中美文化中家庭亲属称谓语的差异

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海外文化美国家庭成员之间如何称谓

海外文化美国家庭成员之间如何称谓

一般美国家庭中,孩子们称父母为Dad,Mom,Daddy,Mommy,Pa,Ma等。

兄弟姐妹之间则一律直呼其名。

有时也会听到哥哥弟弟称姐妹们为Sis.对爸爸妈妈的父母统称grandparents.实在需要说明时,可以说paternal/maternal grandparents或grandparents on my mother's side/on my father's side.
另外,常听人称祖母为Nana,同中文的“奶奶”很接近,据说是来自“奶妈”“保姆”(Nanny)一词。

结婚以后,有的家庭鼓励夫妻双方称对方的父母为父母,而有些父母则更愿意让女婿、儿媳直呼其名。

据说,这跟家庭的“阶层”有关:一般蓝领阶层家庭似乎愿意让女婿、儿媳称父母;而白领家庭则更愿意保持一定距离。

对父母的兄弟姐妹的孩子们,一概称Cousin,属于first cousin.而second cousin是指远房堂兄弟姐妹或远房表兄弟姐妹(即父母的堂表兄弟姐妹的子女),同属一个曾祖父母的血缘关系。

不管多复杂的关系,在美语里,也只能说“This is my second cousin."
对父母的兄弟姐妹,称Uncle和Aunt.后面一般都带上他们的名字,比如Uncle Jim或Aunt Betty等。

所以,在美国,别指望同事和朋友的孩子们经常叫你“叔叔、阿姨”。

中美文化差异在日常称谓中的体现

中美文化差异在日常称谓中的体现

中美文化差异在日常称谓中的体现摘要:称谓不仅是一种语言现象更是一种文化现象。

称谓词语作为语言交际中不可缺少的组成部分,在许多情况下是传递给对方的第一个信息,它起着保持和加强各种人际关系的作用。

世界上任何一个民族都有自己的称谓系统。

从中美文化的不同来探讨英汉家庭成为与,亲属成为与和社交称谓语在形式,语用意图,文化内涵上的差异,将两种称谓系统作归纳和对比,挖掘其各自的内涵。

通过简要探讨从而提高跨文化交际的质量和效果,了解美式文化并发扬中国文化。

Culture Difference upon Chinese and American Appellation inDaily LifeAbstractAppellation is not only a lingual phenomenon but also a cultural phenomenon.As a requisite part in communication, appellations, on Various occasions, transmit the first message, keep and strengthen the interpersonal relationship. Every nation in the world has its own appellation-system based on the difference in family term, the kinship term and the society term upon their different culture, we can excavate their own connotation. Through brief investigation, it is important to improve the quality of Cross-cultural Communication and know about American culture and develop Chinese culture.Key words:appellation; connotation; contrast; summarizeAcknowledgementsFirst and foremost,I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor,Professor Yu ,both for her intellectual guidance and for her warm and constant encouragement during the process of writing this thesis.With patience and prudence,she laboured through drafts of this thesis and pointed out defects in my theorizing.Therefore,I owe all the merits in this thesis,if any,to her,though I am fully aware that the thesis might still contain some mistakes,for which I bear the whole responsibility.My cordial and sincere thanks go to all the teachers in the Department of English,whose interesting and informative courses have benefited me a lot during my college years.The profit that I gained from their profound knowledge,remarkable expertise and intellectual ingenuity will be of everlasting significance to my future life and career..I am very grateful to my classmates,who have given a lot of help and courage duing my stay in the Unverisity and throughout the process of writing this thesis.Last but not the least,big thanks go to my family who have shared with me my worries,frustratons,and hopefully my ultimate hapiness in eventfully finishing this thesis.Contents中文摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)Acknowledgements (iii)Introduction (1)I. The Family Term (3)A. The Definition of the Family Term (3)B. The Discussion and Analysis of the Family Term (3)1. Chinese Family (3)2.American Family (4)3. Culture Reason (4)II. The Kinship Term (6)A. The Definition of the Kinship Term (6)B. Discuss and Analysis the Kinship Term (6)1. Chinese Kinship System (6)2. American Kinship System (6)3. Culture Reason (9)III. The Society Term (11)A.The Definition of the Society Term (11)B. Discuss and Analysis the Society Term (11)1. Chinese Society Term (12)2. American Society Term (13)3. Culture Reason (17)Conclusion (17)Notes (19)BibliographyCulture Difference upon Chinese and American Appellation inDaily LifeIntroductionWhen we refer to the dictionary, the "appellation" means identifying word or words which someone or something is called, classified or distinguished from others.It is also defined as people who get the same because of kindred or other interrelationship and his or her identify or status. The word "appellation" which is not the written form but the words we often use in every day life. Appellation has a major feature different from other words is that it refer to somebody but not something or animals. People use some verbal forms to call each other when they communicate, that is called appellation. Appellation has important social function; it is the affirmation of the role, position, status or their close or distant relation of the person who is called. It remains and strengthens all kinds of interpersonal relationship. Language faithfully reflects the whole history and culture of a country. Some certain social value and ethical mode of thinking must be reflected in the language.In daily communication, people use various appellations in order to express their feeling to other other. Appellation is a special kind of words because it is different from other parts of words. At the same time, it is also a special kind of parts of the speech. It is often put at the very beginning of a speech.Chinese and American appellation are different because of their culture background. When we study English, we find those Chinese appellations are more than American. For instance, "cousin" in English refers to “表哥”,“表弟”,“堂哥”,“堂弟”in Chinese. In English, There is not very much appellation. Everyday people usually use few ones, except "dad, mum, aunt, uncle, grandpa". The address forms between American and Chinese can be。

从亲属称谓看中西方文化传统差异

从亲属称谓看中西方文化传统差异

摘要:世界上任何一种语言都是植根于特定的文化背景之中,反映着特定的文化内容。

中西方民族衍变历史、生态环境、宗教信仰、民族风俗、审美情趣和思维方式的不同,形成了各具特色的民族文化。

文化传统的差异。

导致人们对亲属关系的称谓产生不同的重视程度,使用不同的表现形式。

本文从汉语和英语对人际关系称谓不同的传统观念,探讨中西方文化传统的差异.以求在对外交往和语言学习中中减少误会.以便更好的加强对外交往和对英语的认识关键词:亲属称谓宗教基督教儒家思想文化传统差异1 引言一说到语言,人们就会不由自主地联想到文化。

同样的,一说到文化,人们也会自然而然地把它和语言联系起来。

那么,究竟什么是语言,什么是文化,它们之间的关系又是怎样的呢?对于语言的定义,一直以来就有很多种不同的说法,现在中国语言学界普遍认同的是:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是人们用于交流的一套可以任意组合的声音符号系统。

文化这个概念涵盖的范围则非常宽,整个人类文明包括饮食、建筑、艺术、宗教、风俗习惯、思想和语言等等都属于文化的范畴。

多年来,不断有学者对这些问题提出不同的看法.但是他们都毫无例外地认为语言和文化是相互影响,相互渗透的.尤其是几千年以来潜移默化、传统文化对各民族各国家丰富多彩的民族精神、文化内涵和对于言的不同理解有着深刻的影响。

有鉴于此,人们又会产生另一个疑问,不同的文化内涵对学生学习外语会有怎样的影响呢?同时,学生和教师应该怎样积极有效地利用这些影响呢?本文将尝试在词汇这个层面通过比较东西方不同的亲属称谓不同内涵来挖掘其背后隐藏的不同文化传统因素,亦即东西方世界建立的哲学基础一儒、释、道思想和基督教一对于言的不同理解。

以便人们在对外交往中避免一些不必要的误会,让学生能够更有效地学好外语,让英语教师在外语教学中更好地组织教学。

中美称谓用语的文化视角比较

中美称谓用语的文化视角比较

中美称谓用语的文化视角比较摘要:本文主要从文化学的角度,运用对比的方法,来探讨中美称谓用语的差别。

内容主要包括中美对家属和亲戚的称谓差别,对老年人的称谓差别,中美称谓用语的严肃和幽默之别,称谓用语体现的直接和含蓄的差别,以及称谓中平等观念和长幼观念。

通过称谓用语的比较展现中美两国的一些文化差异。

关键词:中国人美国人称谓美国人的称谓用语和中国很不相同,这些不同不仅仅是用词的问题,更值得琢磨的是其中的文化差异。

1 对家属和亲戚的称谓和美国的称谓用语相比较,中国的称谓用语很多很复杂,其主要作用是区别亲疏远近。

这种区别同时也体现了中国历史上的一种观念——男尊女卑,稍加比较就可以看出。

比如,称谓用语体现出父亲一边的亲戚比母亲一边的亲戚更重要。

父亲的兄弟分大小,比父亲大的叫伯父,比父亲小的叫叔叔,长幼之别清楚明了。

而母亲的兄弟无论大小都是舅,分得粗略,相比较而言就显得不那么受重视。

再比如姑和姨的区别,在传统观念里,父亲的姐妹——姑比母亲的姐妹――姨要亲近。

《红楼梦》第20回里就讲到了这一点。

宝玉对黛玉说过:“咱们是姑舅姊妹,宝姐姐是两姨姊妹,论亲戚,他比你疏。

”父亲一边的不同亲属的称谓也能体现男尊女卑的思想。

那就是父亲的兄弟有“叔”和“伯”的长幼之分,而父亲的姐妹则不分大小,都称之为“姑”,长幼之别需要在称谓前面加上表示排行的数字来表示,例如“大姑”、“二姑”。

前面提到的《红楼梦》里的例子还反映出,同为母亲一边的亲戚,舅比姨要亲近、重要得多。

可见女性家属或亲戚不如男性家属或亲戚的地位高。

美国的称谓系统相对简单得多,甚至在中国人看来把许多亲戚都混为一谈了。

哥哥、弟弟都叫brother,姐姐、妹妹都叫sister,爷爷、外公都叫grandfather,奶奶、外婆都叫grandmother,姑、婶、婶娘、妗、姨都叫aunt,姑父、叔叔、舅舅、姨父都叫uncle,侄子、外甥都是nephew,侄女、外甥女都叫niece,更绝的是堂亲和表亲,不仅不分大小,连男女也不分,堂、表兄弟姐妹一律称为cousin。

