草坪发展简史

What Species are Grown in NC?
Tall fescue
52% of total
Bluegrass/fescue 8%
Bermudagrass
7%
Centipedegrass 4%
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others: zoysiagrass, ryegrass, bahiagrass, carpetgrass, St. Augustinegrass
– New York (1982), California (1983), Virginia, North Carolina (1986) Pennsylvania (1992)
North Carolina Survey (1994)
Over 2 Million Acres $1 Billion in Annual Maintenance Costs Over 2 Million Homelawns 76,000 Miles of Roadsides 500 Golf Courses (12 Million Rounds of Golf)
Size of the Turf Grass Industry
UNITED STATES (1983)
– 25 To 30 million acres (size of new england) – $25 Billion in annual maintenance COSTS
STATE SURVEYS = $1 BILLION EACH
Origin of Turfgrasses
Turfgrasses developed in close association with domesticated animals. Man thus unwittingly imposed natural selection on many of the grasses we now use for turf Only grasses able to withstand repeated grazing (close cutting) were able to survive Many grasses introduced to US as feed for livestock from the ships, or seed that “hitched a ride”
History of Turfgrasses
Biblical references: grasses used in Persian and Arabian gardens 13th century literature referred to the use of turn on lawn “bowling” areas The word “turf” is derived from the Sanskrit “darbhus”, meaning a turf of grass 16-17th century, golf and turf areas developed
Where’s the Money?
How Golf Courses Allocate $
Labor, Mowing
28.3% of total
Mowing Equipment etc. 15.1%
Labor, Pesticides
8.4%
Fertilizer
7.9%
Labor, Irrigation
Recent History
Tremendous changes in last 40 years Linked to rising interest in golf, TV
Many new, improved cultivars (cultivated varieties - a named variety) Pesticide development - 2,4-D one of first Refined fertilizer programs, inorganic fertilizers New equipment such as aerifier, vertical mower, modern irrigation systems
3.6%
Segments of the Turf Grass Industry
Homelawns Roadsides Golf Course Lawn Care Parks Athletic Fields Sod Production Schools
Commercial Grounds Cemeteries Churches Institutions Turf Sales Airports
History continued
First lawn mower invented by Edwin Budding , England, 1830 Private lawns developed in Victorian England, brought to US by English settlers. Had to wait until the hardwood forests were cleared to permit grass establishment. Williamsburg classic example of small turf areas at each house. This was the change.
Origin of Turfgrasses
Most species used for turf are not native to North America, with the exception of buffalograss. All the primary species have been introduced Most turf species are “forest-fringe” species, which distinguishes them from taller prairie species