英汉对比研究分析

(3) Combination: combining simple sentences into compound or compound-complex sentences. (4) Omission: omitting certain members of the sentence. (5) Inversion: inverting the word order of the sentence. English subject-predicate structure appears rigid as a result of certain grammatical constrain, including the patternization and the principles of grammatical and notional concord.
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A. SV (主语+动词) • The meeting has begun. B. SVP (主语+动词+表语) • We are students. C. SVO (语+动词+宾语) • The news surprised me. D. SVoO (主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语) • She sang us a song. E. SVOC (主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语) • We elected him our monitor.
Rigid vs. Supple (刚性与柔性)
• English sentence structure is composed of noun phrase (s) and verb phrase (s). It has become an invariable rule to have a subject before a verb, and therefore a sentence that does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete. The subject (s) must agree with the predicate verb (V) in person and number, etc.
Unit 4 A Contrast between E. and C. (1)
—— Rigidity vs. Suppleness： Subject
课题练习：问答题
(1) 形合与意合之间的差异是什么？举例说明。 (2) 为什么英语有那么多的被动句？ (3) 长句和短句与形合和意合有关系吗？如果 有，是什么？ (4) 什么是前重心？什么是后重心？理解这一 点对我们的写作和翻译有什么启示意义？ (5) 解释英语介词短语和形合之间的关系。
Chinese, however, is relatively free from the government of S-V concord and formal markers. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and therefore complicated and supple. The suppleness of the Chinese language also manifests itself in the “run-on” sentence (流水句) ,which is composed of the “full sentence” and the “minor sentence” (小句). A full sentence has a subjectpredicate structure, while a minor sentence has only a word(s) or phrase(s).
• “用小句而不用句子做基本单位，较能适应汉 语的情况，因为汉语口语里特多流水句，一个 小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连”。 • The rigidity of the English language generally requires a complete sentence structure, S-V concord, and formal cohesion (形式接应), while the suppleness of Chinese enjoys flexibility of sentence structure and pays more attention to semantic coherence (意念接应).
• This rigid S-V concord (主谓协调一 致) forms the kernel of a sentence, with the predicate verb controlling other main members. English sentences, however long and complicated, can be reduced to five basic patterns：SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, and SVOC:
•
English sentences can be summarized as these five patterns or their variants (变式), expansion (扩展), combination (组合), omission (省略), or inversion (倒装). (1) Variants: interrogative, negative, and passive; “There be + subject”. (2) Expansion: adding modifiers, including words, phrases, and clauses; using phrases or clauses instead of words as the members of the basic patterns.