从汉英称谓语看中西方人际关系

从汉英称谓语看中西方人际关系

从汉英称谓语看中西方人际关系中西方文化对人际关系的看法有很大差异。

在中文中,称谓是一个特别重要的概念。

不同的称谓可以体现出一个人的身份、地位、年龄、性别、亲密度等等因素。

下面从汉英称谓语的使用中来探讨中西方人际关系。

一、中文称谓语在家庭中的运用中文中,在家庭中不同的人之间的称谓是有讲究的。

下面列举一些常见的中文称谓语和其具体含义:1. 爸爸:此称谓用于子女称呼自己的父亲,代表了孝顺和尊重。

5. 哥哥/姐姐:此称谓用于兄弟姐妹之间,代表了兄弟姐妹之间的互相关爱和互相尊重。

在中文中,家庭是一个非常重要的社会单位。

家庭中的人之间的关系非常亲密,因此不同的称谓语在展示亲密度方面非常重要。

二、汉语称谓语的运用在商务场合在中文商务场合,人们的称谓也是非常重要的。

在商务场合中,不同的称谓代表了身份、地位等不同的因素。

下面列举一些商务中文称谓语:1. 先生/女士:此称谓用于商务场合中人际关系不熟悉的人之间,比如双方是客户和商家关系。

2. Mom:此称谓用于子女称呼自己的母亲,与中文中的“妈妈”类似。

在英文中,家庭中的人之间的关系要比中文中简单得多。

称谓语通常只代表亲密关系,不像中文中有身份和地位等因素的考虑。

在英文商务场合中,人们使用的称谓语同样具有一定的特征。

下面列举一些商务英文称谓语:在英文商务场合中,不同的称谓语同样能够代表身份、地位等不同因素。

然而,英语中的称谓语相对简单,使用也相对灵活。

总之,从汉英称谓语的使用中来看,中西方人际关系的不同也表现在了称谓的使用上。

中文中的称谓通常具有更为复杂的含义,而英文中的称谓则更为简单易用。

对于不同的人际关系,使用合适的称谓是非常重要的。

中西方称呼语文化语用差异

中西方称呼语文化语用差异

中西方称呼语文化语用差异摘要:本文从称呼语的概念和作用入手,结合中西方称呼语误用的具体实例,进一步从三方面引出中西方称呼语差异的一般规律,进而深入分析了这种差异背后所反应的中西方的文化、价值观的差异。

在此基础上,作者指出了中国的英语学习者了解中西方称呼语文化语用差异的意义与必要性。

关键词:中西称呼语;差异;文化因素;意义一、引言称呼语是人们在日常语言交际中彼此间当面招呼对方时使用的名称。

称呼语的正确使用不但能够保持、加强、甚至建立各种人际关系,还能够帮助避免误解和语用失误并促进交际的顺利进行。

所以,对于中西方称呼语的对比研究具有实际的意义和重要性。

根据人的社交群体的亲属关系,本文将从以下三个方面:1.亲属之间,包括直系、近亲及远亲 2.朋友、同学、同事、师生、上下级等关系密切及关系一般的熟人 3.非熟人的其它社会关系来阐述中西方称呼语的差异,并进一步分析这种差异背后所体现的中西方的文化、价值观差异。

二、中西方称呼语语用失误实例有这样的一个情景:英语教师走上讲台,然后对着全班同学说“Class begins.”,这个时候班长就说“Stand up.”,接着同学们起立并且异口同声地说“Good morning, teacher.”,这时候老师会说“Good morning, students.”,最后班长说“Sit down, please.”。

这样的情景不知重复了多少次,而且好像我们在很长的一段时间内都没有意识到teacher 和student 在英语中是根本不能用作称呼语的。

另外几个例子:一位中国留学生初到美国,当他对房东老太太称呼“Grandma”时,被对方明确回绝,她宁愿留学生直呼其名,而不愿领受“奶奶”的尊称。

因为在英美文化中,即便真是耄耋老人,只要他头脑清醒,也不愿听陌生人喊他“老爷爷”或“老奶奶”。

与此相反,在操英语的本族人之间,老者有时会称呼年轻人为“son”以表示亲切,而并没有侮辱他人的意思。

中西方称呼语差异

中西方称呼语差异
中国
通常使用“爸爸”、“妈妈”或“爹 ”、“娘”等称呼,表示亲昵和尊敬 。
兄弟姐妹间的称呼差异
西方
直呼其名或使用昵称,如“David”或“Emily”。
中国
除了直呼其名外,还可以使用“哥哥”、“姐姐”、“弟弟”或“妹妹”等称 呼,表示亲缘关系。
祖父母与孙子女间的称呼差异
西方
通常使用“Grandpa”或 “Grandma”来称呼祖父母,孙子女 则直呼其名。
VS
中国
在商务场合,通常使用姓氏和职务或行业 职称来称呼对方,例如“刘总”或“赵律 师”。
03
CATALOGUE
中西方对亲戚称呼的差异
对长辈亲戚的称呼差异
中文称呼
在中文中,对于长辈亲戚,我们通常会使用敬语和尊称,如“爷爷”、“奶奶”、“叔叔”、“阿姨”等,以表 达尊敬和亲密。
英文称呼
在英文中,对于长辈亲戚,一般使用“Mr.”、“Mrs.”或“Miss.”加上姓氏来称呼,如“Mr. Smith”、“Mrs. Johnson”等,较少使用亲昵的称呼。
中国
祖父母通常被称为“爷爷”、“奶奶 ”,而孙子女则使用“爷爷”、“奶 奶”来称呼,表示尊敬和亲昵。
02
CATALOGUE
中西方社交场合称呼差异Leabharlann 正式场合的称呼差异西方
在正式场合,通常使用姓氏和头衔来称呼对方,例如“Mr. Smith”或 “Professor Johnson”。
中国
在正式场合,通常使用姓氏和职务来称呼对方,例如“张主任”或“李经理”。
对警察、法官的称呼差异
要点一
总结词
在警察和法官的称呼上,中西方也存在明显的差异。中国 更注重职务和职称,而西方更注重关系和姓名。

论中西方的亲属称谓差异的源泉-精选文档

论中西方的亲属称谓差异的源泉-精选文档

论中西方的亲属称谓差异的源泉“称谓是指人们由亲属和其他方面的相互关联而得来的名称。

亲属或亲戚是指通过继嗣、亲子连接或通过继嗣和姻亲的结合而相互有关系的人”。

“亲属称谓是一定的亲属制度所产生的文化符号,它以简单的术语形式反映复杂的亲属制度。

”“人类几乎所有的文化类型中都存在着亲属制度和与之相应的亲属称谓体系”。

“汉语亲属称谓词特别强调长幼之别、宗族与宗族之别、血缘与非血缘之别,这种繁复的称谓正反映了汉族文化传统的一个基本特征:社会组织的基本单元是家族,宗法关系悠久稳固。

”与之相反,英语中的亲属称呼对这些亲属都相对简略。

一、家庭观念方面的差异亲属称呼的简化说明家庭关系在社会生活中的重要地位有所下降;资本主义与封建主义关系下的家庭的构成与社会作用完全不同,这种不同也在语言中也能找到共鸣。

以家庭为核心的理念是中国封建文化的产物。

所有的“炎黄子孙”都是由相同血缘关系联结的大家庭的一份子。

亲属关系中的“家长制”即地位、身份、权力的象征,而君主即是“家长”,所以此“家庭”中的“成员”要非常重视对其“家长”的称谓。

在西方国家,家庭观念相对淡薄得多。

二、等级观念的差异封建社会的等级制度加上以孔子的“仁”、“礼”为代表的传统的儒家思想使中国社会十分重视和谐的人际关系和社会性,压制“个性”,倡导“自卑而尊人,贬己而尊人”。

而西方社会推崇“人人平等”、倡导“独立”与“个性”。

与这种社会文化相匹配的便是其相对随便的称谓。

比如说,在西方,上级与下级,父母与子女之间都可以直接称呼名字,而这些在中国是极其不礼貌的,很难被社会认可并接受。

三、生育观念的差异生育观念及习惯对于人与人之间的称谓也息息相关。

中国传统的生育推崇“传宗接待”与“养儿防老”等观念,这些传统的生育观念是传统的生产方式的产物。

在“四世同堂”的大家庭中,亲属间的称谓必定会非常丰富。

而在西方国家,随着工业革命的兴起,劳动力获得了级大的解放,核心家庭的观念形成。

在此种生产力和生产关系条件下,生育观念越来越淡薄,每个家庭有一两个孩子就足够了,甚至出现了“丁克”式的家庭。

中西方文化称呼的差异

中西方文化称呼的差异

中西方文化称呼的差异
中西方文化称呼的差异
中西方文化的差异在很多方面都有所体现,其中一个显著的方面就是
称呼的差异。

在中西方文化中,人们对待不同的人或者事物,使用的
称呼也是不同的。

下面就来具体分析一下中西方文化称呼的差异。

一、亲属称呼
在中西方文化中,对待亲属的称呼也是不同的。

在中国文化中,对于
父母的称呼是非常重要的,一般情况下,子女会称呼父母为爸爸、妈妈,而在西方文化中,子女对待父母的称呼则比较随意,可以称呼为
父亲、母亲,也可以直接称呼为名字。

二、职业称呼
在中西方文化中,对待职业的称呼也是不同的。

在中国文化中,对待
职业的称呼比较正式,一般情况下,人们会称呼医生为医生先生/女士、老师为老师先生/女士等等,而在西方文化中,人们对待职业的称呼则比较随意,可以直接称呼为名字。

