generalrinciples连淑能《英译汉教程》
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Chapter 1 General Principles
❖ The Definitions of Translation ❖ The Categories of Translation ❖ The Assessment of Translation ❖ The Competence of A Translator ❖ Translation Strategies ❖ Translation Processes
❖“文、质”之争
❖the conflict between “ornament” and “substance”
❖the rhetoric and expressiveness of translation; the importance of readability.
❖主张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修 辞和通顺; 强调译文的可读性；
——王宏印
❖ 翻译是许多语言活动中的一种,它是用一 种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容 重新表现出来的语言实践活动。翻译是 一门艺术,是语言艺术的再创造。
——冯庆华
❖ 翻译是把一种语言（即源语）的信息用 另一种语言（即译语）表达出来，使译 文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想，得 到与原文读者大致相同的感受。
❖ “faithfulness” : fundamental principle; literal translation
❖ “smoothness” had priority over “faithfulness”, for the reader of the target language preferred a translation easy to read.
❖Function of the three-character principle by Yan Fu
❖a milestone in China’s translation history
❖extracts the essence from Buddhist translation studies of the Han and Tang Dynasties;
❖ ——《鲁迅全集》
❖ “翻译，的确可以帮助我们造出许多新的 字眼，新的句法，丰富的词汇和细腻的 精密的正确的表现。因此，我们既然进 行着创造中国现代的新的言语的斗争， 我们对于翻译，就不能够不要求：绝对 的正确和绝对的中国白话文。”
—Nida ＆ Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation
❖ 翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息 最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而 言，其次是就文体而言。 ——奈达
❖ Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and /or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.
❖ 译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。 ——唐·贾公彦：《义疏》
❖ 把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语 言表达出来的活动。 ——《中国大百科全书·语言文字卷》
❖ 翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。 ——刘宓庆
❖ 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表 达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出 来的语言活动。 ——张培基等：《英汉翻译教程》
❖ 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用 另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活 动。 ——王克非
❖
❖ 翻译是一种语言文字的实践,是利用一种 语言文字将另一种语言文字所表达的思想 确切而完善地重新表达出来的实践。 ——汪涛、黄新渠
❖
黄 新 渠 译
❖ 翻译是以译者为主体,以语言为转换媒介 的创造性思维活动。所谓翻译,就是把见 诸于一种语言的文本用另一种语言准确 而完整地再造出来,使译作获得与原作相 当的文献价值或文学价值。
❖ The Book of Changes says that the purpose of rhetoric is to ensure truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in writing. He also says that writings without elegance do not last. These three principles point to good writing and should be observed as the codes of practice of translation. So, apart from faithfulness and expressiveness, elegance is also to be aimed at.
1. languages involved
translation from native language into a foreign language and vice versa.
2. working style oral translation/ interpreting 口译
(consecutive interpreting CI交替传译; simultaneous interpreting SI同声传译 ) ;
— Alexander Fraser Tytler
❖ 好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移
注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家
的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，
如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受
的一样。
——泰特勒
❖Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.
——范仲英：《实用翻译教程》
❖ to turn from one language into another —The Oxford English Dictionary
❖ to turn into one’s own or aБайду номын сангаасother language —Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language
❖the faithfulness and intelligibility of translation
❖beautiful words are not faithful, and faithful words are not beautiful
❖主张“质”的翻译家则强调翻译的 不增不减，强调翻译的忠实性。
❖ “翻译必须有异国情调，就是所谓洋气。其实 世界上也不会有完全归化的译文，倘有，就是 貌合神离，从严辨别起来，它算不得翻译。凡 是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解， 一则保存着原作的丰姿，但这保存，却又常常 和易懂相矛盾：看不惯了。不过它原是洋鬼子， 当然谁也看不惯，为比较的顺眼起见，只能改 换他的衣裳，却不该削低他的鼻子，剜掉他的 眼睛。我是不主张削鼻剜眼的，所以有的地方， 仍然宁可译得不顺口。”
— Roger Bell
❖翻译是把第一种语言（源语）语篇 所表达的东西用第二种语言（目的 语）重新表达出来，尽量保持语义 与文体方面的等值。
❖ Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language).
❖ 严复－“信、达、雅” ❖ faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance
❖In translating there are three things that are difficult to achieve: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. To be faithful to the original is already very difficult, and yet a translation faithful but not expressiveness comes to no translation at all. Therefore, expressiveness has to be given weight.
— John Catford
翻译是把一种语言（源语）的文字材料 转换成另一种语言（译语）的对等的文 字材料。
❖翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言 在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所 业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地 表达出来。 ——安德烈·费道罗夫
❖ 翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持 内容方面（也就是意义）不变的情况 下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的 过程。 ——巴尔胡达罗夫
—Perter Newmark.
Approaches to Translation
❖ A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
❖opens a new era for modern translation studies.
❖ 鲁迅&瞿秋白 vs. 赵景深
❖ dichotomy between “faithfulness” and “smoothness”
❖ The focus of the debate was which principle should take priority in translating.
written translation 笔译.
3. different ways of handling absolute translation (全译) ; selective translation (摘译); translation with reconstruction (编译).
❖4. translation materials ❖ general translation ❖ specialized-subject translation ❖ literary translation, etc.
