选修9Unit2

Explorer
land
use of compass and landmarks
find new places within an already identified island or continent Explorer is somebody who travels into or through a place in order to learn about it. Very often navigators are also explorers.
his calculations for the journey on Biblical
圣经的scripture经文,
specifically the books of
Esdras in the Apocrypha新约外传.
On August 3rd, 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera, Spain, on the first of several voyages to what he later called the “New World.”
Columbus
He was the first person that discovered the “New World”
Italian-born explorer Christopher Columbus broke with tradition in 1492, sailing west in an attempt to find a shorter route to India and China. Columbus based
3. What is the difference between a navigator and an explorer?
A navigator finds the position and plots the course of a ship using maps and instruments, while an explorer travels into or through a place to learn about it .Very often navigators are also explorers.
Using the weather
To help identify the position of a stream or river when…
To direct their sailing
Using nature
. Use the information to analyze the navigational skills and write the answers in your own words.
Sailing the oceans
Page 1
Fast-reading How did seamen explore the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ship’s position?
Using nature
2 Which do you think was easier to work out: latitude or longitude?
Latitude, because it was used to measure how far you had travelled from land on a straight line. It was discovered a long time before longitude.
Pre-reading
Look at the pictures. Then answer the questions. 1.How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented?
Kept close to the shore, used nature such as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help them, and used some of the instruments including a compass, astrolabe, etc.
Look at these famous people. Are they navigators or explorers? What do you know about them?
Zheng He
Marco Polo
James Cook
Zheng He
1371-1433
He led a large fleet to explore Southeast Asia ,India and the Middle East in the Ming Dynasty. Altogether he made 7 voyages in the 15th century. He Travelled more than 50,000 km and visited 30 countries new to China and developed many trade links. He is considered one of the earliest naval explorers in Chinese history.
the West Coast of North America and tried to locate a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. On this voyage he discovered the Hawaiian Islands, and sailed up the coast of North America through the Bering Straits to the Arctic Ocean. On his return he was killed by Hawaiian islanders. He is regarded as one of the world’s greatest explores and navigators.
Marco Polo 1254--1324
He is the most famous westerner to travel the Silk Road and the only person to provide information about China to the outside world. In 1271 he set out to reach the Mongol Empire and then China. In 1295, he arrived back in Europe. Three years later he was imprisoned by the Genoese. While in prison, he told the story of his travels to a fellow prisoner who wrote his adventures down. When his book was published it became a best-seller.
Using wildlife
If seaweed was fresh and smelled strongly, the ship was close to land.
Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen.
Warming up
Arctic Ocean
Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Question: How many oceans are there in the world ?
the Arctic Ocean
the Atlantic Ocean
the Pacific Ocean
1.To find the ship’s position at sea a the North Star and the sun. sailor used _______________________. 2.A sailor knew that land was nearby if clouds , fresh seaweed, he saw__________________________ nesting birds or fog __________________________.
the Indian Ocean
1. What is a navigator? A navigator explores new routes across the sea. 2. What is an explorer? An explorer discovers new places on land.
Navigator
sea
nautical instruments
find new islands or continents Navigator is somebody who finds the position and plots the course of a ship, an aircraft, a car, etc, using maps and instruments.
currents or tides and 3.Sailors used sea ____________________ winds to increase their speed. ______
Page 2
Fast-reading
What skills did sailors use to explore the seas and discover new lands?
early navigational instruments
compass
Astrolabe(星盘)
Leabharlann Baidu
Sextant(六分仪)
sea/nautical chart
Read about what navigation was like before modern instruments were used.
Keeping alongside the coastline Using celestial bodies天体
Using wildlife
Using the weather Using the sea
Using celestial bodies
to plot the positions to work out the latitude a special cloud formation indicates there is land close by
The Map of Marco Polo’s voyage
James Cook
1728-1779
James Cook (1728-1779) was the greatest Britain navigator. Cook joined in the Royal Navy in 1755. In 1768 he was promoted and sent to the Pacific where he surveyed Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia. On his famous second expedition (1772-1775) he explored Antarctica. In 1776 he undertook his third and final voyage in which he explored