqsuspendedoil eGports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthe northernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.YettherearegoodreasonstoeGpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowto belessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowacco untsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,ta Gesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesint hepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolessse nsitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsanda declineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereduced oilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilt hansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richecon omiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestE conomicOutlooAthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,compare dwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonl y0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or19 80.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueeze d.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliAethe risesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebacAgroundofgeneralcomm odity-priceinflationandglobaleGcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldi sonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypri ceindeGisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjum pedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.31.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis_______[A]globalinflation.[B]reductioninsupply.[C]fastgrowthineconomy.[D]Iraq’ssuspensionofeGports.32.ItcanbeinferredfromtheteGtthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif______.[A]priceofcruderises.[B]commoditypricesrise.[C]consumptionrises.[D]oiltaGesrise.33.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlooAshowthatinrichcountries_______.［A］heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.［B］incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices.［C］manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.［D］oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP.34.WecandrawaconclusionfromtheteGtthat_______.［A］oil-priceshocAsarelessshocAingnow.［B］inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocAs.［C］energyconservationcanAeepdowntheoilprices.［D］thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinAingofheavyindustry. 35.FromtheteGtwecanseethatthewriterseems__________.［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.TeGt4TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimp ortantimplicationsforhowmedicineseeAstorelievedyingpatientsofpainan dsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect ”,acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleif theactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdoses ofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingd osageswilleventuallyAillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthatthepr inciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthat theycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmi ghthastendeath”.GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,ma intainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpo se,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohaste ndeath.