美国描写主义和结构主义语言学

1.
Edward Sapir
Like Boas, he was an eminent anthropological linguist. Sapir undertook the description of American Indian languages. The only book Sapir wrote, “Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech”. His Language deals with a wide range of problems, such as the elements of speech, the sounds of language, grammatical concepts, types of linguistic structure, and historical changes, etc.
1. New Literary History： one of the best journals in literary theory and research, as a journal of theory and interpretation, published four times a year. 2. Critical Inquiry one of the best journals in literary and cultural criticism and cultural studies, as a journal of literary and cultural studies, published four times a year. 3. SAQ(The South Atlantic Quarterly) a journal of literary and critical studies, published four times a year.
American Structuralism
第三讲
英文学术期刊 Discourse Processes Discourse Studies Journal of Communication Journal of Linguistic Anthropology Journal of Pragmatics Journal of Sociolinguistics Language and Communication Pragmatics Written Communication Text Journal of Second Language Writing
a journal of translation studies, published four times a year
General Introduction to Structural Linguistics 1. Research focus (1) Focus on form (2) Synchronic viewpoints 2. Merits (1) Structural analysis, discovering structures and patterns in English (2) The analysis of the process of linguistic behaviour
SSCI全称Social
Sciences Citation Index, 沿袭前者的模式,创立于1956年，后于1994年 和1998年两次扩大调整来源期刊数量，现收 录1,765种用西方主要语言出版的社会科学期 刊，主要涉及政治学、法学、经济学和管理 学，少数用社会科学实证方法进行研究的教 育学、语言学和文化研究的期刊也收录其中, 但不包括人文学科的论文。
4. Comparative Literature Studies a journal of comparative literature and cultural studies, published four times a year in English. 5. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology
Boas
discussed the framework of descriptive linguistics. He held that such an description consisted of three parts: 1. The sound of language 2. The semantic categories of linguistic expression 3. The process of grammatical combination He considered the study of grammatical categories peculiar to each language to be the most important task of linguist.

American
Structuralism developed in three stages Boas and Sapir (1911-1932) Bloomfield (1933-1950) Harris (1951-1956) The American linguistic landscape of the 1920s and 1930s was quite different from that of Europe. There was a practical focus on the immediate task of recording and describing those aboriginal languages.
The
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Our language helps mould our way of thinking. Linguistic relativity: the distinctions of meaning between related terms in a language are often arbitrary and particular to that language. Linguistic determinism: a person’s world view is largely determined by the vocabulary and syntax available in his or her language.
5. His methodology is analytical. 6. Boas regarded linguistics as part of anthropology. His influence on linguistics in North American was as powerful as that of Saussure in Europe. Boas 不沿袭欧洲的语言学传统来描写即将灭绝 的印第安语言，从而创建了一整套崭新的分 析语言的程序，并且以经验为指导，按照严 格的程序记载和描写印第安语言。这在当时 情况下，不失为一种简便而有效的方法。
1.
2.
3.
4.
Franz Boas The father the authentically scientific study of language in North America The Handbook of American Indian Languages written by Boas marks a major turning point in the study of linguistics in America. Each language should be studied in its own terms. The task of the linguist is to discover for each language the categories of description appropriate to it. This view may be called structuralism. Morphology and syntax occupied much more of his attention.
Sapir’s
Language (1921) took a more humanistic view of language. He laid great stress on its cultural importance, and on the prevailing cognitive character of language. These aspects gave to many of his theoretical statement an aura of vagueness.
Leonard
Bloomfield is often considered to be the father of structuralist linguistics in America. He greatly improved Boas’s theory and brought descriptive linguistics to a new stage as a science. He conceived of language as a complex of stimulus-response relationship. The study of meaning was somewhat neglected in his task.
2.
3.
4.
5. The relation between language and thought ● they are intimately related ● language is the means, and thought is the end product: without language, thought is impossible. ●Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 6. Universal features of language. Language is the oldest human legacy, and no other aspects of any culture can be earlier than its language. 7. Sபைடு நூலகம்pir emphasized the necessity of describing specific languages, but failed to formulate any complete analytical procedures.
TESOL Quarterly Applied Linguistics Journal of Language Learning System
SCI：Science Citation Index Expanded （1994-） 收录5,700多种科学技术期刊
SSCI： Social Sciences Citation Index （1998-） 收录1,700多种社会科学期刊 A&HCI ：Arts & Humanities Citation Index （2002-） 收录1,400多种艺术与人文类期刊
It
is increasingly considered that when all people realize that no matter which language you speak or which cultural norms you are used to, everyone is capable of intellectual thoughts, poetic visions, technical jargons and personal feelings according to their own experience.