张道真实用英语语法课件Chapter 19

Introduction
2) To present abstract objects e.g. The government has become very unpopular since it introduced the new tax. It’s all my fault. 3) To indicate animals or babies (unknown gender) e.g. Does it itch much? Where does it hurt?
Introduction

B. “It” used as the subject
a. “it” used as personal pronoun 1) Used as pronoun to avoid repetition e.g. Did the black snake frighten you? — Yes, it did. Look at that car. It’s going much too fast.
Subject clauses
e.g. It’s a pity (that) he can’t swim. It was a fearful disappointment to your mother that you didn’t come yesterday. iii. it + verb (+ object / adverbial) + that clause e.g. It happened that she wasn’t in that day. iv. it + the passive voice of the verb + that clause e.g. It is estimated that 25 million school lunches are sold each day. v. it + be + that clause e.g. It may be that you’ll prove yourself the most suitable man.
Chapter 19
Subject
Introduction

A. The ways to express subject
a. Main expressions 1) Noun e.g. Another rocket is going to be launched next week. 2) Pronoun e.g. Nobody knows the answer. 3) Numeral e.g. Two-thirds of them are college students. 4) The gerund e.g. Reading French is easier than speaking it.
Subject clauses
b. Introduced by “that” 1) Put at the beginning of the sentence when emphasizing predicate or predicate is too long. e.g. That prices will go up is certain. That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village. 2) The main types i. it + be + adj. + that clause e.g. It is natural that they should have different views. It’s strange that he knows nothing about it. ii. it + be + noun + that clause
Introduction
2) When emphasizing subject, who (or that) can be used to introduce the latter part. e.g. It was Peter who lent us the money. Was it you who (that) broke the window? But here it’s my word that counts. 3) When emphasizing object or prepositional object, “whom, that” can be used. e.g. It’s Tom whom you should ask. It’s me that he blamed.
Introduction
b. The gerund used as subject 1) Directly used as subject e.g. Dancing bored him. Thus rowing is a sport. 2) Sometimes a pronoun or the possessive case of noun can be put before the gerund to show its logical subject e.g. Mary’s grumbling annoyed him. Rose’s going won’t be of much help. 3) Sometimes “it” can be used as formal subject, while the gerund is followed. e.g. Is it any good trying? It’s a waste of time your talking to him.
Introduction
iii. be + prepositional phrase + the infinitive e.g. It’s beyond me to say why. It’s unlike him to be late; he’s usually on time. iv. transitive verb + object + the infinitive e.g. It cost 100 dollars to repair the car. It makes me sick to think about it. 2) Use “it” as preparatory subject to indicate the gerund, while the predicate can be:
i. be + noun e.g. It’s no good standing here in the cold. Let’s go home. It’s a waste of time talking to him.
Introduction
ii. be + adj. e.g. It’s hopeless trying to convince her. It’s pleasant sitting here. iii. Other structures e.g. It doesn’t matter waiting a few more days. It felt funny being dressed like a boy. e. Other usages 1) “it” indicates “who” e.g. Her face lighted when she saw who it was. 2) For generic use to indicate a certain thing e.g. It says here there was a big fire in SoHo.
Introduction
5) The infinitive e.g. To compromise appears advisable. 6) Phrase e.g. To each according to his work is a socialist principle. 7) Clause e.g. Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 8) Other nominal words e.g. The well-to-do had their cares also.
Introduction
d. Preparatory Subject “it” 1) Preparatory subject i. be + adj. + the infinitive e.g. It is easy to criticize others. It’s absurd to be afraid. ii. be + noun + the infinitive e.g. It’s a privilege to visit your country. It was not my habit to ask people for things.
Subject clauses
a. Three main types 1) Introduced by “that” e.g. That he hasn’t phoned is odd. It’s certain that prices will go up. 2) Introduced by conjunctive pronouns or adverbs e.g. Why he left wasn’t important. It was uncertain whether he would come or not. 3) Introduced by “what, whatever” e.g. What I want is a canvas traveling bag. Whatever she did was right.
Introduction
c. “it” for emphasis 1) Used for emphasis for a certain part of the sentence e.g. Nancy saw your sister in Tokyo last week. It was Nancy who saw your sister in Tokyo last week. It was your sister whom Nancy saw in Tokyo last week. It was in Tokyo that Nancy saw your sister last week. It was last week that Nancy saw your sister in Tokyo.
Introduction
b. Impersonal pronoun “it” To indicate weather, time, environment, etc. e.g. It’s frosty (a lovely day). It’s Tuesday today. It gets very crowded here in the summer. It’s half an hour’s walk to the city library.
IntroducΒιβλιοθήκη Baiduion
4) When emphasizing adverbial, “that” is usually used. e.g. It was on Monday night that all this happened. It was here that he chiefly differed from an Englishman. 5) Sometimes “who, that” can be omitted in spoken English. e.g. I think it was Goethe said this. It was then I heard Phuong’s steps. 6) Some negative sentences or questions can use this emphatic structure e.g. I didn’t hear from her until last summer. It wasn’t until last summer that I heard from her.