三、年龄称呼
在中西方文化中,对待年龄的称呼也是不同的。

在中国文化中,对待年龄的称呼比较严格,一般情况下,人们会称呼年长的人为长辈、叔叔、阿姨等等,而在西方文化中,人们对待年龄的称呼则比较随意,可以直接称呼为名字。

四、性别称呼
在中西方文化中,对待性别的称呼也是不同的。

在中国文化中,对待性别的称呼比较严格,一般情况下,人们会称呼男性为先生、女性为女士,而在西方文化中,人们对待性别的称呼则比较随意,可以直接称呼为名字。

总之,中西方文化称呼的差异在很多方面都有所体现,这些差异不仅仅是语言上的差异,更是文化上的差异。

在跨文化交流中,了解这些差异是非常重要的,只有这样才能更好地进行交流和沟通。

中美文化中家庭亲属称谓语的差异

中美文化中家庭亲属称谓语的差异

中美文化中家庭亲属称谓地差异及分析过年是中华民族一年中最重要地节日,是整个家庭成员团聚地最好时间.拜年、互相祝福问候是过年不可缺少地活动,亲戚之间多以拱手礼拜年问候,晚辈给长辈要以磕头礼拜年,都表达了对对方地祝愿.在这个过程,家庭成员之间相互地称呼就显得尤为重要了,不管是平时非正式场合地称呼,还是正式地称呼,都表达出一种尊敬和礼貌.我长在一个传统地北方大家庭,过年期间,爷爷奶奶、姥姥姥爷家里辈分从上到下基本都互相见面,拜年,对于平时走动较近地亲戚地称呼很熟,但是遇见一个稍远点地亲戚,怎么称呼估计就得算一算或者问长辈了.随着年龄地增长,我也逐渐地对亲属间地称谓进行归纳,发现这些关系称谓好似难寻尽头.相反,在学习英语、接触了一些美国文化以及看美国电影地过程中,发现他们亲属间地称谓比较单一随意,远不及我们地复杂程度.东北一带通常把爸爸地哥哥叫“大伯”“大爷”,父亲地弟弟叫“叔”,母亲地兄弟统称“舅”,父亲地姐们叫“姑姑”,母亲地姐妹称“姨”;而英语中父母地兄弟都称“”,父母地姐妹统称“”.这是因为两种语言形成并存在于不同地文化中,语言是文化地载体,一个民族地文化可以反映在语言上.不同地民族,文化背景不同,家庭结构不同,婚姻制度不同,语言上地称谓体系也有很大地差异.下面便就以下几个部分讲述中美亲属称谓地差异并进行简要分析.1.长幼间称谓地差异长幼说到底就是先后地区别,体现在家庭里就是辈分.在中国传统家庭中最讲究地就是辈分,辈分高低在家庭中很重要,家庭成员间严格按照这一秩序进行称呼.因此,长幼间地称呼划分地十分严格精细.汉语中,我们把祖父称呼“爷爷”,祖母称“奶奶”,外祖父“姥爷”,外祖母“姥姥”,再往上长辈还要加一个“老”或者“太”字,如“太爷爷”“老奶奶”.对于晚辈,儿子地孩子称为“孙子”“孙女”,辈分再低就加一个“重”如“重孙子”、“重孙女”等.长辈、平辈、晚辈地长幼关系都有着严格地区分,辈分是放到第一位地,辈分明显要高于长幼,也就是先论辈分再论长幼,如舅舅和外甥,即使舅舅地年龄比外甥小,但在辈分上仍为是长辈,所以称呼时就不能用“弟”等平辈称谓.其次,同一辈分要讲究长幼有序,同辈份也要分出大小,区分出哥哥和弟弟,姐姐和妹妹,而且要区分出先后,如自己有三个哥哥,就要分出大哥、二哥,三哥.称呼同一辈人也要分出大小,若爸爸有哥哥和弟弟,就要分出“大伯”“二伯”、“三叔”“小叔”等等.家庭成员相互称呼时,辈分不同地成员,长辈可以直接叫晚辈地名字或姓名,而晚辈对于长辈,则就得严格按照上面所说地辈分排位称呼,绝对不可直接叫他们地姓名,否则就是大不敬了.而英语中地长幼之间地称呼就相对简单了.英语中长幼间虽也区分辈分地差异,但与我们不同.美国家庭中,把祖父外祖父统称,祖母外祖母统称.代表了伯、叔、舅等与父亲平辈地人,代表了姑、姨等与母亲平辈地人,不分“大伯”“三叔”“四姨”等.既指哥哥,又可指弟弟,则可指姐姐和妹妹.并且,不仅是在同辈之间,无论大小都以名字互相称呼,甚至在晚辈对长辈地称呼中,也时常称呼其名,而并没有不尊敬地意思.究其原因,我国在封建社会时期有着森严地等级制度,家庭内部也是如此.等级反映在家庭中就是辈分,因此我国对于长辈和晚辈地称谓非常强调尊卑有别.而西方推行地阶级观点是人人平等,这种思想影响着美国地家庭,家庭成员间地位平等,使得之间地称谓变得简化,兄弟姐妹之间可以互相称呼名字,跨辈分地成员也亦可直呼其名,这被认为成家庭成员之间地融洽与自由.2.父系母系称谓地差异在我国家庭中,我们称呼父亲兄弟时区分了父亲与他们地长幼,父亲地哥哥称为“伯伯”,父亲地弟弟称“叔叔”,他们地配偶也有分别地称呼;而母亲地兄弟不区分长幼,均称“舅舅”,只是为了区分排行而分出“大舅”“二舅”,他们地配偶称为“舅母”“舅妈”.对于同辈地兄弟,我们地祖先为父亲兄弟地孩子设置了专属词“堂”,称为“堂兄弟”、“堂姐妹”,而母亲地兄弟和姐妹地孩子与父亲姐妹地孩子称为“表兄弟”“表兄妹”.并且,父亲这一系分地总是比母亲这一系更深,辈分更多一层,里面地称谓也越多.在美国家庭中,不会区分出父系母系间地差别.比如:伯伯,叔叔,舅舅,,姨夫统称,姑姑,姨妈,伯母,婶子统称;兄弟姐妹无论堂表亲都为;美国家庭正式用语表示了“姐夫”,“妹夫”,还可以表示大伯子、小叔子、内兄、内弟、连襟,“”除了表示“嫂子”或“弟妹”之外,还可表示小姑子、小姨子、妯娌等等,同样不分父系母系.单从一段文字中看“”、“”等词时,是无法判断出具体指地是哪位家庭成员地.究其原因,中国自古以来男尊女卑,尤其是家庭中,男性被视为家族传宗接代地象征,意味着家族兴旺,后继有人,预示了多子多福,因此才有了“重男轻女”地观念,这种观点直接影响了家庭成员称谓上父系和母系地差别,父系一支明显占优称谓上地优势.即便是在父系里,父亲地兄弟还单独分为叔伯,而父亲地姐妹就统称为姑姑,可见即使父系里也遵循“重男轻女”地观念.而在西方文化里,妻子与丈夫在家庭中处于同等地地位,受到西方宗教地影响,女性在婚姻中地地位得到了进一步地巩固,他们地文化里没有传宗接代这个意识,因此在家庭结构中,他们从未强通过亲属称谓调过男性在婚姻中地更优地位,而是双方都采用了模糊地方法称呼家庭成员,以致更多地是直呼其名.3.“内外”称谓地差异中国传统里,总是内外分明,亲疏有别.这种“内外”之间地差异,还不完全是由血缘之间地关系决定,还受我们深层次地文化关系影响.我们分父亲这一系为“宗亲”,母亲这一系为“外亲”.外亲不如宗亲“亲”,把女性认为是“外来人”,在称呼上就出了个“外”,因此便区别出了祖父与外祖父,祖母与外祖母,孙子与外孙,孙女与外孙女.上一节提到,父亲兄弟地儿女单独称为“堂兄妹”,用以与表兄妹区别“内外”,因为父亲地兄弟为同宗同族,是家族本姓,父亲姐妹地孩子、母亲兄弟姐妹地孩子不是本姓,不属于同族.而美国文化在亲属称谓中,用一个“”区别这种“内外”姻亲血亲地正式差别,如用用“”表示岳父和公公;用“”表示岳母和婆婆.“”来表示与汉语相当地大伯子、小叔子等;用“”来表示大姑子、小姑子等,当然他们通常不这样称呼.除此之外,便无其他“内外”讲究了.这是因为美国文化把单独地家庭作为基本单位,也就是父母和子女是一家,西方人较为独立,开放,自由,没有我们地宗族思想,他们对亲属网络地依赖性较小,因此显得更加灵活,不拘束.加之男女平等地思想早已深入人心,“内外”之别也就不存在了.在我们地大家庭文化中,很多称谓成对出现,很多称谓也是很有特色地.如我们把丈夫地哥哥叫大伯子,把丈夫地弟弟叫小叔子.原因可能是自己地孩子把丈夫地哥哥叫大伯,把丈夫地弟弟叫小叔,时间长了就演变出了这样地称谓.类似地还有大姑子,小姑子,小姨子,小舅子.这些亲戚成员之间地关系也因等级观念、性格差异、家庭和睦程度等原因有地充满亲情,有地却复杂紧张,如姐夫和小舅子矛盾多等等,这充分体现了中国传统大家庭家庭成员之间地相互联系,这其中往往也充满着亲情.民间有“老嫂比母,小叔子是儿”地说法,描述地就是叔嫂关系,民间常有年长地嫂子抚养年幼小叔子地事迹,嫂子对年幼地小叔子有一种超越辈分地怜爱之情.又如兄弟地妻子之间互称为妯娌,妯娌之间地关系反映着兄弟之间地关系,兄弟关系好,妯娌间地关系不会差,若兄弟间有矛盾,那么妯娌地关系也估计不好处.成对出现地称谓如婆婆与儿媳,丈母娘与女婿,都是传统家庭中不可缺少地称谓.特别是婆婆和儿媳,婆媳关系可是中国家庭关系里面传统地难题了,这也充分反映了中国家庭文化中地等级、男女之分等特征.这一切,在美国文化中几乎不存在,他们地祖先没有“发明”出类似地关系称谓.综上,中美文化中,亲属称谓地差异可谓是相差巨大.透过这种称谓地差异,我们能够看到中美文化间地区别.我们先辈地家庭成员生活在一起,往往一个村子就是一个大家族,在这个大家族里,每个成员都根据自己地年龄,辈分等等有特定地称谓,他们绝不会与其他家族弄混.我们地优良文化中,尊敬长辈被世代推崇,因此,晚辈尊重长辈天经地义,也就成了我们称谓如此之大地一个原因.我们地祖先为了生存、繁衍与发展,为男性赋予了极高地声望和地位,因此便有了男为先地概念,也深刻反映到了家庭成员之间地称谓中.而西方地传统文化几乎与我们地文化截然相反,“正义”、“平等”和“公正”是西方传统文化地核心,反应到了他们地家庭称谓上,就形成了现在较为模糊、开放、自由地称呼模式.在语言地发展过程中,某个事物越重要,用于表达它地词语就越丰富,越具体,这是一个既有趣又实实在在地现象,这中间反映出一个民族地文化特点与文化背景.中美亲属称谓中地差异,就是一个最好地例子.参考文献:1.宋蕾,张秀英;从亲属称谓语地汉英翻译看中国传统文化;北方工业大学学报,(),:2.张晓;论英汉亲属称谓地文化差异;群文天地,年第期下:3.浅谈影响中西方亲属称谓文化差异地因素4.趣谈中西方称谓地差异及文化折射5.试论汉语亲属称谓地文化意义及内涵6.汉英红楼梦亲属称谓翻译对比研究7.现代汉语英语日语亲属称谓对比研究太原理工大学材料科学与工程学院****** :。

