第七章供应链的绘制

Supply chain design is just too important to leave to chance. Just as genetic engineering has begun to shortcut the process of species evolution, proactive chain design will shortcut and forever make obsolete the slow, incremental processes of industrial evolution.
通过观察和访谈来分析流程，并记录每个步骤
Analyze the process through observation and interviews, document each step.
绘制图形
Draw the map
让绘制和执行流程的相关人员审核图形，以使流程图更 为清楚和完整
Have the people who are involved in the mapping process as well as others (including those who actually perform the process) review the map for clarity and completeness
流程绘制的主要目的是为了使复杂的系统 可视化
The primary goal behind process mapping is to make complex systems visible.
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流程绘制Process Mapping
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开发流程图
Developing a Process Map
- creates visibility of current and improved processes.
2. 绘制价值流图 (Value Stream Mapping )
- depicts flow of information and materials
3. 绘制供应链图 (SC Mapping)
确定绘制流程图的目的Determine the purpose of the process map
设定图形内容精细水平 Establish level of detail 设定系统的边界 Establish system boundaries
确定哪些人拥有所需的信息和经验
Determine who has the required information or experience.
process to create more value.
3. 检查每个重复工作的循环 , 每个循环包含了反复的流程， 考虑如何减少，消除，或者重复工作合并到另一步骤中
Check each rework loop. A rework loop involves iterative processes, like repeatedly checking a cake until it is done baking. Here, consider how rework can be reduced, eliminated, or combined with another step.
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流程分析Process Analysis
2. 重新检查每一个决策符号Re-examine each decision symbol
明确这个决策是否是必需的并且能增加价值？ Determine if the
decision is necessary and adds value?
考虑合并决策或者把这些决策迁移到流程中的其它位置以创造更 多的价值Consider combining decisions or moving them to another point in the
2. 解释流程的绘制过程并描述绘制流程图在 供应链设计中的作用
Explain process mapping and describe mapping’s role in SC design.
3. 描述几种通行的供应链设计方法
Describe several popular approaches for SC design.
A process is defined as an activity that transforms or changes input into new output.
流程图就是系统的图形展示过程，包括为 生产某些期望结果而进行的一系列步骤
A process map is a graphic representation of the system and contains a sequence of steps that are performed to produce some desired output.
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烤蛋糕流程图
Process Map – Bake a Cake
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流程分析
Process Analysis
流程分析主要用于识别无价值的或重复的活动
Process analysis is used to identify non-value added or redundant activities.
lean Manufacturing principles
系统的边界一般在宏观的层次上定义的System
boundaries typically defined at the macro level.
通常要比一般的流程图包含更多的信息: Generally
contains more information then typical process maps:
确认每个流程带来的价值要比成本多Verify that the step adds more value than its cost 判段是否有冗余的流程步骤Judge if the step is redundant. 考虑如何重新合并这些步骤以取得更高的效率Consider how steps
原有业务流程图
采购部门 采购定单 供应商
货物 采购定单
入库单 财务部门
仓库 发票
付款
重组后的业务流程图
采购部门 供应商 货物
发送采购定单电子数据
采购定单
仓库
电子付款 收货确认
中央数据库
财务部门
Fra Baidu bibliotek
价值流的绘制图Value Stream Mapping
价值流图是流程图的特别运用，是建立在精益生 产的原则上的Specific application of process mapping based on
4. 绘制供应链图并描述供应链管理人员可从 供应链图得到哪些关键观念
Map out a supply chain. Describe key insights a manager can gain from a SC map.
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供应链管理
SCM 是对跨越组织边界的增值流程进行无缝 设计和管理，以满足最终顾客的实际需求。
Supply Chain Management:
From Vision to Implementation
Chapter 7: Supply Chain Mapping 第七章：供应链的绘制
Chapter 7: 学习目标
1. 讨论供应链设计观念和其重要性
Discuss the concept of SC design and its importance.
4. 最后，再次审视每个流程步骤。有时一个流程仅仅是由 于习惯而做的，而不管其有无价值Finally, look at each process step
again. Sometimes a process is done out of habit without verifying its value
识别太费时间或者所需时间变化很大的流程
Identify processes that take too long or vary greatly in time. Identify points of delay.
识别延迟点
估计每一步所增加的价值（判断价值时，要考虑成本成 因素）Estimate the value added by each step and judge the value against the cost. 思考问题产生的原因，并考虑如何改善特定的活动或流 程。Consider the reasons for problems and how to improve specific activities or processes.
- Charles Fine, Professor at MIT
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供应链设计Supply Chain Design
1. 识别供应链的最终顾客Identify the chain’s end customer 2. 确定供应链的价值观Determine the Supply Chain’s value proposition

流程时间Process time 流程绩效的特征Process performance characteristics 信息流Information flows 实物流Physical flows
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供应链设计Supply Chain Design
供应链的设计太重要了，因而不能随意而为。就如 基因工程已开始缩短物种进化一样，主动的供应链 设计可以加快并且可永远抛弃那种缓慢的不断臃肿 的工业进化流程。
1. 首先检查时间、成本、资源和每一步骤所需 的人员Begin process analysis by examining the time, cost, resources,
and people involved in each step.
识别消费最多时间或资源的步骤
Identify the steps that consume the most time or resources.
- displays the dynamics that govern how a supply chain works
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供应链设计的重要性
未能预先主动积极设计好供应链通常导致：
Failure to proactively design a SC results in:

协调能力差 Poor coordination of effort 信息系统不兼容 Incompatible information systems 周期延长Long cycle times 沟通问题Communication problems 顾客服务问题Customer service issues 过多浪费和环境退化Excessive waste and environmental degradation 为达到特定的顾客服务水平而保持相对高的库存
SCM is the design of seamless value added processes across organization boundaries to meet the real needs of
the end customer.
SC 设计和改进方法：
1. 绘制流程图 （Process Mapping）
could be recombined for greater efficiency
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最初的流程图Initial Process Map
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改进后的流程图Improved Process Map
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福特汽车公司应付账款部门的工作就是 接收采购部门送来的采购订单副本、仓 库的收货单和供应商的发票，然后将三 类票据在一起进行核对，查看其中的14 项数据是否相符，绝大部分时间被耗费 在这14项数据由于种种原因造成的不相 符上。原有的业务流程如图示。
Relatively high inventories for the level of customer service achieved
未能获取最优的利润Lower the optimal profit
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流程的绘制Process Mapping
流程是指一项把输入转变或改变为一项新 的输出的活动