“It’sliAesurgery,”hesays.“Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicides becausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtoAilltheirpatients,althoughtheyrisAedt heirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcan risA yourpatient’ssuicideaslongas youdon’t intend theirsuicide.”Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacAnowledgethatthea ssisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwh ommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeAsbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide, theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,Approa chingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalprocedurest hatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblems ofend-of-lifecare.TheprofessionistaAingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices ,totestAnowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMe dicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforas sessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.AnnassayslawyerscanplayaAeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaning medicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansse emunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuf fering”,totheeGtent thatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse”.Hesays medicallicensingboards“mustma Aeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresum ptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesusp ension”.36.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat .[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’pain[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide37.WhichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtotheteGt?[A]DoctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisAtheirpatients’death.[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecover y.[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.[D]Adoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.38.AccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis .[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain[C]systematicdrugabuse[D]insufficienthospitalcare39.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(line4,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate40.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey .[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatientsPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingteGtcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegme ntsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET 2.(10points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotb esolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechn ologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuc hatechnologymightbedrawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of whatis called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywh entheydiscardedthem.（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the eGplanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other Ainds of eGplanations have been hard to find.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscur e.Itdoesnotpushorpull,it selects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoveranda nalyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometob eunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtr aitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbe haviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however ,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrench ed.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachiev ementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning“values”.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?（45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.SectionIIIWriting46.Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled“Cult uresNationalandInternational”.Intheessayyoushould1.describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and2.giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)AnAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
2002年考研英语试题与答案
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21. As was discussed before, it was not 22the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in 28. It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 29, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 30by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 31its impact on the media was not immediately 32. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 33, with display becoming sharper and storage 34increasing. They were thought of, like people, 35generations, with the distance between generations much 36.It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 37within which we now live. The communications revolution has 38both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 39views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed 40“harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.21.[A] between[B] before[C] since[D] later22.[A] after[B] by[C] during[D] until23.[A] means[B] method[C] medium[D] measure24.[A] process[B] company[C] light[D] form25.[A] gathered[B] speeded[C] worked[D] picked26.[A] on[B] out[C] over[D] off27.[A] of[B] for[C] beyond[D] into28.[A] concept[B] dimension[C] effect[D] perspective29.[A] indeed[B] hence[C] however[D] therefore30.[A] brought[B] followed[C] stimulated[D] characterized31.[A] unless[B] since[C] lest[D] although32.[A] apparent[B] desirable[C] negative[D] plausible33.[A] institutional[B] universal[C] fundamental[D] instrumental34.[A] ability[B] capability[C] capacity[D] faculty35.[A] by means of[B] in terms of[C] with regard to[D] in line with36.[A] deeper[B] fewer[C] nearer[D] smaller37.[A] context[B] range[C] scope[D] territory38.[A] regarded[B] impressed[C] influenced[D] effected39.[A] competitive[B] controversial[C] distracting[D] irrational40.[A] above[B] upon[C] against[D] withSection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group, which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.41.To make your humor work, you should ________.[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners42.The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours43.It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock44.