❖ Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia Encyclopedia
❖ Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
❖ The Definitions of Translation ❖ The Categories of Translation ❖ The Assessment of Translation ❖ The Competence of A Translator ❖ Translation Strategies ❖ Translation Processes
❖“文、质”之争
❖the conflict between “ornament” and “substance”
❖the rhetoric and expressiveness of translation; the importance of readability.
❖主张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修 辞和通顺; 强调译文的可读性；
——王宏印
❖ 翻译是许多语言活动中的一种,它是用一 种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容 重新表现出来的语言实践活动。翻译是 一门艺术,是语言艺术的再创造。
——冯庆华
❖ 翻译是把一种语言（即源语）的信息用 另一种语言（即译语）表达出来，使译 文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想，得 到与原文读者大致相同的感受。
❖ “faithfulness” : fundamental principle; literal translation
❖ “smoothness” had priority over “faithfulness”, for the reader of the target language preferred a translation easy to read.
❖Function of the three-character principle by Yan Fu
❖a milestone in China’s translation history
❖extracts the essence from Buddhist translation studies of the Han and Tang Dynasties;
❖ ——《鲁迅全集》
❖ “翻译，的确可以帮助我们造出许多新的 字眼，新的句法，丰富的词汇和细腻的 精密的正确的表现。因此，我们既然进 行着创造中国现代的新的言语的斗争， 我们对于翻译，就不能够不要求：绝对 的正确和绝对的中国白话文。”
—Nida ＆ Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation
❖ 翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息 最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而 言，其次是就文体而言。 ——奈达
❖ Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and /or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.
❖ 译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。 ——唐·贾公彦：《义疏》
❖ 把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语 言表达出来的活动。 ——《中国大百科全书·语言文字卷》
❖ 翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。 ——刘宓庆
❖ 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表 达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出 来的语言活动。 ——张培基等：《英汉翻译教程》
❖ 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用 另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活 动。 ——王克非
❖
❖ 翻译是一种语言文字的实践,是利用一种 语言文字将另一种语言文字所表达的思想 确切而完善地重新表达出来的实践。 ——汪涛、黄新渠
❖
黄 新 渠 译
❖ 翻译是以译者为主体,以语言为转换媒介 的创造性思维活动。所谓翻译,就是把见 诸于一种语言的文本用另一种语言准确 而完整地再造出来,使译作获得与原作相 当的文献价值或文学价值。
❖ The Book of Changes says that the purpose of rhetoric is to ensure truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in writing. He also says that writings without elegance do not last. These three principles point to good writing and should be observed as the codes of practice of translation. So, apart from faithfulness and expressiveness, elegance is also to be aimed at.
1. languages involved
translation from native language into a foreign language and vice versa.
2. working style oral translation/ interpreting 口译
(consecutive interpreting CI交替传译; simultaneous interpreting SI同声传译 ) ;
— Alexander Fraser Tytler
❖ 好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移
注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家
的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，
如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受
的一样。
——泰特勒
❖Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.
——范仲英：《实用翻译教程》
❖ to turn from one language into another —The Oxford English Dictionary
❖ to turn into one’s own or aБайду номын сангаасother language —Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language
❖the faithfulness and intelligibility of translation
❖beautiful words are not faithful, and faithful words are not beautiful
❖主张“质”的翻译家则强调翻译的 不增不减，强调翻译的忠实性。
❖ “翻译必须有异国情调，就是所谓洋气。其实 世界上也不会有完全归化的译文，倘有，就是 貌合神离，从严辨别起来，它算不得翻译。凡 是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解， 一则保存着原作的丰姿，但这保存，却又常常 和易懂相矛盾：看不惯了。不过它原是洋鬼子， 当然谁也看不惯，为比较的顺眼起见，只能改 换他的衣裳，却不该削低他的鼻子，剜掉他的 眼睛。我是不主张削鼻剜眼的，所以有的地方， 仍然宁可译得不顺口。”
— Roger Bell
❖翻译是把第一种语言（源语）语篇 所表达的东西用第二种语言（目的 语）重新表达出来，尽量保持语义 与文体方面的等值。
❖ Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language).
❖ 严复－“信、达、雅” ❖ faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance
❖In translating there are three things that are difficult to achieve: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. To be faithful to the original is already very difficult, and yet a translation faithful but not expressiveness comes to no translation at all. Therefore, expressiveness has to be given weight.
— John Catford
翻译是把一种语言（源语）的文字材料 转换成另一种语言（译语）的对等的文 字材料。
❖翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言 在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所 业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地 表达出来。 ——安德烈·费道罗夫
❖ 翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持 内容方面（也就是意义）不变的情况 下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的 过程。 ——巴尔胡达罗夫
—Perter Newmark.
Approaches to Translation
❖ A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
❖opens a new era for modern translation studies.
❖ 鲁迅&瞿秋白 vs. 赵景深
❖ dichotomy between “faithfulness” and “smoothness”
❖ The focus of the debate was which principle should take priority in translating.
written translation 笔译.
3. different ways of handling absolute translation (全译) ; selective translation (摘译); translation with reconstruction (编译).
❖4. translation materials ❖ general translation ❖ specialized-subject translation ❖ literary translation, etc.
❖ Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia Encyclopedia
❖ Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.