chapter 3 Morphology 英语专业语言学PPT

➢ sentence, clause, word group (phrase), word， morpheme
The identification of words
Besides the three senses of “word”, there are other factors which help us to identify words. 1. Stability(稳定性): words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure. .
(3) A minimum free form: a word is the smallest unit which can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance
Morpheme 1 形位/词素 p.52
➢ The morpheme is the minimal distinctive unit of meaning,
Lexemes are the units which are conventionally listed in dictionaries as separate entries.
Three main senses of “word” 3
3. A grammatical unit (一个语法单位)： ➢ In terms of lexicogrammar 词 法 学 ，
Free root and bound root 1
A root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It may be a free morpheme as well as a bound one.
don’t. 一些派生词素可以改变词性）
E.g. educate v.+ion education n.
sufficient adj. Insufficient; physic 医术. Physician n
Inflectional morphemes cannot change the grammatical category
&function al
-vert
cat
-mit
gentle if -pel
Derivational unindis-
Derivational -ment -ness -ity -er(noun)
Inflectional -s -ing -ed -er (adj.)
Word Classes (parts of speech)
of words.曲折词素不改变词性。
They show aspects of the grammatical function of a word.
E.g. Happy happier
Free morphe me
Bound morpheme
Root Root
Affix
Prefix
Suffix
Lexical -ceive
2. The common factor underlying a set of forms（隐含于一组词形中的共同因素), which are plainly variants of the same unit, such as walk, walks, walking, walked.
The underlying unit is often referred to as a lexeme词位, which is a unit of vocabulary, an item listed in a dictionary (a lexical item).
Derivational and inflectional morphemes (p.55)
Some derivational morphemes change the grammatical category of words (or grammatical class of words) and others
Basic units of meaning
Morphemes 形位 Words Word groups Clauses Sentences
Words
Vocabulary: A list of words for a language.
Lexicology( 词典学)： Subdiscipline of semantics that investigates and describes the structure of the vocabulary of a language.
Additional classes
Lexicon（某语言或学科、某人或群体使
用的）全部词汇: A list of words for a language; its morphological (forms) and semantic (meanings来自百度文库 aspects.
Three main senses of “word” 2
The identification of words
(2) Relative uninterruptibility(相对的不可 隔 断 性 ): new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in the word. (i.e. outlaws, touch-me-not)
Some verbs and nouns in English that have irregular forms may have both bound and free roots.
– sleep /sli:p/, slept /slep/ - /t/ (/sli:p/ and /slep/ being allomorphs)
word is a level between morpheme and word group in the hierarchy of grammatical units, which rises from morpheme at the bottom up to the sentence at the top.
Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学
Morphology is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.
Morphology falls into two categories: inflectional morphology (study of inflections) and lexical/derivational morphology (study of word formation).
Free root and bound root 2
Roots are usually free in English, but there are also a few bound ones (of Latin and Greek origin.) – -pel (compel, dispel, expel, propel, repel…) – -ceive (receive, perceive, conceive…) – -tain (retain, maintain, contain…) – -vert (convert, divert, invert,…)
Bound morphemes (依附形位 /粘着语素/附加 语素) cannot stand alone. They are affixes to be added to the stems formed by roots to construct words. e.g.: -s, -ed, -ing, -er ; 阿姐， 木头， 初一
Morpheme 2
A single word maybe composed of one or more than one morphemes:
– grammaticality gramma(r) + tical + ity
– ungentlemanliness un + gentle + man + li + ness
➢ the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content,
➢ a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
When the root of the word is a free morpheme, we say the word has a free root, such as e.g. hopeful, interpersonal
When it is a bound morpheme, we say the word has a bound root, such as e.g. precede, receive, submit, retain, recur
Three main senses of “word” 2 (add)
Lexeme(词位)
In order to reduce the ambiguity of the term word, the term lexeme is used by some linguists to refer to the minimal distinctive unit in the semantic system of a language. The lexeme is thus postulated as the abstract unit underlying such sets of grammatical variants as walk, walks, walking, walked, or big, bigger, biggest. Idiomatic phrases, by this definition, are also considered lexemes (e.g. kick the bucket (= “die”)).
Open classes (membership indefinite or unlimited)
– Noun, adjective, full verb, adverb
Closed classes (membership fixed or limited)
– Preposition, pronoun, determiner, conjunction, modal verb, primary verb(do,have,be)
– modernisations modern + is(e) + ation +s
– babysitting
baby + sit(t) +ing
– disinterested
dis + interest + ed
Free and Bound Morphemes 52
Free morphemes(自由形位 ) can stand alone. Free morphemes are single-morpheme words or roots of words, such as “Friend, stop”; “ 山，水， 人”