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible45.The best title for the text may be ________.[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics -- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy --far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented --and human perception far more complicated --than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.46.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work47.The word “gizmos” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means ________.[A] programs[B] experts[C] devices[D] creatures48.According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can ________.[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery[B] interact with human beings verbally[C] have a little common sense[D] respond independently to a changing world49.Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.[A] make a few decisions for themselves[B] deal with some errors with human intervention[C] improve factory environments[D] cultivate human creativity50.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ________.[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information[D] best used in a controlled environmentText 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies --to which heavy industry has shifted --have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 byalmost 30%.51.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________.[A] global inflation[B] reduction in supply[C] fast growth in economy[D] Iraq’s suspension of exports52.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________.[A] price of crude rises[B] commodity prices rise[C] consumption rises[D] oil taxes rise53.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________.[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP54.We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry55.From the text we can see that the writer seems ________.[A] optimistic[B] sensitive[C] gloomy[D] scaredText 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects -- a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen -- is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical proceduresthat may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear… that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”56.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ________.[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide57.Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’ death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.58.According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________.[A] prolonged medical procedures[B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse[D] insufficient hospital care59.Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” (Line 3, Paragraph 7)?[A] Bold[B] Harmful[C] Careless[D] Desperate60.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________.[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As theinteraction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values.” Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.2002年考研英语真题答案61.难题在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
2002考研数学一试卷及答案