中美家庭称谓的差异第一课时

中美家庭称谓的差异第一课时

活动名称:中美家庭成员间亲属称谓的比较活动目标:1、知识与技能:了解中美家庭成员间的亲属称谓和差异2、过程与方法:通过活动过程(情境导入——生成主题——分解主题——讨论交流)进一步学习讨论法、归纳法等方法,培养合作学习的能力。

3、情感态度与价值观:通过学习,让孩子们了解到中美家庭成员间的称谓差异,以便进一步的了解他们的文化,为以后的学习以及交流打下基础。

课前准备:图片以及相关资料活动过程:一)、欣赏图片,生成主题1、同学们,我们有哪些家庭成员亲属?我们的家庭亲属分别怎么称呼?2、同学们,今天老师带来一些图片,咱们一起欣赏一下!看看他们都是谁?出示美国一大家庭的全家福,引导学生说出亲属关系,他们分别怎么称呼。

3、这些图片展示的是中国家庭成员关系和美国家庭的成员关系,你们能不能说说我们的亲属关系和美国的亲属的称谓有何不同?你想说点什么吗?(有何感想呢?)(…………)5、小组合作:以小组为单位,同学们可以从以下几个方面来讨论:A: 家族成员称谓比较B:家族成员身份的比较(提出要求:学习小组讨论,组长汇报,组员可以补充,其他组可以提出意见和建议。

)6、小组长汇报。

其它小组同学认真听,并给予意见和建议。

7、小结:称谓在现代汉语中, 亲属称谓大都能把其身份表明一览无余,如辈份(父辈:伯、叔、舅;同辈: 哥、妹、堂弟),父系或母系(姑、姨) ,直系或旁系(孙、侄孙),年龄的大小(叔、伯、哥、弟)及血亲或姻亲(哥、嫂子、姐、姐夫)。

而英语里的此类称谓则比较笼统、模糊,一词多义, 覆盖面广。

除了辈份清楚外,其他关系只能从上下文中仔细推敲或当面询问。

如sister 姐妹同为一词,年龄大小不分;grandmother 既指奶奶也指外婆,父系、母系不分;uncle可指叔、伯、舅、姑父, 年龄、父系、母系不分。

家庭成员之间,按中国风俗兄弟姐妹一般按长幼称呼,如大哥、三弟、四妹等。

而说英语的国家则习惯于互叫名字,许多人甚至直接用名来称呼父母的兄弟姐妹。

称谓文化

称谓文化
中英亲属称谓的差异
长幼辈分 父系母系 血亲姻亲 敬称谦称 亲属称谓泛化
长幼有序
英语亲属称谓不分长幼, 英语亲属称谓不分长幼,辈分高低也不 在汉语亲属称谓里, 在汉语亲属称谓里,亲属关系规定的十 太讲究。西方人强调平等的权利, 太讲究。西方人强调平等的权利,哪怕 分清楚和严格, 分清楚和严格,不容许有丝毫的马虎和 对子女、 对子女、父母也将其当作一个独立人的 含混。同辈份要区分哥哥弟弟, 含混。同辈份要区分哥哥弟弟,姐姐妹 人来看待, 人来看待,并不认为有支配其的绝对权 伯父叔父小辈的名, 称呼小辈的名,甚至可以连名带姓一起 称呼, 称呼,而小辈对长辈只能严格按照称谓 进行称呼。 进行称呼。
血亲姻亲
汉语中血亲称谓与姻亲称谓界限分明, 汉语中血亲称谓与姻亲称谓界限分明,兄弟 而英语不分血亲和姻亲, 而英语不分血亲和姻亲,父亲的兄弟和父 连襟,姐妹妯娌,界限分明。例如, 连襟,姐妹妯娌,界限分明。例如,伯父叔 母姐妹的配偶统称uncle, uncle,父母的姐妹和父 母姐妹的配偶统称uncle,父母的姐妹和父 父姑母舅父姨母是血亲, 在某些必须区分 父姑母舅父姨母是血亲,而伯母婶母姑父舅 母兄弟的配偶均称aunt, 母兄弟的配偶均称aunt, 母姨夫是姻亲, 做这些词的后缀,意以 母姨夫是姻亲,反映了汉民族浓厚的宗族观 的场合则用in law做这些词的后缀 in的场合则用in-law做这些词的后缀, 血亲等级观念和传宗继嗣观念。 念,血亲等级观念和传宗继嗣观念。 -law 示与血亲的区别,例如,brother-in示与血亲的区别,例如,brother-in 表示大伯,小叔,内兄,内弟,姐夫, 表示大伯,小叔,内兄,内弟,姐夫,妹 夫等。 夫等。
父系母系
汉语中, 汉语中,父系男性亲属称谓词区别十分明 而在英语家庭中,核心关系是夫妇, 而在英语家庭中,核心关系是夫妇, 晰,而母系亲属和父系亲属中女性亲属的 不存在父系和母系的差异。 不存在父系和母系的差异。父母亲的 称谓则相对简单, 称谓则相对简单,有着十分严重的不对等 兄弟统称为uncle, uncle,配偶和姐妹统称为 兄弟统称为uncle,配偶和姐妹统称为 现象例如,父亲的兄弟有伯父叔父之分, 现象例如,父亲的兄弟有伯父叔父之分, aunt,同辈不论堂表男女长幼 同辈不论堂表男女长幼, aunt,同辈不论堂表男女长幼,统称 其配偶有伯母婶母之分, 其配偶有伯母婶母之分,而母亲的兄弟则 cousin显示了英语称谓词的概括性 显示了英语称谓词的概括性。 为cousin显示了英语称谓词的概括性。 统称为舅舅,其配偶统称为舅母, 统称为舅舅,其配偶统称为舅母,父亲的 姐妹统称为姑姑,母亲的姐妹统称为姨母。 姐妹统称为姑姑,母亲的姐妹统称为姨母。

中美姓名称呼差异

中美姓名称呼差异

1987年2月10日《人民日报·海外版》刊登一篇题为“谈称呼与尊重知识与学术”的文章,文章谈到一位美国教授在中国时,讨厌人们不断地称他为“先生”(Mr.),认为中国人如果尊重知识的话,就应该称他为教授或博土。

时过一个月后,一位留美中国学生也写了一篇文章,大意是:“先生”在祖国大陆是德高望重、学识渊博的人才配得上的称呼。

这一解释在前几年可能说得通,但现在在较正式的场合,祖国大陆经常以“先生”称呼普通男性,被称为“先生”的人未必“德高望重,学识渊博”。

在祖国大陆,“小姐”,一类的称呼曾消失了30多年,只是近几年才开始重新流行起来。

不过被称为“小姐”的人有时反应非常敏感。

例如一位大学女生对一位30多岁的售货员说:“小姐,把这给我看看。

”“小姐”回答说:“你没看我多大了,小姐不是随便可以叫的。

”有位被人称为“姐”的人回答得更不客气:“我当你大妈都差不多了。

”这说明中国女性到了一定岁数并不一定喜欢被人称为“小姐”。

美国的情形与此相反,现在Miss的叫法越来越广,售货员对五六十岁的女顾客,也称Miss,顾客受之不以为怪(杜学增,1995)。

为什么那位美国教授不喜欢人们一直称他为“先生”呢原来Mr.是正式场合所有敬称中最一般的称呼,往往是在不明对方准确头衔的情况下,才用Mr.表示尊称。

所以如果要表示敬重,Professor(教授),Dr.(博士)等称呼更具敬意。

相比之下,Mr.显得“正式有余,尊敬不足”。

正式介绍过后,美国人就不习惯人们再拘于礼节,不停地用Mr.,Mrs.(夫人,太太),Miss(小姐)来称呼。

请看美国人是如何摆脱礼节约束的:①My name is Crawford-James Crawford.Call me James.(我叫克劳福德,詹姆斯·克劳福德。

