实证主义社会学的创始人

meterial phase military legalistic indusal Stage(13c-18c)
2、形而上学阶段—寻找事物背后的物质或本性（过渡阶段） 、形而上学阶段 寻找事物背后的物质或本性 过渡阶段） 寻找事物背后的物质或本性（ 在这个阶段，用形而上学（超经验）的抽象概念代替了 超自然的“神力”，用形而上学来解释一切，以求获得关于 事物的本质的绝对知识。 It is a transitional stage between the preceding theological stage and the ensuing positivistic stage. In the metaphysical stage, abstract forces (抽象力量） replace supernatural beings as the explanation for the original causes and purposes of things in the world. Mysterious forces such as “nature” are invoked to explain why things are the way they are.(认为大自然这 样的抽象的力量为万事万物的基础)
学科的排位（hierarchy of the sciences)
Sociology Biology Chemistry Physics Astronomy mathematics 数 天
社会学 生物学 化 学 物 理 文 学 学 学
二、三阶段论(three stages) 三阶段论
1.神学阶段（The Theological Stage） 2.形而上学阶段（The Metaphysical Stage） 3.实证阶段（The Positivistic Stage）
社会的组成元素(the elements of society)
There are three factors in his social statics: 1.Individual(个 ） the individual as imperfect, dominated by “lower” forms of egoism rather than “higher”, more social forms of altruism. In fact ,Comte sees this dominance of egoism as rooted in the brain, which is viewed as having both egoistic and altruistic regions. 2.Family（家 ） it is the family that must play a crucial role in the control of egoism impulses and the emergence of individual altruism the language 3.Social integration the division of labor the religion
三、社会静力学（Social Statics）和 社会静力学（ ） 社会动力学（ 社会动力学（Social Dynamics） ）
孔德把社会学定义为研究社会秩序和社会进步 的科学。按照生物学区分为解剖学和生理学的 的科学 类比，孔德把社会学区分为社会静力学和社会 孔德把社会学区分为社会静力学和社会 动力学两部分。 动力学两部分。社会静力学是孔德关于人类社 会自发秩序的一般理论， 会自发秩序的一般理论，而社会动力学则是关 于人类自然进步的一般理论。 于人类自然进步的一般理论
第二课 孔 德
(1798-1857) (1798-1857)
实证主义社会学的创始人
August Comte and his positivism sociology
本章学习要点(main points) 本章学习要点
●“实证”一词的含义 (what is “positivism”) ●“三阶段论”的主要思想 (the main points of the three stages) ●社会静力学的基本内容 The contents of the social statics ●社会动力学的基本内容 The contents of the social dynamics ●社会学的研究方法 The methods about the sociology
do they exist?).
What this comes down to is the search for absolute knowledge,it is assumed that all phenomena are created,regulated,and given their purposes by forces（超自然的存在物） or beings(gods). supernatural forces
一、“实证”一词的含义 (what is “positivism”)
所谓“实证的”，就是要探寻自然界和人类社 会的永恒不变的规律． Positivism: it is usually used to mean the search for invariant laws of both the natural and the social world. 这种规律可以通过对人类社会的经验调查中获 得，也可来自于对世界的理论思考． The invariable laws can be derived from doing research on the social world or from theorizing about the world.
的各个组成部分的作用和反作用.)
Comte developed a perspective on the parts (or structures) of society, the way in which they function, and their relationship to the larger social system. Comte also saw the parts and the whole of the social system in a state of harmony. the idea of harmony was later transformed by structural functionalists into the concept of equilibrium.
（二）社会动力学（ Social Dynamics ）
人类智力 三阶段 神学阶段 形而上学 阶段 实证阶段 物质阶段 军事时代 法制时代 工业时代 社会组织 家 庭 民族国家 全人类 社会秩序 家庭内部的 集体的 普遍的 占统计地 位的情感 依恋的 崇敬的 仁慈的
Intellectual phase Theological Metaphysical Positive
（一） 社会静力学(Social Statics)
Comte defines the sociological study of social statics as “the investigation of the laws of action and reaction of the different parts of the social system”(即暂时不考虑社会系统的基本运动,去研究该系统
1.The Theological Stage（before 13c)
1、神学阶段——世界的根源是什么？（最低阶段） 、神学阶段 世界的根源是什么？（最低阶段） 世界的根源是什么？（最低阶段 在这个阶段，神学占统治地位，人类解释各种现象的存在， 都归因于超自然的存在物。在这一阶段人类智力的特征是：自 由幻想，寻找事物现象的根源，探索万物的内在本质，追究事 物的最后原因，即要求获得绝对的知识． In this stage ,the human mind is searching for the essential nature of things, particularly their origin(where do they come from?) and their purpose (why
3.The Positivistic Stage( after 18c)
3、实证阶段——寻找现象之间的规律（最高阶段） 、实证阶段 寻找现象之间的规律（最高阶段） 寻找现象之间的规律 在这个阶段，人们不再以虚构的超自然的主体或抽象 的原则来解释经验现象，“不再探索宇宙的起源和目的， 不再求知各种现象的内在原因”。而把知识“局限在经验 事实的范围内”，以“发现现象的实际规律”，即发现它 们的先后不变的关系和相似关系。因此，这一阶段的科学 知识都是经验的、实证的知识。 In this stage ,people look for the invariable people phenomena（获得支配各 natural laws that govern all phenomena 种现象的内在规律）．the search for these laws involves both doing empirical research and theorizing.
Biographical Sketch and Works
In 1798,Auguste Comte was born in Montpelier,France.. his parents were middle class and his father was a tax collector of the local agent. In 1812,he became a student of the Ecole Polytechnique((综 技术学校).but (综 技术学 术学校 ( he and his whole class were dismissed from the School for their rebelliousness and their political ideas in 1816. In 1817 he became a secretary and “adopted son” to Claude Henri Saint-Simon . in 1824 they had a raging out because Comte believed that Saint-Simon wanted to omit his name from one of his contributions. In 1825,He married Caroline Massin(—H罗 娜．马 ) ,in 1842 they divorced. —H罗 娜． —H In 1826,he was begaining to concoct(编 )the Positivism philosophy scheme. In 1830,he worked on the six-volume work for which he is best known ,Cours de Philosophic Positive,which was finally published in its entirety in 1842. In 1844,he made friendship with a lady named 克洛 德． In 1851,he had completed the four-volume Systeme de Politique Positive. in 1857, he was died.