概念合成理论

• Conceptual blending is a basic mental operation that leads to new meaning, global insight, and conceptual compressions useful for memory and manipulation of otherwise diffuse ranges of meaning.
1.1 The origins of Blending Theory
• Conceptual Blending Theory was brought to prominence by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. It derives from two traditions within cognitive semantics: Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Mental Spaces Theory.
2.Vital Relations and Compression
2.1 Compression 2.2 A taxonomy of vital relations and their compressions
2.1 Compression
• An important function of blending is the provision of global insight. According to Fauconnier &Turner, conceptual blending achieves this by reducing complexity to human scale∶the scope of human experience.
Fauconnier &Turner(2002:311) indicate that "a relation can be compressed into the strict form of this relation.Also one or more relations can be compressed into another relation. At the beginning of blending, a new relation is created.“ Their viewpoint tells us that compression in conceptual blending is a vital instrument for realizing integration.
• 1、组合(composition)是将两个或两个以上的输入空间的 内容投射到合成空间。并在输入空间之间形成以前不存在 的新关系。
• 2、完善(completion)是指当来自输入空间的投射结构与 长时记忆中的信息结构相匹配时,在合成空间中被激活的 模式就会借助背景图式知识、认知和文化模式而不断完善。
Conceptual Blending
Outlines:
Part 1:Introduction of Conceptual Blenging Part 2:Vital Relations and Compression Part 3:A Taxonomy of Integration Networks, Multiple Blending and Constraining Blending Theory Part 4:Comparing Blending Theory with Conceptual Metaphor Part 5:Applications of Conceptual Blending Part 6:Drawbacks and Conclusion
• 心智空间是人们阅读、思考、写作时建构的概念包，是人的体 验、知识、社会存在体中的产物。概念包是局部的理解和行为。 每个心智空间拥有它的范畴成员，范畴成员在同一心智空间内 是互相关联的，这些成员和关系组成了概念包。不同空间里的 成员和关系之间也可以建立映射。
Fauconnier and Turner’s definition of conceptual blending
•在整合中，关系变化（change）是最常见的不可缺少的，变化能将一个 成员与另一个成员连接起来，将一个成员组同另一个成员组连接起来。
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•There is no change where there is no connection. Where there is no connection there is no conceptual blending.
1.1 The origins of Blending Theory
1.2 The elements of conceptual blending 1.3 Three component processes concerning
emergent structure 1.4 Constitutive processes of Blending Theory
心智空间连通的本质是概念关系的连通，一定的概念关系被压缩进 心智空间，而且被压缩进心智空间的关系都是极重要的不可缺少的 关系（vital relation）.
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范畴关系 部分与整体 身份关系 时空关系
2.2 A taxonomy of vital relations and their compressions
压缩
离散物（diffuse） 获得整体视界（global insight） 强化关系（relations） 提出方案（story） 由许多到单一（one）
Actually, the essence of conceptual blending is the relation blending, because information input spaces are connected with each other by relations. According to Fauconnier &Turner, input spaces are not connected at random but connected through vital relations. Thus they put forward a set of vital relations.
How does the negative assessment of incompetence arise?
Analysis from Conceptual Metaphor Theory
(Evans & Green 2006: 402)
1.3 Three component processes concerning emergent structure
•Compression is a familiar conception to people, such as compressed files, compressed food and compressor. Compression is an important conception that people can't live without it, whereas what people know about compression is only related to objects. The terms conceptual compression and relation compression are completely new to people.
没有变化就没有连通，没有连通也就没有单体与单体、 集与集之间的概念集合。从这个意义上说，概念与概念 整合受空间与空间之间变化这一关系的制约，所以，概 念整合过程是心智活动的动态过程。
心理空间理论（Mental Spaces Theory）
• Fauconnier于1985年最早提出“心智空间”这一术语，并将其 描写为“小概念包（Small Conceptual Packet）”, 是指人 们进行交谈和思考时为了达到当下的理解与行动的目的而构建 的，是通过框架和认知模型所形成的结构。（Fauconnier & Turner 1996:113）
• In their studies, both observed that in many cases meaning construction appears to derive from structure that is apparently unavailable in linguistic or conceptual structure that functions as the input to the meaning construction process. Blending Theory thus emerged from their attempts to account for this observation.
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(Fauconnier & Turner 2002: 46)
1.2 The elements of conceptual blending
• 输入空间（Input Space）：由独立认知域的信息所构成 的空间。
2.2.1 Change and Compress
•Change: It is a general vital relation which connects the elements to another and sets of elements to other sets. It also has something with time and cultural elements.
•可以把一种关系压缩成这种关系的严密形式，也可以把一种关系 或者多种关系压缩进入另一种关系。在整合中，从一开始就创造了 新关系。
Overarching goal of blending --achieve human scale
Notable subgoals of blending --Compress what I s diffuse --Obtain global insight --Strengthen vital relations --Come up with a story --Go from many to one
概念整合的本质是关系的整合，因为信息输入空
间与空间之间的连通靠的是关系，而且关系是必 不可少的，关系将空间与空间连通起来才形成了 认知网络。空间与空间之间的连通关系主要表现 为：
因果关系（cause-effect relation） 时间关系、空间关系（time, space relation） 身份连通关系（identity relation） 部分与整体关系（part-whole relation） 特征、范畴、意图关系
• 3、扩展(elaboration)是指合成空间中的结构可以根据它 自身的层创逻辑在合成空间中进行认知运作,运用人们的 想象力可以根据层创结构对细节进行无限的扩展。
1.4 Constitutive processes of Blending Theory
(Evans & Green 2006: 404)
• 类属空间（Generic Space）：抽象反映出输入空间共同 的、常见的组织和结构。
• 合成空间（Blended Space）：对输入空间里的概念进行 整合操作。合成空间从两个输入空间中提取部分结构, 形成新创结构（Emergent Structure）。
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