翻译理论与实践

The informative function
A translation must be thoroughly understandable
The expressive function
e.g. the poetry of the Bible should read like poetry, not like a dull prose account. Similarly, the letters of Paul should reflect something of the freshness of a general letter, and not sound like a theological dissertation.
One can depart from the form in order to make the content unambiguously clear.
e.g. kai
Though style is secondary to content, it is nevertheless important.(p.14)
Spanish: llave
(3) Languages have different ways of classification.
e.g. in some languages one can speak of bamboo as a tree, as we do in English, but in many languages bamboo is only “grass”.
口头形式优于书面形式
（《圣经》）
1. Capitalization is not sufficient to correct the meaning of otherwise ambiguous or misleading translation. 2. One must not depending upon the spelling to correct otherwise misleading pronunciations. 3. Terms which are vulgar in pronunciation should not be used in the text, even when the written form does not seem vulgar. 4. The punctuation should not be employed in an arbitrary manner to correct otherwise misleading grammatical arrangements.
To reproduce the message one must make a good many grammatical and lexical adjustment.(调整)
Bowels of mercies Tender compassion
The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity.
Fra Baidu bibliotek
言语形式 修辞特征 以“功能对等”取代“动态对等” 社会语言学和社会符号学
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(p.12) 翻译是在接受语中再生出和原语信息最接 近的、自然的对等话语，首先是意义上的 对等，其次才是风格上的对等
corner esquina (an outside corner) rincón (an inside corner)
(2) many-to-many relationships between language
English: faucet key llave key (solution) clave code (Morse) clave code (legal) código
(4) 听众或读者的需要优先于传统的语言形式
上下文一致优于词语的一致 The choice of the right word in the receptor language to translate a word in the source language text depends more on the context than upon a fixed system of verbal consistency.
动态对等优于形式上的一致
定义
Dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language .
A: each language covers the totality of experience with symbols
B: each language has its own system of symbolizing meaning
man
沈阳
(1) one-for-many relationship between language
翻译理论与实践
陈杰
尤金· 奈达（Eugene A.Nida） A·
• 奈达的第一本专著是《<圣经> 翻译》 (Bible Translating)，出 版于1946年。最有影响的著作 是《翻译的科学探索》 (Toward a Science of Translating)。其次就是《翻译 理论与实践》（The Theory and Practice of Translation ），还有《语言与文化》（ Language and Culture）。
A system of priorities
(1) Contextual consistency has priority over verbal consistency
(2) Dynamic equivalence has priority over formal correspondence
(3) The aural form of language has priority over the written form (4) Forms that are used by and acceptable to the audience for which a translation is intended have priority over forms that may be traditionally more prestigious (1) 上下文一致优于词语一致 (2) 动态对等优于形式上的一致 (3) 口头形式优于书面形式
En oikō (in house) At home
closest natural equivalent Natural: the best translation does not sound like a translation. Quite naturally one cannot and should not make the Bible sound as if it happened in the next town ten years ago.(p.12-13)
Reproducing the message Translating must aim primarily at “reproducing the message”. To do anything else is essentially false to one’s task as a translator.(p.12)
(1)A译文用的是一个句子，使整个译文显得呆板冗长；而B译文则用了五个句 子，行文显得言简意赅，富有活力。 (2)A译文中所用的encouragement in Christ， incentive of love， 以及 participation in the Spirit等几个短语，意义含糊不清；而B译文，译者根据上 下文反复使用your和you，使说话人与听话人之间的关系变得亲切、具体。 (3)A译文中所用的affection 和sympathy，没有说明它们是对什么人而言的， 因此属于译文表达上的不足。 (4)B疑问使用的字眼较小，这样听起来比较亲切，不显得过于严肃。 (5)A译文用，B译文用，A译文用，B译文用，两者相比，前者带有明显的翻 译腔；后者不仅做到了“传神达意”，而且语言表达方式怡然自得，符合现 代英语读者的要求。
The imperative function
To announce guiding principles for proper human conduct, e.g. the document of the Bible
形式对等与动态对等的比较
A 译文 (1) So if there is any encouragement in Christ, any incentive of love, any participation in the Spirit, any affection and sympathy, B 译文 (1) Does your life in Christ make you strong? Does his love comfort you? Do you have fellowship with the Spirit? Do you feel kindness and compassion for one another?
Closest:
所谓最贴近，主要是指意义上的最贴近， 指在“自然”的基础上选择意义与原文最 接近的译文。
The priority of meaning Meaning must given priority, for it is the content of the message which is of prime importance for translating.
(2) Complete my joy by being of the same mind, having the same love, being in full accord and of one mind.
(2) I urge you, then, make me completely happy by having the same thoughts, sharing the same love, and being one in soul and mind.
《翻译理论与实践》 第一章 第二章 翻译的重点从语言形式转向读者反应 动态对等的理论
之后几章 翻译的过程—分析、转换、重组、检 测 检验 原文 译文 分析 转换 重组
奈达翻译思想的三个阶段
一：描写语言学阶段
重点是语言的句法现象和词法现象
二：交际理论阶段 三：社会符号学阶段
科学
交际
动态对等
翻译过程
blue sky blue blood the boy in blue blue film
He won $500 and then blues the lot in three days.
蓝色的 贵族的 忧郁 黄色的 花光 着火了！
blue
Fire！
开火！
原因 1.Strict verbal consistency may result in serious distortion of the meaning 2. The priority of contextual consistency rests upon two important linguistics facts: