考研英语语法之非谓语动词

非谓语动词

非谓语动词是指那些在剧中不能单独充当句子位于成分的动词形式。基本形式有四种：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）、分词（participle）、和独立主格结构（absolute structure）。

一、不定式

动词不定式是非谓语动词中使用最广泛的一种，在句子中，它除了做谓语外，可以担当其他任何成分，可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。它在句中其名词、形容词

举例：

It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.

He seems to be eating something.

According to your market report, demand seems to be returning.

The local health organization is reported to have been set up twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audio became its first president.

不定式的语法功能：

1) 作主语

The traditional rule was that it’s safer (to stay where you are), but that’s been f undamentally inverted. The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.

2) 作宾语

Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events.

He feels it his duty to help others.

3) 作表语

But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.

4) 作定语

Tom made the decision to go around the world in three years all alone.

She has the ambition to learn other languages.

The pressure to compete causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a

constant emotional strain.

5) 作状语

A sad thing about life is when you meet someone and fall in love, only to find out in the end that you have wasted years on someone who wasn’t worth it.

6) 作补语

The man was seen to fall heavily to the ground and never get up again.

注：使役动词如make、let、have等以及感官动词hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to，但是在被动语态中不可省略。例如我们说see sb play on the ground，但被动态中我们说sb is seen to play on the ground。

不带to的动词不定式

1. 在do…but/except结构中，当but或except前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后接不带to

的动词不定式。

The train is late, and I can do nothing but wait.

比较：There was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call in the police.

2. 在had better, would rather/sooner…than…, rather…than, would just as soon, might just as

well, cannot (help) but…等之后都必须接动词原形。

Tom cannot but ask his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has encountered in doing the project.

3. 在do far more than后面不定式省略to。

In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.

4. 在感官动词或使役动词，如hear, listen to, feel, see, look at, watch, notice, observe, perceive,

let, make, bid, have, note, leave等之后，不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。

She felt someone pat her on the head.

for + 名（代）词+ 不定式

It’s just inconceivable for a child to do that job.

That is for you to decide.

It’s time for us to go.

He stood aside for her to pass.

不定式的完成式：

1. 不定式的一般式to do不能表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作，若要表达此意，需用to have

done

Albert Einstein, the great American scientist, is estimated to have had the incredible IQ of 200.

2. 表示非真实的过去，本打算做但实际上没有实现的动作，如mean, intend, think, plan, hope,

wish, purpose, would/should like, was/were等。