《语用学deixis》PPT课件

The
choice of one type of referring expression rather another seems to be based, to a large extent, on what the speaker assumes the listener already knows. Reference, then, is clearly tied to the speaker’s goal and the speaker’s believe in the use of language. For successful reference to occur, we must recognize the role of inference. Because there is no direct relationship between entities and words, the listener’s task is to infer correctly which entity the speaker intends to identify by 幻 using a particular referring expression.
In a moment Stephen was a prisoner. - Tate made you buck up the other day, Heron went on, about heresy in your essay. - I will tell him tomorrow, said Boland. - Will you? Said Stephen. You’d be afraid to open your mouth. - Afraid? - Ay. Afraid of your life. - Behave yourself? Cried Heron, cutting at Stephen’s legs with his cane.
This thrust put the two lieutenants to silence but Heron went on - In any case Byron was heretic and immortal too. - I don’t care what he was, cried Stephen hotly. - You don’t care whether he was a heretic or not? Said Nash. - What do you know about it? Shouted Stephen. You never read a line of anything in your life except a trans or Boland either. - I know that Byron was a bad man, said Boland. - Here, catch hold of this heretic, Heron called out.
centaurs, goblins, dragons, phoenix,…
In
Leabharlann Baidu
pragmatic sense, we might think of reference as an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener or reader, to identify something. Those linguistic forms are referring expressions, which can be: Proper nouns: Shakespeare, Cathy Revuelto, Hawaii,…. Noun phrases: the author, the singer, the island, …or a man, a woman, a beautiful place,… Pronouns: he, it, her, them,…

• 1996 will be a year of prosperity and peace.
I
asked her:“ Are you planning to be here this evening?” I asked her if she was planning to be there that evening.
1. Debby: Go anywhere today? 2. Dan: Yes, we went down to Como. Up by bus, back by hydrofoil. 3. Debby: Anything to see there? 4. Dan: Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it’s worth the trip. 5.Debby: I might do that next Saturday. 6. Jane: What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns 7. Jack: He means certainly not the most interesting… 8. Dan: Just trying to be politely…
A
horse is a four-legged solid-hoofed animal with flowing mane and tail, used from early times to carry loads, for riding, etc. My horse is white.
Unicorns,
Reference and Inference
•Sense and reference
•Referential and attributive uses
•Names and referents
•The role of co-text •Anaphoric reference
The
sense is the "cognitive significance" or "mode of presentation" of the referent. The sense of a proper name is whatever meaning it has, when there is no object to be indicated. The reference is the object that the expression refers to. The reference (or referent) of a proper name is the object it means or indicates.