就叫我詹姆斯吧。

)②Don't call me Mrs.Pullen,just call me Sally.(不要称我普伦夫人,就叫我萨莉好啦。

中西方亲属称谓对比

中西方亲属称谓对比
and only then can we convey cultural connotation(内涵) of kinship terms of Chinese.
Thank you!
郭召丽
石梦可
陶园 刘佳佳
刘佳宜
Though Daiyu had never met her, she knew from her mother that Jialian ,the son of her first uncle Jiashe , had married the niece of the lady Wang , her second uncle’s wife . She had been educated like a boy and given the school-room name Xifeng . Daiyu lost no time in greeting her with a smile as “sister-in-law” .
Grandchildren
grandniece grandson granddaughter grandson-in-law granddaughter-in-law grandnephew
侄孙女 甥孙女
孙儿 外孙
外孙女 孙女
外孙婿
外孙媳
侄孙 甥孙
拖内兄如海荐西宾,接外孙贾母惜孤女
Lin Ruhai recommands a tutor to his _b_ro_t_h_e_r-_in_-_la_w___(内兄) The lady dowager sends for her motherless _g_ra_n_d_d_a_u_g_h_t_e_r_(外孙女)
2. English-Chinese contrast of kinship terms

论中英亲属称谓的异同

论中英亲属称谓的异同

渭南师范学院本科毕业论文题目:论中英亲属称谓的异同学院名称:外国语学院专业班级:英语专业08级英本4班毕业年份:2012年6月姓名:叶雨露学号080241090指导教师:陶正娜职称:副教授渭南师范学院教务处制The Cultural Differences and similarities between Chinese andEnglish Kinship TermsByYang HaiyingA Thesis Presented to School of Foreign Languages ofWeinan Normal Universityas Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofBachelor of ArtsMay 17, 2012Class: Class 4 of 2008Advisor: Guo Zhengxia论中英亲属称谓的异同摘要:语言和文化有着很密切的关系,所以,如果人们要学好一门语言,那么了解其文化是非常重要的。