2002考研数学一试卷及答案一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上.)(1)⎰∞+ex x dx2ln =.(2)已知函数()y y x =由方程0162=-++x xy e y 确定,则(0)y ''= .(3)微分方程02='+''y y y 满足初始条件11,'2x x yy ====的特解是.(4)已知实二次型323121232221321444)(),,(x x x x x x x x x a x x x f +++++=经正交变换x Py =可化成标准型216y f =,则a =.(5)设随机变量X 服从正态分布2(,)(0)N μσσ>,且二次方程042=++X y y 无实根的概率为12,则μ＝.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.) (1)考虑二元函数),(y x f 的下面4条性质:①),(y x f 在点),(00y x 处连续;②),(y x f 在点),(00y x 处的两个偏导数连续;③),(y x f 在点),(00y x 处可微;④),(y x f 在点),(00y x 处的两个偏导数存在．若用“P Q ⇒”表示可由性质P 推出性质Q ,则有 (A) ②⇒③⇒①. (B) ③⇒②⇒①. (C) ③⇒④⇒①.(D) ③⇒①⇒④.(2)设0(1,2,3,)n u n ≠=,且lim 1n n n u →∞=,则级数11111(1)()n n n n u u ∞+=+-+∑ (A) 发散.(B) 绝对收敛.(C) 条件收敛. (D) 收敛性根据所给条件不能判定.(3)设函数()y f x =在(0,)+∞内有界且可导,则 (A) 当0)(lim =+∞→x f x 时,必有)(lim ='+∞→x f x . (B) 当)(lim x f x '+∞→存在时,必有)(lim ='+∞→x f x .(C) 当0lim ()0x f x +→=时,必有0lim ()0x f x +→'=. (D) 当0lim ()x f x +→'存在时,必有0lim ()0x f x +→'=.(4)设有三张不同平面的方程123i i i i a x a y a z b ++=,3,2,1=i ,它们所组成的线性方程组的系数矩阵与增广矩阵的秩都为２,则这三张平面可能的位置关系为(5)设1X 和2X 是任意两个相互独立的连续型随机变量,它们的概率密度分别为1()f x和2()f x,分布函数分别为1()F x和2()F x,则(A) 1()f x＋2()f x必为某一随机变量的概率密度.(B) 1()f x2()f x必为某一随机变量的概率密度.(C) 1()F x＋2()F x必为某一随机变量的分布函数.(D) 1()F x2()F x必为某一随机变量的分布函数.三、(本题满分6分)设函数)(xf在0x=的某邻域内具有一阶连续导数,且(0)0,(0)0f f'≠≠,若()(2)(0)af h bf h f+-在0→h时是比h高阶的无穷小,试确定ba,的值.四、(本题满分7分)已知两曲线)(xfy=与⎰-=x t dtey arctan2在点(0,0)处的切线相同,写出此切线方程,并求极限)2(limnnfn∞→.五、(本题满分7分)计算二重积分dxdyeDyx⎰⎰},max{22,其中}10,10|),{(≤≤≤≤=yxyxD.六、(本题满分8分)设函数)(xf在(,)-∞+∞内具有一阶连续导数,L是上半平面(y＞0)内的有向分段光滑曲线,其起点为(b a ,),终点为(d c ,).记2221[1()][()1],L xI y f xy dx y f xy dy y y =++-⎰(1)证明曲线积分I 与路径L 无关; (2)当cd ab =时,求I 的值.七、(本题满分7分)(1)验证函数333369()1()3!6!9!(3)!nx x y x x n =++++++-∞<<+∞满足微分方程xe y y y =+'+'';(2)利用(1)的结果求幂级数30(3)!n n x n ∞=∑的和函数.八、(本题满分7分)设有一小山,取它的底面所在的平面为xOy 坐标面,其底部所占的区域为2{(,)|D x y x =275}y xy +-≤,小山的高度函数为),(y x h xy y x +--=2275.(1)设),(00y x M 为区域D 上一点,问),(y x h 在该点沿平面上什么方向的方向导数最大?若记此方向导数的最大值为),(00y x g ,试写出),(00y x g 的表达式.(2)现欲利用此小山开展攀岩活动,为此需要在山脚下寻找一上山坡最大的点作为攀登的起点.也就是说,要在D 的边界线2275x y xy +-=上找出使(1)中),(y x g 达到最大值的点.试确定攀登起点的位置.九、(本题满分6分) 已知四阶方阵),,,(4321αααα=A ,4321,,,αααα均为4维列向量,其中432,,ααα线性无关,3212ααα-=,如果4321ααααβ+++=,求线性方程组β=Ax 的通解.十、(本题满分8分) 设,A B 为同阶方阵,(1)若,A B 相似,证明,A B 的特征多项式相等. (2)举一个二阶方阵的例子说明(1)的逆命题不成立. (3)当,A B 均为实对称矩阵时,证明(1)的逆命题成立.十一、(本题满分7分) 设维随机变量X 的概率密度为10,cos ,()220,x x f x π⎧≤≤⎪=⎨⎪⎩其他.对X 独立地重复观察４次,用Y 表示观察值大于3π的次数,求2Y 的数学期望.十二、(本题满分7分) 设总体X 的概率分布为其中1(0)2θθ<<是未知参数,利用总体X 的如下样本值 3,1,3,0,3,1,2,3,求θ的矩估计值和最大似然估计值.参照答案 一、填空题(1)【解析】 原式2ln 11.ln ln eed x x x+∞+∞==-=⎰(2)【解析】 方程两边对x 两次求导得 '6'620,y e y xy y x +++=①2'''6''12'20.y y e y e y xy y ++++=②以0x =代入原方程得0y =,以0x y ==代入①得'0,y =,再以'0x y y ===代入②得''(0) 2.y =-(3)【解析】 这是二阶的可降阶微分方程.令'()y P y =(以y 为自变量),则'''.dy dP dPy P dx dx dy ===代入方程得20dP yPP dy +=,即0dPy P dy +=(或0P =,但其不满足初始条件01'2x y ==).分离变量得 0,dP dy P y +=积分得ln ln ',P y C +=即1C P y =(0P =对应10C =);由0x =时11,',2y P y ===得11.2C =于是1',2,2y P ydy dx y ===积分得22y x C =+.又由01x y ==得21,C =所求特解为y =(4)【解析】 因为二次型Tx Ax 经正交变换化为标准型时,标准形中平方项的系数就是二次型矩阵A 的特征值,所以6,0,0是A 的特征值. 又因iiia λ=∑∑,故600, 2.a a a a ++=++⇒=(5)【解析】 设事件A 表示“二次方程042=++X y y 无实根”,则{1640}{A X X =-<=> 4}.依题意,有1(){4}.2P A P X =>=而4{4}1{4}1(),P X P X μΦσ->=-≤=-即414141(),(),0. 4.22μμμΦΦμσσσ----===⇒=二、选择题(1)【解析】 这是讨论函数(,)f x y 的连续性,可偏导性,可微性及偏导数的连续性之间的关系.我们知道,(,)f x y 的两个偏导数连续是可微的充分条件,若(,)f x y 可微则必连续,故选(A).