地主港

地主港

优势：（1）以政府为主导，有利于港口范围的界定和港口建设长远规划。

（2）通过引进大型物流公司和船公司，有利于港口物流业务和船公司业务的标准化和规范化。

（3）由政府出资兴建港口(码头)，可以解决因港口建设资金较大，回收期较长所带来的港口发展的困难。

（4）国内外大型物流公司、船务公司参与码头的维护和更新，可节省政府对港口的维护更新资金，缓解政府的资金压力。

（5）减少政府的投资风险。因为无论国际贸易对物流产生什么影响，政府的租金都是一定的。

（6）有利于促进港口吞吐量的提高。因为将码头租给大型物流公司或船务公司后，这些公司成为利益相关者，必然会不遗余力地揽货，提升港口经济效益。

Strength: (1) Government sponsored model is benefit for the definition of port scope and long-term planning of port development.

(2) The introduction of large logistics companies and shipping companies is benefit for the standardization and normalization of port logistics business and shipping business.

(3) Building ports funded by the government could solve the problems of large demand for port construction funds and long payback period.

(4) The participation of domestic and foreign large logistic companies and shipping companies in the maintenance and renovation of the wharf could save the government’s maintenance and renovation funds and relieve the government’s capital pressure.

(5) Reducing government investment risks. Because no matter what the impact of international trade on logistics, rent collected by government is fixed.

(6) This mode is benefit to increase port throughput. Because the port is rented to a large logistics company or shipping company, these companies will become stakeholders. We will spare no effort to collect goods and enhance port economic efficiency.

以美国纽约-新泽西港为例，纽约-新泽西港港务局作为“地主”负责港口的规划建造及向港口承租人收取租赁费、管理费等。其资金来源主要是其租赁收费及发行债券的收益。

Take New York and New Jersey port in US for example, The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, as the landlord, conceives, builds, operates and maintains infrastructure critical to the New York/New Jersey region’s trade and transportation network. Its main sources of capital is rental charges and issuing bonds.

我国情况：

我国一些现存的老港，绝大多数是由地方政府全资或控股的港口企业投资并垄断经营。其来源政府投资是港口建设资金的唯一来源。

Most of old large ports in China were invested and monopolized by port enterprises who are wholly owned or controlled by local government.

这些港口企业不以利润最大化为经营目标，而以政府的施政目标为经营目标。我国内地，中央政府投资几乎是当时大中型港口建设资金的唯一来源。

近年来，我国一些港口也在探索地主港模式，嘉兴港、南通港、洋山港、京唐港。还有因为政策原因，一些港口在探索采用PPP模式。

In recently years, some port are trying to use landlord port mode, such as Jiaxing port, Nantong port, Yangshan port, Jingtang port and so on. Some port are trying to use PPP mode.

以京唐港为例：Take Jingtang port as an example:

唐山市港航局：港口管理主体。

Administrstion for Port and Shipping of Tangshan: port’s mana ger

唐山港投资有限公司为“地主”，代表政府拥有港区国有土地、海域的使用和开发权。港口建成后，适当向基础设施使用受益单位收取维护费，向码头承租企业收取租金。

Tangshan Port Co. Ltd (limited) is the landlord who own the usage and development right of state owned land and sea in port area on the government’s behalf. After the completion of construction, maintenance fee and rent is charged from users.

建港初期政府投资形成的港口资产交由该公司管理运营，在后续港口开发建设中航道、码头主要由该公司投资运行.

In the initial time, the capital of port construction is invested by government, and then port assets are transferred to Tangshan Port Company. In the subsequent port development and construction, the capital is invested by this company.

京唐港股份有限公司为港口经营主体，向唐山港口投资公司租赁或者与之合作建设码头，自行建设堆场、仓库和购置装卸设备等经营性设施，对港口业务实行综合经营，并陆续将一些辅助性业务和配套设施让渡给民营企业实行专业化经营。目前已发展18 家民营港口公司。

Jingtang Port Co. Ltd is the operator who rent port from Tangshan Port Co. Ltd or collaborate with it to build wharf and other operating facilities, and make comprehensive operation of port business, and then successively transfer some auxiliary businesses and supporting facilities to private enterprises for specialized operation.