你理解语言的文化传统、习俗、生活方式以及生活细节越多,你就越能正确地理解并准确地使用这种语言。

称谓语是民族传统文化和历史积淀的反映,不同的称谓语分别体现不同的民族文化。

事实上,文化塑造并影响着语言,同时,语言又反映着文化。

本文主要有三个部分,第一部分主要从相同的功能和相似的分类来阐述中英亲属称谓的相同点。

第二部分主要从旁系关系和直系关系,血亲关系和姻亲关系,父系关系和母系关系,性别,长幼关系和辈分顺序,派生的亲属称谓六个方面来阐述中英亲属关系称谓的不同。

第三部分主要从家庭结构,历史背景,来源等等,来分析中英亲属称谓不同的原因。

关键字:亲属称谓;中英文亲属称谓的对比;文化差异The Cultural Differences and similarities between Chinese andEnglish Kinship TermsAbstract: Language and culture have very close relationship. It is very necessary and important to learn a kind of language well and know the culture well, The more understanding of the language's culture, traditions, customs, lifestyles as well as details of life, the more you can correctly understand and accurately use the language. Kinship terms are reflections of traditional ethnic culture and historical accumulation and different addressing terms respectively embody different ethnic cultures. In fact, language is influenced and shaped by culture, at the same time, language reflects the culture. In this paper, there are three main parts. The first part describes the similarities between English and Chinese kinship terms from two aspects: same functions and similar categories. The second part describes the differences between English and Chinese kinship terms from six aspects: between collateral relations and lineal relations, between blood relation and affined relations, between elder-younger relations and seniority order, between paternal and maternal kinship terms, between gender kinship terms, and derivatives. The third part, from family structures, historical background, sources and other reasons, explains the reasons of the cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms.Key words:Kinship terms; Contrast between English and Chinese kinship terms; Cultural differencesTable of ContentsI. Introduction (1)II. Comparison between English and Chinese Kinship Term Systems (1)A. Similarities of English and Chinese kinship terms (2)1. The Same Functions (2)2. Similar Categories (2)B. Differences between English and Chinese kinship terms (3)1. Between collateral relations and lineal relations. (3)2. Between blood relation and affined relations. (5)3. Between paternal and maternal kinship terms (6)4. Gender kinship terms. (7)5. Elder-younger relations and seniority order (7)6.Derivatives of kinship terms (8)III. The reasons of the cultural difference between English and Chinese kinship terms (9)A. Different family structures (9)B. Different historical background (10)C. Different source (11)D. Other reasons (11)IV. Conclusion (12)I. IntroductionLanguage is not only a kind of cultural expression, but also the bridge of communication and kinship terms are indispensable to communication. Kinship term system is a very important part of language expression. Therefore, the kinship terms should be paid more attention. It is impossible to learn English well if you do not understand the British and American cultural background knowledge, especially, the kinship terms. So the different kinship terms between English and Chinese are importance in studying English. And this paper mainly talks about the differences and the similarities between English and Chinese kinship terms, including the reasons of forming these differences.Kinship terms, according to E.R.Leach, are "category words by means of which an individual is taught to recognize the significant groupings in the social structure into which he is born"(1958, P.143). Nowadays, Kinship terms belong to social language and they are used widely in daily communicative life. Therefore, the comparative study of kinship terms in Chinese and English is to understand better different cultural implication and make sure that communication is going on well. So, if we want to learn English, we must pay more attention to kinship terms.In this paper, there are 3 main parts, the first part describes the similarities between English and Chinese kinship term from 2 aspects: same functions and similar categories. The second part describes the differences between English and Chinese kinship terms from 6 aspects: between collateral relations and lineal relations, between blood relation and affined relations, between elder-younger relations and seniority, between paternal and maternal kinship terms, between gender kinship terms, and derivatives. The third part, according to family structures, historical background, sources and other reason to explain the reason of the cultural difference between English and Chinese kinship terms.II. Comparison between English and Chinese Kinship Term Systems There are both similarities and differences between English and Chinese kinship terms; there are not so many limits. They have some similarities in the kinship terms’functions and categories. At the same time, because English and Chinese languages have defined their own set of kinship terms and the roles they serve in the society. There are a lot of differences between English and Chinese kinship terms. English kinship terms are less complicated than Chinese kinship terns. In Chinese, kinship terms are oriented by generation, age, paternal and maternal relationships and in-law relationships. But in England, the way people address others are very random. Then, we will talk the similarities and differences between English and Chinese kinship terms.A. Similarities of English and Chinese kinship termsPeople from different countries have different cultures, but there are many similarities in cultures. Kinship terms must have some similarities in different countries too. It’s necessary to realize the similarities of the kinship terms. It may promote people to get along well with each other. So, the analysis of them is quite important.1. The Same FunctionsEnglish and Chinese kinship term have many important social functions. Generally, no matter English kinship or Chinese kinship terms, they have a basic functions, linking function. according to the linking function of human communication, communication is used to establish relationships between the individual and the environment, and that people use symbols to create a desired image to facilitate this linking to the environment. Thus, the individual is consubstantial with society.2. Similar CategoriesNo matter English kinship terms or Chinese kinship terms, they can be divided into two parts:the kinship terms and the social terms. Kinship system is not only a universal feature of languages, but also a result of the importance in social organization. Social term means the usage of all kinship term strategies and regulations between different social groups and social organizations in their communication according to their social positions and social roles.B. Differences between English and Chinese kinship termsEnglish and Chinese kinship terms stem from two different civilization traditions that have their own evolving history. It is not strange that there are many differences between the two. It is very important to understand these differences, only in this way can avoid many problems in intercultural communications. And then , there 5 key points will be followed.1. Between collateral relations and lineal relations.In Chinese kinship terms, there is some difference between collateral relations and lineal relations, but in English kinship terms, there is little difference. First, please look at the following 2 tables; they will help us to understand the differences between collateral relations and lineal relations.Table 1 Lineal relationsRelation Chinese Terms English Termspaternal grandfather maternal grandfatherzu fu(祖父)wai zu fu(外祖父)grandfatherpaternal grandfather maternal grandfatherzu mu(祖母)wai zu mu(外祖母)grandmotherfather fu qin(父亲)father mother mu qin(母亲)motherelder brother younger brother ge ge(哥哥)di di (弟弟)brotherelder sister younger sisterjie jie(姐姐)mei mei(妹妹)sisterson er zi(儿子)son daughter nv er(女儿)daughterson's son daughter's sonsun zi(孙子)wai sun(外孙)grandsonson's daughter daughter's daughtersun nv(孙女)wai sun nv(外孙女)granddaughterThe above table talks about the lineal relations kinship terms, from table 1, we can see that the English language pays little attention to consanguinity and affinity relations in its kinship terms. But the Chinese language considers that these are important. And in China, there is another relation, who is collateral relations; therefore, the following table is to talk about it.Table 2 Collateral relationsRelations Chinese Terms English Termsfather's elder brother father's younger brother mother's brother bo fu(伯父)shu fu(叔父)jiu fu(舅父)unclefather's sister mother's sister gu mu(姑妈)yi mu(姨妈)auntfather's brother's sonfather's sister's son mother's brother's sonmother's sister's son father's brother's daughter father's sister's daughter mother's brother's daughter mother's sister's daughtertang ge/di(堂哥/弟)gu biao ge/di(姑表哥/弟)jiu biao ge/di(舅表哥/弟)yi biao ge/di(姨表哥/弟)tang jie/mei(堂姐/妹)gu biao jie/mei(姑表姐/妹)jiu biao jie/mei(舅表姐/妹)yi biao jie/mei(姨表姐/妹)cousinBrother’s sonSister’s son Wife’s sibling’s sonzhi zi(侄子)wai sheng(外甥)biao zhi(表侄)nephewbrother’s daughtersister’s daughter wife’s sibling’s daughterzhi nv(侄女)wai sheng nv(外甥女)biao zhi nv(表侄女)nieceThe above box talks about collateral relations. From the table, we know that many differences between Chinese and English in collateral relations. For example, when a boy says this is my uncle. In fact, we can’t get the informationonly from the word those words, but in Chinese, we can know much information, such as sex, birth order and so on.2. Between blood relation and affined relations.About the blood relation and relations by marriage, these people are called relations with blood; and those are called relation by marriage. In Chinese, their kinship terms are different and are very clear. In paternal clan, bo fu, shu fu, jiu fu, gu mu,and yi mu belong to blood relation; Gu fu, yi fu, bo mu, shen mu,and jiu mu, belong to relations by marriage. At the same time, it reflects that Chinese have strong clan relative sense.But in English, there is no classification between blood relation and relations by marriage. There being an example is the kinship term uncle. According to Ullmann (1962), the English word "uncle" comes via French from the Latin avunculus, which meant onl y one kind of uncle, namely, the mother’s brother, whereas the father’s brother was called patruus. Since the latter word fell into disuse, the descendants of avunculus have come to stand for both kinds of uncle, so that the range of the Latin term has been doubled (p. 228).In the OXFORD ADV ANCED LEARNER’S English-Chinese Dictionary, the word, uncle,is explained: 1. the brother of one's father; 2. the brother of one's mother; 3. the husband of one's aunt (p.1915). And the same, aunt is explained: 1. a sister of one's mother; 2. a sister of one's father; 3. the wife of one's uncle (p.95). So, based on the above examples, uncle includes parents' brothers and parents' sisters' husbands, for example, gu fu, shu fu, jiu fu, gu zhang and y i zhang; aunt means parents' sisters and parents' brothers' wives, such as gu mu, yi mu, bo mu, shen mu and jiu mu.Of course, English does not ignore relations by marriage, in English, there often has a suffix in-laws followed by some kinship terms of blood relation, for instance, brother-in-laws ,this word means jie fu, mei fu, husbands' jie fu , husbands' mei fu, nei xiong, nei di, da bo zi and xiao shu zi.There is a table to show the affined relations:Table 3 Affined relationsRelation Chinese Term English Term wife's/husband's father yue fu /gong gong(岳父/公公)father-in-law wife's/husband's mother yue mu/po po(岳母/婆婆)mother-in-lawfather's sister's husband mother's sister's husband gu fu(姑父)yi fu(姨夫)unclefather's elder brother's wife father's younger brother's wife mother's brother's wife bo mu(伯母)shen mu(婶母)jiu mu(舅母)auntwife/husband qi zi/zhang fu(妻子丈夫)wife/husbandelder sister's husband younger sister's husband husband'selder/younger brotherwife's brother jie fu(姐夫)mei fu(妹夫)da bo/xiao shu(大/伯小叔)da/xiao jiu zi(大/小舅子)brother-in-lawelder brother's wife younger brother's wife wife's elder/younger sister brother's wife sao zi(嫂子)di xi(弟媳)da/xiao yi zi(大/小姨子)zhou li(妯娌)sister-in-lawson's wife er xi(儿媳)daughter-in-law daughter husband nv xu(女婿)son-in-law The above box talks about affined relations, just like the second box, in English, just several kinship terms can express more in Chinese.3. Between paternal and maternal kinship termsIn contrast to English kinship terms, the Chinese kinship system is more complicated. There are many differences in paternal and maternal kinship terms.Chinese kinship emphasizes paternal kinship, while English is not. Chinese people attach much importance to consanguineous relations rather than affined relations which connotes by kinship terms apparently. The difference between "close" and "distant" is taken seriously in Chinese culture. Paternal lineages are more "close" thanmaternal ones. Usually, paternal lineages is labeled "tang", such as"tang ge/ di", "father’s brother’s so n, while maternal lineages is labe1ed"biao",such as "biao ge/di "(mother’s brother’s son). In Chinese kinship system, affined relations, i.e. in-laws, 0uses of your siblings) have their own specific titles, such as father’s elder brother’s wife is called "bo mu",younger sister’s husband is called"meifu", and so on. In English, maternal and paternal lineages, consanguineous and affined relations are not distinguished so distinctly. We even can not distinguish an "uncle" whether is one’s father’s brother or one’s mother’s brother.4. Gender kinship terms.The gender of the relative is distinguished in Chinese culture, while not in English. In Chinese culture,the gender of the relative is distinguished distinctly. For example, title for "father’s brother’s son" is strictly distinguished from that for "father’s brother’s daughter". English kinship system may ignore the sex distinction.For example,all male and female children of a person’s father/mother’s brother/sister can be called "cousin". It may refer to the mother’s brother’s son, mother’s brother’s daughter, mother’s sister’s son, mother’s sister’s daughter,father’s brother’s son, father’s brother’s daughter,father’s sister’s son, father’s sister’s daughter, and so on. Meticulous Chinese kinship system has its roots deep in Chinese culture. It is the product of an agricultural society, a family-centered economy, and a hierarchical family system. Likewise,English kinship system also origins from its own culture. Simple nuclear family, independence of individuals, friendship extended to non—kinship all these factors result in the straightforward English kinship system.5. Elder-younger relations and seniority orderTraditional Chinese society is organized in vertical structure, and has always advocated family and lives for generations under one roof. Chinese culture lays stress on ”superior controls junior” , in the family, people should respect for seniority, the descendant is not allowed to call the elderly by name, and seniority is extremely important to the level of scale. Therefore, in kinship terms words, the same seniority in the family distinguishes from ge ge and di di, jie jie and mei mei,bo fu and shu fu, bo mu and shen mu. In the different seniority, as to the higher seniority, they can callothers who are lower seniority with their full names, including the last name. However, oppositely, the lower seniority can not call the higher seniority with name, it will shows that they are not polite. The kind of idea has rooted in Chinese mind. These older people's kinship terms are sacred title.However, in English, there is no difference in seniority, and the higher seniority is not important, the descendant and the elderly relate as friends, the descendant is allowed to call the elderly by name. In the western culture, old age is not advantaged. So, in English, we can know that “brother”includes the elder and the younger one, “sister” applied to elder sister and younger sister are both feasible. and there are many word like that, such as, uncle and aunt. Besides, in western country, people usually call families with names or even nick names. For example, in Family Album, U.S.A, the daughter-in-law Marilyn calls her father-in-law Philip with name.(Episode 6,Act Ш).So, in their mind, it will show that they are much closer. The following dialog is taken from Family Album, U.S.A:1.Ellen:Where are you going,Philip?Philip:Remember,the Michigan football game?And Michigan needs a touchdown.Ellen:Did you forget something?Robbie:Dad,your famous apple pie.Philip:Just let me see the score,Ellen.Marilyn:Go ahead,Philip.We should all take a little breakbefore dessert.2.Ellen:Robbie,would you bring the dessert plates.And,Marilyn,would you pour coffee,please.Marilyn:Sure,Ellen.6.Derivatives of kinship termsChinese is an analyzing language, the grammar relationship among words is expressed by some other words, and the formation of those words is stable. Therefore, in Chinese, there is no some derivatives expressing “love”. If we need to express love, we can add some words to the front of some kinship term. For example, A ba, A jiu, Amei, hao mama, guai er zi, qin ai de baba,or other words, mei zi, shen er and some kinship terms from Hong Kong and Tai Wan, lao ba, lao ma.And some are from Europe or America, just like ma mi, ba bi, and so on.But English belongs to comprehensive language, it has own character that the grammar relationship among words is expressed by those words own changing. So, generally, they often add to some suffixes. For instance, mum-mummy, mom-mommy; dad-daddy, dadie; grandpa-grandpop, gramp; grandma-grandmama; granny-grannie; nan-nany, nana; daughter-daughtie; son-sonny; aunt-auntie, aunty and so on.III. The reasons of the cultural difference between English and Chinese kinship termsEnglish and Chinese address forms originated from two different civilization traditions that have their own evolving history. It is not strange that there are many differences between the two. The main reasons for cultural differences lie in the family structures, history background, source and so on.A. Different family structuresMany cultural differences exist in family structures and values. On one hand,, i t’s well- known that ancient China was a feudal agricultural country. People lived on tilling the land and settled in those places with rich soil. In this case, self-supporting natural economy gradually took shape. However, people had to labor together and had a collective life owing to the low productivity. So, they lived together and formed an extended family, gradually, the dominant type of family is extended family. An extended family means a family is made up of two or more adult generations, and these generations of the family sharing a common household and economic resource. Therefore, there are complex relations between family members. In addition, in China, the position in the family hierarchy is distinguished clearly. It has a strict distinction between blood relative and affined relative, clan and non-clan, and also personal status, right, obligation, behavior, therefore, in China, a detailed and clear division in kinship terms is necessary. According to generation, age and sex, people were required to address and distinguish different family members.On the other hand, in the west, there is no extended family, but a nuclear family. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution period, manpower in Anglo-American countries was no longer the important factor in the process of working. Therefore, an increasing number of nuclear families began to form and played a leading role in the current society. A nuclear family means a family consisting of parents and their unmarried children, and they live far away from other relatives. Generally speaking, a nuclear family has very few members, only parents and offspring. In western countries, because people usually hold the view that they should live a independent life, they are willing not to live with their parents after they get married, they believe in self-reliance and freedom. Furthermore, aged people prefer to live in the nursery home rather than live with their children. As a result, the parents and their children also have their own families, which can avoid conflicts between parents and children brought about by the generation gap.So the nuclear family is simpler. It is no wonder that the English kinship terms is more simple than Chinese.B. Different historical backgroundAs we all know, feudal patriarchal society controlled China for two thousand years, influenced by the moral and ethical concepts; Chinese must chose suitable terms to address others according to the rank and identity. In addition, Chinese people value the close family relationship and prefer living together with or near their families. This is greatly influenced by China's great teacher and philosopher Confucius, who educated his people not to study or work far away from home while their parents were still alive. This concept has since become one of the traditions of Chinese culture. Because of this concept of close family ties, Chinese families are usually very large. Since people prefer living with or near their families, family members encounter each other frequently in daily routine;therefore, it is convenient for them to keep those precise kinship terms. It is no doubt that the patriarchal clan system produced a great impact on Chinese culture, including the kinship term system.On the contrary, in the west, people think equality is very important. They hold the view that all men are born equal. In western families, all members are in an equalstatus. Thus, father and mother, husband and wife, son and daughter and the siblings are in the same status respectively. They are prone to address others by names regardless of the rank and identity. This phenomenon expresses intensely their hope of getting rid of differences in social status. Therefore, English kinship terms give expression to equality in personality, especially for addressing relatives on father’s side or mother’s side.C. Different sourceChinese kinship terms belong to Sudanese kinship system, but English kinship terms are Eskimo kinship system. Sudanese kinship system is descriptive system, which makes a clear distinction between maternal and paternal relatives. It is so highly descriptive and detailed that generally every relative is named by a different kinship term. What’s more, there is an inclination to relatives of paternal side as well as of lineal relationships because of the male people in paternal side and consanguineous relatives having been put more emphasis. Eskimo kinship term system, which is a typical example of classification, puts more emphasis on the nuclear family which of only father, mother, son, daughter, brother and sister. It also ignores the distinction between father’s side and mother’s side, which shows that it is bilateral.D. Other reasonsFrom a cultural point of view of origin, the environments of China and Western countries are different, which has made those people choose different methods to adapt to the environment, therefore, different cultures were formed. In West, the development of material changes in production methods, social and political changes in the economic development, but also influence and determine the changes in cultural development.Europe’s geographic structure formats the Western culture the survival of the state of coexistence with the sea, seafaring and the Industrial Revolution developed, so that from the very early development of commercial economy, which created the mankind's oldest commercial civilization. However, China is a traditional agricultural country, after one thousands of years developing, China has developed as an agricultural civilization. So it is different from theEuropean countriesSo China and the European countries produced different civilization and culture, and it was reflected by language, especially in kinship terms. Therefore, there are some different points between Chinese and English kinship terms.IV. ConclusionSo, based on the above statements, kinship term, an indispensable part of verbal communication, is clearly highlighted in address system of a language. Although English and Chinese languages share a few semantic constants in common, however, kinship terms of these two languages can not be fully translated equivalently. In this paper, the authors illustrate the similarities differences between English an d Chinese kinship terms and reveal the causes it results from. In contrast: English address forms are less complicated than Chinese address forms, with Chinese kinship terms, it will help us better understand English kinship system and their cultures, which will also help us improve cross-cultural communication and thus conduct the further studies in this field.BibliographyHu Wen, Hu Min. Comparative study on English and Chinese kinship terms.US-China Foreign Language Press,2007Leach E. R. Concerning trobriand clans and the kinship category "tabu." In J.Goody (ed.), the developmental cycle in domestic groups. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1958:120~145The OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER’S English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford University Press,2006Ullmann, S. Semantics: An introduction to the science of meaning. Oxford: Basil Black Well, 1962刘承华. 《文化与人格——对中西文化差异的一次比较》. 中国科学技术大学出版社. 2002:79王守仁, 何宁. 《新编英语口语教程》.上海: 上海外语教育出版社1998(9):黎昌抱. “英汉亲属称谓词国俗差异研究”《四川外语学院报》. 2001(2):卢卫中. “英汉呼语探讨外语研究” 1992(4):48~51胡怡亭. 《英汉思维模式差异研本英语论文》2004:6。