(2)【解析】 由1lim 101n n un n →+∞=>⇒充分大时即,N n N ∃>时10n u >,且1lim0,n n u →+∞=不妨认为,0,n n u ∀>因而所考虑级数是交错级数,但不能保证1n u 的单调性.按定义考察部分和111111111111(1)()(1)(1)nn nk k k n k k k k k k k S u u u u +++===++=-+=-+-∑∑∑1111111(1)11(1)1(1)(),k n nn l k l k l n n u u u u u ++==+--=-+-=+→→+∞∑∑⇒原级数收敛.再考察取绝对值后的级数1111()n n n u u ∞=++∑.注意111112,11n n n n u u n n nu u n n ++++=+⋅→+11n n ∞=∑发散⇒1111()n nn u u ∞=++∑发散.因此选(C).(3)【解析】 证明(B)对:反证法.假设lim ()0x f x a →+∞'=≠,则由拉格朗日中值定理,(2)()'()()f x f x f x x ξ-=→∞→+∞(当x →+∞时,ξ→+∞,因为2x x ξ<<);但这与(2)()(2)()2f x f x f x f x M-≤+≤矛盾(()).f x M ≤(4)【解析】 因为()()23r A r A ==<,说明方程组有无穷多解,所以三个平面有公共交点且不唯一,因此应选(B).(A)表示方程组有唯一解,其充要条件是()() 3.r A r A ==(C)中三个平面没有公共交点,即方程组无解,又因三个平面中任两个都不行,故()2r A =和()3r A =,且A 中任两个平行向量都线性无关.类似地,(D)中有两个平面平行,故()2r A =,()3r A =,且A 中有两个平行向量共线.(5)【解析】 首先可以否定选项(A)与(C),因121212[()()]()()21,()()112 1.f x f x dx f x dx f x dx F F +∞+∞+∞-∞-∞-∞+=+=≠+∞++∞=+=≠⎰⎰⎰对于选项(B),若121,21,1,01,()()0,0,x x f x f x -<<-<<⎧⎧==⎨⎨⎩⎩其他，其他，则对任何(,),x ∈-∞+∞12()()0f x f x ≡,12()()01,f x f x dx +∞-∞=≠⎰因此也应否定(C),综上解析,用排除法应选(D).进一步解析可知,若令12max(,)X X X =,而~(),1,2,i i X f x i =则X 的分布函数()F x 恰是12()().F x F x1212(){max(,)}{,}F x P X X x P X x X x =≤=≤≤1212{}{}()().P X x P X x F x F x =≤≤=三、【解】 用洛必达法则.由题设条件知lim[()(2)(0)](1)(0).h af h bf h f a b f →+-=+-由于(0)0f '≠,故必有10.a b +-=又由洛必达法则 00()(2)(0)'()2'(2)limlim 1h h af h bf h f af h bf h h →→+-+=(2)'(0)0,a b f =+=及(0)0f '≠,则有20a b +=.综上,得2, 1.a b ==-四、【解】 由已知条件得(0)0,f =22arctan arctan 02'(0)()'1,1x x t xx x e f e dt x --=====+⎰故所求切线方程为y x =.由导数定义及数列极限与函数极限的关系可得02()(0)2()(0)lim ()2lim 2lim 2'(0) 2.2n n x f f f x f n nf f n xn →∞→∞→--====五、【解析与求解】D 是正方形区域如图.因在D 上被积函数分块表示2222,,max{,}(,),,,x x y x y x y D y x y ⎧≥⎪=∈⎨≤⎪⎩于是要用分块积分法,用y x =将D 分成两块:1212,{},{}.D D D D D y x D D y x ==≤=≥⇒I222212max{,}max{,}xy xy D D e dxdy e dxdy=+⎰⎰⎰⎰2221212x y x D D D e dxdy e dxdy e dxdy=+=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰(D 关于y x =对称)2102xx dx e dy=⎰⎰(选择积分顺序)22112 1.x xxe dx e e ===-⎰六、【解析与求解】 (1)易知Pdx Qdy +∃原函数,2211()()()()()x Pdx Qdy dx yf xy dx xf xy dy dy ydx xdy f xy ydx xdy y y y+=++-=-++()()()[()].xy x xd f xy d xy d f t dt y y =+=+⎰⇒在0y >上Pdx Qdy +∃原函数,即0(,)()xy xu x y f t dty =+⎰.⇒积分I 在0y >与路径无关.(2)因找到了原函数,立即可得(,)(,)(,).c d a b c a I u x y d b ==-七、【证明】 与书上解答略有不同,参见数三2002第七题(1)因为幂级数3693()13!6!9!(3)!n x x x x y x n =++++++的收敛域是()x -∞<+∞,因而可在()x -∞<+∞上逐项求导数,得25831'()2!5!8!(31)!n x x x x y x n -=+++++-,4732''()4!7!(32)!n x x x y x x n -=+++++-,所以2'''12!!n xx x y y y x e n ++=+++++=()x -∞<+∞.(2)与'''xy y y e ++=相应的齐次微分方程为'''0y yy ++=,其特征方程为210λλ++=,特征根为1,2122λ=-±.因此齐次微分方程的通解为212()xY e C x C x -=+.设非齐次微分方程的特解为x y Ae *=,将y *代入方程'''x y y y e ++=可得13A=,即有13xy e *=.于是,方程通解为2121()3xx y Y y e C x C x e -*=+=++.当0x =时,有112121(0)1,23,0.311'(0)0.23y C C C y C ⎧==+⎪⎪⇒==⎨⎪==-+⎪⎩于是幂级数30(3)!nn x n ∞=∑的和函数为221()cos 323xxy x e x e -=+()x -∞<+∞八、【解析与求解】 (1)由梯度向量的重要性质:函数),(y x h 在点M 处沿该点的梯度方向0000(,)(,)0000(,){,}{2,2}x y x y h hh x y x y y x x y∂∂==-+-+∂∂grad方向导数取最大值即00(,)(,)x y h x y grad 的模,00(,)g x y ⇒=(2)按题意,即求(,)g x y 求在条件22750x y xy +--=下的最大值点⇔ 22222(,)(2)(2)558g x y y x x y x y xy =-+-=+-在条件22750x y xy +--=下的最大值点. 这是求解条件最值问题,用拉格朗日乘子法.令拉格朗日函数2222(,,)558(75),L x y x y xy x y xy λλ=+-++--则有22108(2)0,108(2)0,750.Lx y x y x Ly x y x y L x y xy λλλ⎧∂=-+-=⎪∂⎪∂⎪=-+-=⎨∂⎪⎪∂=+--=⎪∂⎩解此方程组:将①式与②式相加得()(2)0.x y x y λ++=⇒=-或2.