12 状语与状语从句

状语与状语从句
一、什么是状语、状语从句
状语：是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句用的。

如：
He works hard.
状语的位置：
1）修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前。

如：
The Summer Palace is very beautiful.
2）修饰动词的状语有的放在动词前，有的放在动词后。

若动词有宾语，状语一般须放在宾语之后。

如：He often comes here to see me.
He plays football well.
状语从句：用一个句子（从句）来做另一个句子（主句）的状语，用作状语的句子就叫做状语从句。

做什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句。

例如条件状语从句就是用一个句子来作条件状语。

二、状语从句的分类。

（1）时间状语从句
凡是从句都必须有引导词，引导时间状语从句的词有when, before, after, until, as soon as, while等，具体用法如下：1.when意为“当……时”，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。

如：
We were about to leave when he came in. （就在那时）
When I had read the article, he called me. （从句动作发生在主句之前）
When I got to the cinema, the film had begun. （从句的动作发生在主句之后）
When 引导的时间状语从句，when的从句可以用延续性动词，也可以用瞬间动词。

When she came in, I was eating. (瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.（延续性的动词）
2.while引导的时间状语从句，意为“在……期间”，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。

while的从句中常用延续
性动词或表示状态的词。

如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)
While也可以用作并列连词，表示转折关系，相当于but，意为“然而”。

如：
I like listening to music, while my brother likes doing sports.
3. before 意为“在……之前”，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。

如：
We cleaned the classroom before we left school yesterday.
after 意为“在……之后”，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。

He called me after he finished his work.
4. since引导的时间状语从句，意为“自从……”，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。

如：
I have lived in China since I came here 10 years ago.
常用句型：It is +时间段+since从句意为：自从……有多长时间了。

如：
It is six years since she left her country.
5. until 意为“直到……”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。

当主句的谓语动词是持续性动词时，主句常用肯定形式，当主句的谓语动词是非持续性动词时，从句常用否定形式，not……until……意为“直到……才……”，这时until可以用before来替换。

I worked until he came back.
I didn't go to bed until my father came back.
6. as soon as 意为“一……就……”，表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生。

如：
I’ll tell him about it as soon as he comes back.
用when，while，as soon as，not…until填空
1. The car hit the man he was crossing the road.
2. I’ll tell you the good news I get there.
3. He go to bed 11 o’clock last night.
4. The accident happened I got off the bus.
5. Sports build the body reading builds the mind.
(2) 条件状语从句
1. 条件状语从句通常用if，unless引导。

如：
What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?
Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.
2. 在条件状语从句里，谓语动词常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。

（主将从现）如：
I’ll help you with your English if Iam free tomorrow.
He won’t be late unless he is ill.
3.“祈使句+and（or）+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。

如：
Hurry up, or you’ll be late. = If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.
Study hard and you will pass the exam.= If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
翻译下列句子
1.如果明天有空，我会和你一起去公园。

2.如果明天他不来，我会自己去的。

3.如果你不给花浇水，它们就会死亡。

(3) 原因状语从句
1. 原因状语从句通常由because，since，as引导。

如：
He didn't come to school because he was ill.
As it is raining, we shall not go to the zoo.
Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.
2. because表示直接原因，语气最强。

Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。

回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。

As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因，它们引导的原因状语从句常放在句首。

如：Why aren’t you going there? --Because I don't want to.
As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.
4.because和so不能同时用在一个句子里。

5.for语气最弱，它所引导的分句必须放在主句后面，起补充说明的作用。

如：
Put on more clothes, for it’s cold outside.
填入适当的引导词
1. I don't need to explain it everyone knows the truth.
2. He will not go to the cinema he is very busy.
3. we’ve no money, we can’t buy it.
4. He must be ill, he is absent today.
5. the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
(4) 地点状语从句
常用where和wherever引导。

如：
Where there is a will, there is a way.
You should put the book where you found it.
(5) 目的、结果状语从句
目的状语从句：常用的引导连词有so that和in order that。

意为：以便，为了。

如：
I get up early so that I can catch the bus.
He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam.
目的状语从句可以用动词不定式来替换做目的状语。

We work hard to finish the work in a week.
结果状语从句：常用的引导词有so…that, such…that。

So修饰形容词、副词，such修饰名词。

如：
He was so angry that he couldn’t speak.
He runs so fast that none of us can catch up with him.
He is such a clever boy that we all like him.
填空
1. You must speak louder you can be heard by all.
2. I got up early I could catch the first bus.
3. We’ll sit near the front we can hear better.
4. Everyone lend a hand, the sowing was done in time.
5. He is a nice boy everyone likes him.
(6) 让步状语从句
常用引导词：though，although，even if，even though
Although I respect him, I can’t agree with him.
不能和but连用。

如
Although he was ill, he came to school yesterday.
He was ill, but he came to school yesterday.
三、主句与从句时态一致的问题。

在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分为下列两种情况：
1.若主句是祈使句，或主句中有情态动词，或主句中谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句用一般现时在表示一般
将来时。

如：
Be careful when you cross the road.
Put up your hand if you have any questions to ask.
You must stop when the lights are red.
2.若主从句谓语动词都是陈述过去，那么主从句都可以用一般过去时。

如：
She could sing when she was four years old.
练习
选择填空
（）1.I know nothing about the news _____ my friend told me yesterday.
A. because
B. since
C. until
D. after
（）2. I will tell him if I _______ him.
A. saw
B. will see
C. seeing
D. see
（）3. I am sleepy ______ I didn’t sleep well last night.
A. when
B. that
C. because
D. so
（）4. They won’t be back until the work________.
A. do
B. does
C. is done
D. will do
（）5.--- When will you call me?
--- I will call you as soon as _______ in Shanghai.
A. arrive
B. arrives
C. arriving
D. will arrive
（）6. I’ll go to cinema this Sunday_________.
A. if it will be sunny
B. if I’m free
C. when I have no time
D. because I’m busy.
（）7. Don’t worry. I’ll tell Mrs. White _____she comes back.
A. when
B. how
C. why
D. where
（）8. _______he studies hard, _______he doesn’t pass the exam.
A. Though, but
B. Though, /
C. But, Though
D. But, /
（）9. It has been two months since I ______my hometown.
A. leave
B. will leave
C. left
D. have left
（）10. The coat is ______ expensive _____ I can’t afford it.
A. such, that
B. so, but
C. so, that
D. such, that
句型转换
11. Wang Xiao didn’t go to school. She had a fever. （合并为一个复合句）
Wang Xiao didn’t go to school _________she had a fever.
12. If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass the exam. （改为同义句）
You won’t pass the exam _______ you study hard.
13. I am 15. My brother is 13. （合并为一个复合句）
I am two years older ________my brother.
14. It’s raining heavily, but I still go to school. （改为同义句）
I still go to school _________ it’s raining heavily.
15. I have been in the army for three years. （改为同义句）
three years I joined the army.
翻译句子
16. I will show him the new book as soon as he _______________. （到这儿来）
17. What will she do when she _____________? （长大）
18. We will go out to play if it _____________ tomorrow. （不下雪）
19. While my mother ____________, someone knocked at the door. （做饭）
20. Turn off the lights before you __________________. （离开教室）。