高考英语语法突破：词性转换(构词法)

第三讲 词性转换(构词法)

[思维导图

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一、动词、形容词转化为名词的规律

1．动词变名词的后缀

2.形容词变名词的后缀

二、名词、动词转化为形容词的规律

[名师指津] －ed 形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”，通常修饰人；－ing 形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”，通常修饰物或事。

三、形容词转化为副词的规律

厘清两种情况，突破词性转换

从句法功用上看，厘清“修饰与

被修饰”

1．名词在句中作宾语，被冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词所修饰

[例1] She is determined to carry on with her________(educate)．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)

[分析] education [前面有形容词性物主代词her ，此处应该使用动词educate 的名词形式education 作宾语。]

[例2] Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius ，who lived from

roughly 551 to 479 B．C.，influenced the________(develop)of chopsticks.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)

[分析] development[根据空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此处需要名词。] 2．形容词在句中作定语，常放在名词之前

[例3] It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)

[分析] suddenly→sudden[此处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词stop，表示“突然的停止”。]

3．形容词在句中作表语，常放在be，get，become，remain等系动词后

[例4] At one time，I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I cou ld be freely from them.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)

[分析] freely→free[此处需要用形容词作表语。be free from them“摆脱他们”。]

4．形容词在句中作宾语补足语，之前常有使役动词、感官动词或介词with加名词或代词

[例5] As I walked，I looked up，trying to realize what made this day so ________(beauty)．

[分析] beautiful[使役动词make之后跟复合宾语，用形容词作宾语补足语。] 5．副词在句中修饰动词

[例6] The title will be________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)

[分析] officially[此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我。分析句子结构可知，应该使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。] 6．副词在句中修饰形容词或其他副词

[例7] Dad and I were terrible worried.(全国卷Ⅱ)

[分析] terrible→terribly[此处应用副词terribly修饰形容词worried。]

7．副词用在句首，修饰整个句子，表示状态、原因等

[例8] ________(lucky)，he also had a cow which produced milk every day.(广东高考)

[分析] Luckily[此处为副词用于句首，表示状态。]

8．要特别注意有使役用法的动词的分词形式用作形容词时的区别。

如amazed常修饰人的内心感受，表示“吃惊的”；amazing常修饰事物，表示“令人吃惊的”。

[例9] There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and________(disappoint)．(新课标全国卷Ⅱ)

[分析] disappointed[disappointed和前面的anxious并列，表示人的内心活动，应使用－ed形式的形容词，此处表示“他们中有些人看起来既焦虑又失望”。]

从“词性”变化上看，厘清“词形”的变化特点

词形变化是重点，注意特殊形式和变化特点：以－e结尾加－ly，切记true需把－e去；－ble，－ple都是去－e把－y加。另外需注意形副同形词。

[例10] Instead，he hopes that his business will grow steady.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)

[分析] steady→steadily[谓语动词grow是不及物动词，意为“增长，增强”，此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。] [例11] Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ________ (regular)．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)

[分析] regularly[此处需要用副词修饰谓语动词短语“take short breaks”。]

[例12] My uncles immediate jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.(陕西高考) [分析] immediate→immediately[此处修饰“jumped up”，故应用副词形式。]