λ=-若y x =-,则由③式得2375x =即5, 5.x y =±=若2,λ=-由①或②均得y x =,代入③式得275x =即x y =±=±于是得可能的条件极值点1234(5,5),(5,5),(M M M M ----现比较222(,)(,)558f x y g x y x y xy ==+-在这些点的函数值:1234()()450,()()150.f M f M f M f M ====因为实际问题存在最大值,而最大值又只可能在1234,,,M M M M 中取到.因此2(,)g x y 在12,M M 取到在D 的边界上的最大值,即12,M M 可作为攀登的起点.九、【解】 由432,,ααα线性无关及3212ααα-=知,向量组的秩1234(,,,)3r αααα=,即矩阵A 的秩为3.因此0Ax =的基础解系中只包含一个向量.那么由123412312(,,,)2010ααααααα⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥=-+=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦知,0Ax =的基础解系是(1,2,1,0).T- 再由123412341111(,,,)1111A βαααααααα⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=+++==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦知,(1,1,1,1)T是β=Ax 的一个特解.故β=Ax 的通解是1121,1101k ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦其中k 为任意常数.十、【解】 (1)若,A B 相似,那么存在可逆矩阵P ,使1,P AP B -=故111E B E P AP P EP P APλλλ----=-=-11().P E A P P E A P E A λλλ--=-=-=-(2)令0100,,0000A B ⎡⎤⎡⎤==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦那么2.E A E B λλλ-==-但,A B 不相似.否则,存在可逆矩阵P ,使10P AP B -==.从而100A P P -==,矛盾,亦可从()1,()0r A r B ==而知A 与B 不相似.(3)由,A B 均为实对称矩阵知,,A B 均相似于对角阵,若,A B 的特征多项式相等,记特征多项式的根为1,,,n λλ则有A 相似于1,n λλ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦B 也相似于1.n λλ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦即存在可逆矩阵,P Q ,使111.n P AP Q BQ λλ--⎡⎤⎢⎥==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦于是111()().PQ A PQ B ---=由1PQ -为可逆矩阵知,A 与B 相似.十一、【解】 由于311{}cos ,3222x P X dx πππ>==⎰依题意,Y 服从二项分布1(4,)2B ,则有2222111()()4(4) 5.222EY DY EY npq np =+=+=⨯⨯+⨯=十二、【解】22012(1)23(12)34,EX θθθθθθ=⨯+⨯-+⨯+⨯-=-1(3).4EX θ=-θ的矩估计量为1ˆ(3),4X θ=-根据给定的样本观察值计算1(31303123)8x =+++++++2.=因此θ的矩估计值11ˆ(3).44x θ=-=对于给定的样本值似然函数为624()4(1)(12),ln ()ln 46ln 2ln(1)4ln(12),L L θθθθθθθθ=--=++-+-2ln ()62824286.112(1)(12)d L d θθθθθθθθθθ-+=--=----令ln ()0d L d θθ=,得方程2121430θθ-+=,解得712θ=(71,122θ=>不合题意).于是θ的最大似然估计值为7ˆ12θ-=。
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一、是非题：（正确的划“0”错误的划“×” 每题1.5
分，共30分） （ ）1、新的或长期不用的X 射线机，使用前要进行“训练”，其目的是提高射线管的
真空度。
（ ）2、X 射线管在使用过程中冷却不良会影响管电流的稳定性。
（ ）3、不同类型的胶片，基本区别在于AgBr 颗粒尺寸不同。
（ ）4、用来说明管电压、管电流和穿透厚度关系的曲线称为胶片特性曲线。
（ ）5、胶片灰雾包括片基固有密度和化学灰雾度两部分。
（ ）6、铅增感屏除有增感作用外，还有减少散射线的作用，因此在射线能穿透的前提下，尽量选用较厚的铅屏。
（ ）7、对某一曝光曲线，应使用同一类型的胶片，但可更换不同的X 射线机。
（ ）8、增大透照厚度宽容度最常用的办法是适当提高射线能量。
（ ）9、如果显影部分愈多，有些未曝光的AgBr 也会还原，从而增大了底片灰雾。
（ ）10、定影液两个作用是：溶解未曝光的ArBr 和坚膜作用。
（ ）11、GB3323-87标准所允许的几何不清晰度U g 值不是定值，它随透照厚度的增加
而增大。
（ ）12、照射量只反映X 或γ射线对空气中的电离本领，而吸收剂量可反映不同性质的物质吸收幅射能量的程度。
（ ）13、暗室内的工作人员在冲洗胶片的过程中，会受到胶片上感生的射线照射，因
而白血球也会降低。
（）14、GB3323-87标准规定，长宽比大于3的缺陷定义为条状夹渣。
（）15、照射量单位“库仑/千克”只适用X射线或γ射线。
不能用于其它射线。
（）16、《压力容器安全技术监察规程》规定：压力容器的对接焊接接头的无损检测比例，一般分为全部（100%）和局部（大于或等于25%）两种。
（）17、《热水锅炉安全技术监察规程》规定：炉胆的纵向和环向对接焊缝，炉胆顶的拼接焊缝，其射线探伤数为每条焊缝至少25%（必须包括包括焊缝交叉部位）。
（）18、《蒸汽锅炉安全技术监察规程》规定：焊缝用超声波和射线两种方法进行探伤时，按各自标准均合格者，方可认为焊缝探伤合格。
（）19、GB150-1998《钢制压力容器》规定：经射线或超声检测的焊接接头，如有不允许的缺陷，应缺陷清除干净后进行补焊，并对该部分采用原检测方法重新检查。
（）20、胶片表面起网状皱纹的原因可能是脱贫片处理时温度变化急剧。
二、选择题（每题2分，共34分）
）。
a、管电流；
b、管电压；
c、曝光时间；
d、焦距。
2、γ射线的穿透力主要取决于（）。
ａ、射源尺寸；ｂ、射源种类；
ｃ、曝光时间；ｄ、源活度。
3、γ射线探伤机与X射线探伤机相比其优点是：( )。
a、设备简单;
b、不需外部电源
c、射源体积小;
d、以上三者都是。
4、 X射线管需要高真空的原因是：（）。
ａ、防止电极材料氧化；ｂ、使管内气体不被电离，从而使电子束易于通过；
ｃ、使电极之间绝缘；ｄ、以上都是。
5、在管电压、管电流和冷却条件相同的情况下，焦点尺寸越小，其焦点的温度（）
ａ、越低 b、越高; ｃ、不变; ｄ、无法判定.