中西方亲属称谓对比

中西方亲属称谓对比

在中国传统文化体系中占 主导地位的孔孟儒学,其 伦理道德说教均以宗法性 家庭及血缘纽带为宗旨, 受“长幼有序、男女有别、 内外有别、亲疏有别、血 亲姻亲有别”的传统伦理 规范的影响,汉语言中的 亲属称谓体系特别强调等 级的差异,提倡长幼、尊卑 有序。
儒学文化
特别是男尊女卑的典型例证:“外 祖父/外祖母”(母亲的父母)和 “外孙/外孙女”(女儿的子女)有 别于“祖父/祖母”(父亲的父母) 和“孙子/孙女”(儿子的子女)。 一个“外”字折射出男性在家庭中 的主导地位,而女性是外人,处于 从属地位。
以父系为中心的宗法制社会 重名分、讲人伦的儒家文化 中国人集体主义的价值观

在家族和血缘关系基础上建立的君主 制的宗法制社会,其实是一个“差序 格局”的等级社会,这样的社会以维 护上尊下卑的秩序为根本,是个不平 等的社会,即使是同一家庭里的人也 是不平等的。
Comparison of kinship terms between Chinese and Western 中西方亲属称谓 对比
亲属称谓
亲属称谓是指用于有亲属关系的人之间的称谓。
法律上对亲属范围的界定只限于直系血亲和三代以内的旁系血亲,那些诸如 干爹干妈之类的不在我们讨论的范围之内。
Click to add
• There is no difference in the name of your family members between father’s side and mother’s side in English.
Parents
当下贾母一一指与黛玉:“这是你大舅母; 这是你二舅母.”
“This ,” she said , “ is your __e_l_d_e_r _u_n_c_le_’s wife . This is your __s_e_c_o_n_d_u_n_c_le_’s wife .”

中西文化差异具体举例

中西文化差异具体举例

中西文化差异具体举例
家庭的称呼
亲属称谓美国的亲属以家庭为中心,一代人为一个称谓板块,只区别男性、女性,却忽视配偶双方因性别不同而出现的称谓差异。

显得男女平等。

如:美国人会称呼长辈
“grandparents,grandfather,grandmother”,而中国人会称呼长辈“祖辈、爷爷、奶奶、外公、外婆”。

再如,父母同辈中的称谓:美国人会称呼“uncle”和“aunt”,而中国人会称呼“伯伯、叔叔、舅舅等,姑妈、姨妈等”。

还有,美国人在言语中表示下辈的“nephew和niece”是不分侄甥的,表示同辈的“cousin”不分堂表、性别。

而中国人会有堂、表及性别之分。

论文:中美亲属称谓对比

论文:中美亲属称谓对比

中美亲属称谓对比研究摘要:在所有称谓体系中,亲属称谓是十分重要的一类,并且被广泛运用于我们的日常生活中。

亲属称谓,实际上作为一面镜子,反映出了各种文化下的社会体制问题。

本文从跨文化交际的角度出发,系统总结了中美亲属称谓的不同,以及造成这种不同的根本原因,并试图揭示亲属称谓所反映出的文化内涵。

关键词:亲属称谓;中美;对比;原因;跨文化交际众所周知,美国的亲属称谓数量远远小于中国亲属称谓的数量,中国人将母亲这边的亲戚和父亲那边的亲戚区分开来,并且使用不同的亲属称谓来称呼两边的亲戚以示区分。

中国人用特定的称谓来确定家庭成员的关系,且每个称呼都包含着特定的含义,即说话人与被称呼人的关系。

但是英语却恰恰相反,他们对于亲属关系的区分往往不会这么明显。

举个例子:在中国,凡是带有“堂”字标签的例如:堂兄/堂弟/堂姐/堂妹,往往是父亲兄弟的孩子,但是带有“表”字标签的则是父亲姐妹的孩子或者母亲的兄弟姐妹的孩子。

“堂”在中国书面意思为“家庭的主干”,而“表”意味着“表面的,外部的或遥远的”。

“堂”“表”的差异也正是中国亲属称谓的差异之所在。

因为,在中国,区分男性亲属和女性亲属。

因此,儿子的儿子或女儿是“孙子/孙女”,女儿的儿子或女儿称为“外孙/外孙女”父亲的父母称谓“祖父/祖母”,母亲的父母称为“外祖父/外祖母”。

“外”和“表”一样,都是区分男性亲属关系与女性亲属关系的标志之一。

相比之下,在美国亲属称谓系统中,只有一个称谓——“cousin”用来指称比自己年龄大的亲属关系,而且忽视了性别因素。

父亲兄弟的孩子与父亲姐妹的孩子以及母亲兄弟姐妹的孩子,都没有称呼区别。

此外,称谓儿子的孩子和女儿的孩子,父亲的父母和母亲的父母,也都不存在差异。

中国的亲属称谓属于苏丹亲属体系,而英语的亲属称谓属于爱斯基摩人亲属体系。

苏丹亲属体系是描述性系统,这就使得直系亲属和旁系亲属、母系亲属和父系亲属区分明显。

这种特性也是它为什么如此详尽地用不同的亲属称谓给每一种亲属关系命名的原因。

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中美文化中家庭亲属称谓的差异及分析过年是中华民族一年中最重要的节日,是整个家庭成员团聚的最好时间。

拜年、互相祝福问候是过年不可缺少的活动,亲戚之间多以拱手礼拜年问候,晚辈给长辈要以磕头礼拜年,都表达了对对方的祝愿。

在这个过程,家庭成员之间相互的称呼就显得尤为重要了,不管是平时非正式场合的称呼,还是正式的称呼,都表达出一种尊敬和礼貌。

我长在一个传统的北方大家庭,过年期间,爷爷奶奶、姥姥姥爷家里辈分从上到下基本都互相见面,拜年,对于平时走动较近的亲戚的称呼很熟,但是遇见一个稍远点的亲戚,怎么称呼估计就得算一算或者问长辈了。

随着年龄的增长,我也逐渐地对亲属间的称谓进行归纳,发现这些关系称谓好似难寻尽头。

相反,在学习英语、接触了一些美国文化以及看美国电影的过程中,发现他们亲属间的称谓比较单一随意,远不及我们的复杂程度。

东北一带通常把爸爸的哥哥叫“大伯”“大爷”,父亲的弟弟叫“叔”,母亲的兄弟统称“舅”,父亲的姐们叫“姑姑”,母亲的姐妹称“姨”;而英语中父母的兄弟都称“uncle”,父母的姐妹统称“aunt”。

