英语四级长难句

【今日长难句】
Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technical fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
长难句的正确打开方式
先尝试自己分析
然后看下面的解析
【词的处理】
blind vt. 使失明，使眼花，使困惑
be accused of … 被指责……
tunnel n. 地下通道，隧道
tunnel method 【术语】单方向研究法
victim n. 受害者，牺牲品
fallacy n. 错误，谬论
discipline n. 学科
as a whole 作为一个整体
certain adj. 某个，某人，某事
implementation n. 实施，履行
【结构解析】
1.首句主干为主系表结构，即：Historians/ frequently fall/ victim to the “technical fallacy”. 其中fall =become, 表“变成”。

2.especially those …为插入语成分，对主语Historians做补充说明。

so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method” 为those 的后置定语。

3. 二句主干为主谓宾宾补结构，即：the technical fallacy /mistakenly identifies/ the discipline as a whole /with certain parts of its technical implementation; 其中难点在于固定搭配 identify sth. with sth. 译为：认为某事物等同于.
4. also common in the natural sciences, 为形容词短语充当状语成分修饰整个句子。

【参考译文】
Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy.” Also com mon in the natural sciences, the technical fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
史学家，尤其是那些单纯局限于他们研究兴趣的史学家，被指责为使用“单方向研究法”，常常成为“纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。

“纯技术方法论”错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来，这种情况在自然科学领域里也屡见不鲜。

【今日长难句】
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
长难句的正确打开方式
先尝试自己分析
然后看下面的解析
【词的处理】
apply to 与……相关；适用于……；存在于……
external adj. 外部的
internal adj. 内部的
criticism n. 批评，批判，指责
equate vt. 同等看待，使等同
equate… with …认为……就是……
【结构解析】
1. it 所指代的内容，需要联系上文方能做出判断。

因此，联系昨天的句子，it指代the technical fallacy, 即：（纯）技术错误。

2. 句子主干为it /applies to /traditional historians and to social science historians，其中，apply to 表“与……相关/存在于……”
3. who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources和who equate their activity with specific techniques为定语从句，分别修饰traditional historians和social science historians。

由于定语从句较长，建议处理为单句。

4. activity一词在本句中译为活动不妥，“历史学家的活动”显然表意模糊，译为“历史学家的研究”更为恰当。

【参考译文】
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
这种谬误同样存在于历史传统家和历史社科家；前者认为历史仅仅是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法。

10.23
【今日长难句】
They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
长难句的正确打开方式
先尝试自己分析
然后看下面的解析
【词的处理】
by far 迄今为止
object n. 物体
detect vt. 发现
a strip of …一条/块（狭长的）……
enormous adj. 巨大的
cosmic adj. 宇宙的（cosmos n. 宇宙）
lligte-year n. 光年
look into 调查，观察
Pattern n. 模式
【结构解析】
1. 本句主干为主系表结构，即：they/ were / the largest and most distant objects.
2. by far 为插入语，表时间状语
3. that scientists had ever detected 为定语从句，修饰 objects.
4. 分号之后的“a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth”为objects 的同位语，起解释说明作用。

二句
1. but even more important 为句子的状语成分
2. 句子主干为主系表结构，即：it /was /the farthest；其中it 指代上文中的a strip of enormous cosmic clouds
3. that 引导定语从句修饰 the farthest
4. for +从句，表原因。

从句主干为主系表结构：what they were seeing/ were / the patterns and structures; that existed 15 billion years ago. 为定语从句修饰the patterns and structures.
【参考译文】
They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
迄今为止，科学家所发现的最大、最遥远的物体是：离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系。

更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

10.24
【今日长难句】
That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion
that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
长难句的正确打开方式
先尝试自己分析
然后看下面的解析
【词的处理】
Aeronautics n. 航空学
Administration n. 管理；管理局
landmark n. 地标；里程碑
primeval adj. 远古的，原始的
originate vi. 起源于
【结构解析】
1.首句主干为“主系表”结构，即：that / was /just about the moment; that 引导定语从句，可译为“的”结构，即：那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。

2.二句主干为“主从+系动词+表语”结构，即：what the researchers found/ was/ at once both amazing and expected: … 该句翻译时，顺序翻译即可：研究人员的发现既令人惊讶，又在人们的意料之中：……
3.“：”之后为“what the researchers found”的同位语从句，从句主干为“主谓宾”，即：the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—/had discovered /landmark evidence; 译为：美国国家航空航天局的Cobe号宇宙背景探测器已经发现了划时代的证据
4.that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion为同位语从句，解释evidence的内容，其中did +begin with 为强调谓语动词的强调结构。

例如：如果你的男人跟你说“I did love you.”意思是“我过去确实爱过你。

”
5. that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy) 为定语从句，修饰the primeval explosion.
【参考译文】
That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。

研究人员的发现既令人惊讶，又在人们的意料之中：美国国家航空航天局的Cobe号宇宙背景探测器已经发现了划时代的证据，表明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸，人们称之为"大爆炸"（此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量的爆炸）。

10.25
【今日长难句】长难句的正确打开方式:先尝试自己分析-再看下面的解析
The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
【词的处理】
virtually adv. 实际上
put forward 提出
maintain 维持，保持
reign n. 统治时期，当政期
dominant adj. 占支配地位的
cosmos n. 宇宙
【结构解析】
1.句子主干为 The existence of the giant clouds /was virtually required for /the Big Bang;
2.first put forward in the 1920s 为the Big Bang 的后置定语；
3. to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos 为动词不定式充当目的状语。

【参考译文】The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
译文1：巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。

（翻译时将所有修饰成分跟主干融合在一起）
译文2：巨大的宇宙云的存在实际上大爆炸理论不可或缺的，大爆炸理论是20世纪20年代首次提出的，目的是保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位。

（翻译时将修饰成分单独处理成短句）大家晚安~。