6、表示工件厚度、千伏和曝光量之间关系的曲线叫做：（）。
ａ、曝光曲线；ｂ、特性曲线
ｃ、吸收曲线ｄ、灵敏度曲线
7、使用铅箔增感屏可以缩短曝光时间，提高底片的黑度，其原因是（）。
ａ、铅箔增感屏能发出荧光，从而加速胶片感光；ｂ、铅箔增感屏能发出可见光；ｃ、铅箔增感屏能发出红外线；ｄ铅箔增感屏受X或γ射线照射时，发出电子从而有助于胶片变黑。
8、射线探伤时，使用透度计的主要目的是（）。
ａ、测量缺陷大小；ｂ、测量底片黑度；
ｃ、测量几何不清晰度；ｄ、衡量透照底片的影像质量。
9、比较大的散射源通常是（）。
ａ、铅箔增感屏；ｂ、铅背板；ｃ地板和墙壁、；ｄ、被检工件。
10、用半衰期为75天的Ir192源在某时间对某工件透明照射时的最佳曝光时间为40分钟；5个月后，用该源对同一工件透照，为得到同样黑度的射线底片，曝光时间应为（）。
ａ、30分钟；ｂ、2小时；ｃ、2小时40分钟；ｄ、4小时。
11、射线探伤时，在胶片暗盒和底部铅板之间放一个一定规格的B字铅符号，如果经过处理的底片上出现B的亮图像，则认为（）。
ａ、这一张底片对比度高，像质好；ｂ、这一张底片清晰度高，灵敏度高；ｃ、这一张底片受正向散射影响严重，像质不符合要求；ｄ、这一张底片受背向散射影响严重，像质不符合要求。
12、曝光因子中的管电流，曝光时间和焦距三者的关系是（）
ａ、管电流不变，时间与焦距的平方成反比；ｂ、管电流不变，时间与焦距的平方成正比ｃ、焦距不变，管电流与曝光时间成正比；ｄ、曝光时间不变，管电流与焦距成正比。
13、射线的生物效应，与下列什么因素有关？（）
ａ、射线的性质和能量；ｂ、射线的照射量；ｃ、肌体的吸收剂量；ｄ、以上都是。
14、JB4730中规定，为减少散射线的影响，应采用适当屏蔽方法，以限制受检部位的受照面积，通常有（）。
ａ、锥面形铅罩； B、遮光板； C、暗袋后加铅板； D、以上都是
15、在底片评定区域内不允许的假缺陷（）。
ａ、灰雾；ｂ、处理时产生的条纹，水迹或化学污染等缺陷；ｃ、划痕、指纹、脏物、静电痕迹、黑点或撕裂等；ｄ、以上都是。
16、钢制压力容器对接焊缝透照缺陷等级II 级内不允许有（ ）
a 、裂纹；
b 、未熔合;
c 未焊透;
d 、条状夹渣;
e 、以上都是.
17、钢制压力容器对接焊缝圆形缺陷分级，缺陷长径大于1/2T 者允许（ ）。
a 、Ⅰ级 b 、Ⅱ级 c 、Ⅲ级 d 、Ⅳ级
三、计算题：（共14分） 1、透过厚钢板后的窄束X 射线再透过屏蔽好的12mm 厚的钢板，若透射线照射率
为透过12mm 钢板前的1/16,则钢对该X 射线的半价层和吸收系数各为多少？(5分)
2、原用焦距600mm ，管电压200kv p ,管电流5mA,曝光4分钟透照某工件，所得底
片黑度为1.0，现改用焦距750mm ，管电压不变，管电流改为15mA ，将摄得黑度为1.5的底片，则曝光时间为多少（由使用胶片的特性曲线得知1gE (D1.0)= 1.8,1g E(D1.5)=2.1）(9分).
四、问答题：（请答在试卷背面；共22分）
1、NDT 的目的？(5分)
2、锅炉压力容器焊接接头有哪些常见的内部缺陷？(6分)
3、锅炉按额定工作压力可分哪几类？(5分)
4、透照钢制对接焊缝时，应如何摆放像质计？(6分)
五、工艺文件设计：（20分）
我公司制作了一台空气储罐，编号为2003001,容器类别Ⅱ类，图号2003001-1,筒体外径1500mm ，板厚T=16mm,材质16mmR,透照焦距选用700mm,管电压 180kvp,曝光量15mA .min, 选用天津工业Ⅲ型胶片，黑度D=2.0。
请按相关规程、标准制定该容器
的射线探伤工艺卡。
产品结构图。