这是因为两种语言形成并存在于不同的文化中,语言是文化的载体,一个民族的文化可以反映在语言上。

不同的民族,文化背景不同,家庭结构不同,婚姻制度不同,语言上的称谓体系也有很大的差异。

下面便就以下几个部分讲述中美亲属称谓的差异并进行简要分析。

1.长幼间称谓的差异长幼说到底就是先后的区别,体现在家庭里就是辈分。

在中国传统家庭中最讲究的就是辈分,辈分高低在家庭中很重要,家庭成员间严格按照这一秩序进行称呼。

因此,长幼间的称呼划分的十分严格精细。

汉语中,我们把祖父称呼“爷爷”,祖母称“奶奶”,外祖父“姥爷”,外祖母“姥姥”,再往上长辈还要加一个“老”或者“太”字,如“太爷爷”“老奶奶”。

对于晚辈,儿子的孩子称为“孙子”“孙女”,辈分再低就加一个“重”如“重孙子”、“重孙女”等。

长辈、平辈、晚辈的长幼关系都有着严格的区分,辈分是放到第一位的,辈分明显要高于长幼,也就是先论辈分再论长幼,如舅舅和外甥,即使舅舅的年龄比外甥小,但在辈分上仍为是长辈,所以称呼时就不能用“弟”等平辈称谓。

其次,同一辈分要讲究长幼有序,同辈份也要分出大小,区分出哥哥和弟弟,姐姐和妹妹,而且要区分出先后,如自己有三个哥哥,就要分出大哥、二哥,三哥。

称呼同一辈人也要分出大小,若爸爸有哥哥和弟弟,就要分出“大伯”“二伯”、“三叔”“小叔”等等。

家庭成员相互称呼时,辈分不同的成员,长辈可以直接叫晚辈的名字或姓名,而晚辈对于长辈,则就得严格按照上面所说的辈分排位称呼,绝对不可直接叫他们的姓名,否则就是大不敬了。

而英语中的长幼之间的称呼就相对简单了。

英语中长幼间虽也区分辈分的差异,但与我们不同。

美国家庭中,把祖父外祖父统称grandfather,祖母外祖母统称grandmother。

Uncle代表了伯、叔、舅等与父亲平辈的人,aunt代表了姑、姨等与母亲平辈的人,不分“大伯”“三叔”“四姨”等。

Brother既指哥哥,又可指弟弟,sister则可指姐姐和妹妹。

并且,不仅是在同辈之间,无论大小都以名字互相称呼,甚至在晚辈对长辈的称呼中,也时常称呼其名,而并没有不尊敬的意思。

究其原因,我国在封建社会时期有着森严的等级制度,家庭内部也是如此。

等级反映在家庭中就是辈分,因此我国对于长辈和晚辈的称谓非常强调尊卑有别。

而西方推行的阶级观点是人人平等,这种思想影响着美国的家庭,家庭成员间地位平等,使得之间的称谓变得简化,兄弟姐妹之间可以互相称呼名字,跨辈分的成员也亦可直呼其名,这被认为成家庭成员之间的融洽与自由。

2.父系母系称谓的差异在我国家庭中,我们称呼父亲兄弟时区分了父亲与他们的长幼,父亲的哥哥称为“伯伯”,父亲的弟弟称“叔叔”,他们的配偶也有分别的称呼;而母亲的兄弟不区分长幼,均称“舅舅”,只是为了区分排行而分出“大舅”“二舅”,他们的配偶称为“舅母”“舅妈”。

对于同辈的兄弟,我们的祖先为父亲兄弟的孩子设置了专属词“堂”,称为“堂兄弟”、“堂姐妹”,而母亲的兄弟和姐妹的孩子与父亲姐妹的孩子称为“表兄弟”“表兄妹”。

并且,父亲这一系分的总是比母亲这一系更深,辈分更多一层,里面的称谓也越多。

在美国家庭中,不会区分出父系母系间的差别。

比如:伯伯,叔叔,舅舅,,姨夫统称uncle,姑姑,姨妈,伯母,婶子统称aunt;兄弟姐妹无论堂表亲都为cousin;美国家庭正式用语brother-in-law表示了“姐夫”,“妹夫”,还可以表示大伯子、小叔子、内兄、内弟、连襟,“sister-in-law”除了表示“嫂子”或“弟妹”之外,还可表示小姑子、小姨子、妯娌等等,同样不分父系母系。

单从一段文字中看“uncle”、“aunt”等词时,是无法判断出具体指的是哪位家庭成员的。

究其原因,中国自古以来男尊女卑,尤其是家庭中,男性被视为家族传宗接代的象征,意味着家族兴旺,后继有人,预示了多子多福,因此才有了“重男轻女”的观念,这种观点直接影响了家庭成员称谓上父系和母系的差别,父系一支明显占优称谓上的优势。

即便是在父系里,父亲的兄弟还单独分为叔伯,而父亲的姐妹就统称为姑姑,可见即使父系里也遵循“重男轻女”的观念。

而在西方文化里,妻子与丈夫在家庭中处于同等的地位,受到西方宗教的影响,女性在婚姻中的地位得到了进一步的巩固,他们的文化里没有传宗接代这个意识,因此在家庭结构中,他们从未强通过亲属称谓调过男性在婚姻中的更优地位,而是双方都采用了模糊的方法称呼家庭成员,以致更多的是直呼其名。

3.“内外”称谓的差异中国传统里,总是内外分明,亲疏有别。

这种“内外”之间的差异,还不完全是由血缘之间的关系决定,还受我们深层次的文化关系影响。

我们分父亲这一系为“宗亲”,母亲这一系为“外亲”。

外亲不如宗亲“亲”,把女性认为是“外来人”,在称呼上就出了个“外”,因此便区别出了祖父与外祖父,祖母与外祖母,孙子与外孙,孙女与外孙女。

上一节提到,父亲兄弟的儿女单独称为“堂兄妹”,用以与表兄妹区别“内外”,因为父亲的兄弟为同宗同族,是家族本姓,父亲姐妹的孩子、母亲兄弟姐妹的孩子不是本姓,不属于同族。

而美国文化在亲属称谓中,用一个“in-law”区别这种“内外”姻亲血亲的正式差别,如用用“father-in-law”表示岳父和公公;用“mother-in-law”表示岳母和婆婆。

“brother-in-law”来表示与汉语相当的大伯子、小叔子等;用“sister-in-law”来表示大姑子、小姑子等,当然他们通常不这样称呼。

除此之外,便无其他“内外”讲究了。

这是因为美国文化把单独的家庭作为基本单位,也就是父母和子女是一家,西方人较为独立,开放,自由,没有我们的宗族思想,他们对亲属网络的依赖性较小,因此显得更加灵活,不拘束。

加之男女平等的思想早已深入人心,“内外”之别也就不存在了。

在我们的大家庭文化中,很多称谓成对出现,很多称谓也是很有特色的。

如我们把丈夫的哥哥叫大伯子,把丈夫的弟弟叫小叔子。

原因可能是自己的孩子把丈夫的哥哥叫大伯,把丈夫的弟弟叫小叔,时间长了就演变出了这样的称谓。

类似的还有大姑子,小姑子,小姨子,小舅子。

这些亲戚成员之间的关系也因等级观念、性格差异、家庭和睦程度等原因有的充满亲情,有的却复杂紧张,如姐夫和小舅子矛盾多等等,这充分体现了中国传统大家庭家庭成员之间的相互联系,这其中往往也充满着亲情。

民间有“老嫂比母,小叔子是儿”的说法,描述的就是叔嫂关系,民间常有年长的嫂子抚养年幼小叔子的事迹,嫂子对年幼的小叔子有一种超越辈分的怜爱之情。

又如兄弟的妻子之间互称为妯娌,妯娌之间的关系反映着兄弟之间的关系,兄弟关系好,妯娌间的关系不会差,若兄弟间有矛盾,那么妯娌的关系也估计不好处。

成对出现的称谓如婆婆与儿媳,丈母娘与女婿,都是传统家庭中不可缺少的称谓。

特别是婆婆和儿媳,婆媳关系可是中国家庭关系里面传统的难题了,这也充分反映了中国家庭文化中的等级、男女之分等特征。

这一切,在美国文化中几乎不存在,他们的祖先没有“发明”出类似的关系称谓。

综上,中美文化中,亲属称谓的差异可谓是相差巨大。

透过这种称谓的差异,我们能够看到中美文化间的区别。

我们先辈的家庭成员生活在一起,往往一个村子就是一个大家族,在这个大家族里,每个成员都根据自己的年龄,辈分等等有特定的称谓,他们绝不会与其他家族弄混。

我们的优良文化中,尊敬长辈被世代推崇,因此,晚辈尊重长辈天经地义,也就成了我们称谓如此之大的一个原因。

我们的祖先为了生存、繁衍与发展,为男性赋予了极高的声望和地位,因此便有了男为先的概念,也深刻反映到了家庭成员之间的称谓中。

而西方的传统文化几乎与我们的文化截然相反,“正义”、“平等”和“公正”是西方传统文化的核心,反应到了他们的家庭称谓上,就形成了现在较为模糊、开放、自由的称呼模式。

在语言的发展过程中,某个事物越重要,用于表达它的词语就越丰富,越具体,这是一个既有趣又实实在在的现象,这中间反映出一个民族的文化特点与文化背景。

中美亲属称谓中的差异,就是一个最好的例子。

参考文献:1.宋蕾,张秀英;从亲属称谓语的汉英翻译看中国传统文化;北方工业大学学报,21(4),2009,4:23-282.张晓;论英汉亲属称谓的文化差异;群文天地,2012年第3期下:2823.浅谈影响中西方亲属称谓文化差异的因素4.趣谈中西方称谓的差异及文化折射5.试论汉语亲属称谓的文化意义及内涵6.汉英_红楼梦_亲属称谓翻译对比研究7.现代汉语_英语_日语亲属称谓对比研究太原理工大学材料科学与工程学院 ****** Email:********************.com。

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