句子结构和宾语从句
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第一讲句子结构+宾语从句
姓名:分数:
知识点一句子结构
(一)、句子的基本成分
句子的基本成分有以下几种:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。
1、主语:句子的主体,全句述说的对象。一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句
担当,位于句首。
The boy needs a pen.
Smoking is bad for you.
2、谓语:说明主语的动作或状态。由动词或系动词加表语担任,常置于主语后。The train
leaves at 6 o’clock.
She is reading.
3、宾语:表示动作的对象。一般由名词或代词担当,常置于谓语后。
He won the game.
He likes playing computer.
4、表语:用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。一般由名词或形容词担任,置于系动
词之后。
He is a student.
We are tired.
注意:除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,
1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。
2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。
3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。
5、定语:对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。
The black bike is mine.(形容词)
The boy in blue is Jim.(介词短语)
I have nothing to do today.(动词不定式)
注意:1、当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something 等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如:I tell him something interesting.
2、不定式、短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如:
The boys who are in the room are playing games.
6、状语:用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。
1、修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;
I am very sorry.
2、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首。
In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.
They are writing English in the classroom.
3、一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于
be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。
We often help him. He is always late for class.
7、补语:补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。
He made me sad.(形容词)
She asks me to take an umbrella.(不定式)
The war made him a soldier.(名词)
I find him at home.(介词短语)
I saw a cat running along the wall.(分词)
8、同位语:同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和
情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。
Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.
I myself will do the experiment.
She is the oldest among them six.
(二)基本句型
1.主+谓:谓语动词为不及物动词。例如:
The children are sleeping.
Everyone laughed.
2.主+谓+宾:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。例如:
I want a new phone.
3.主+谓+连系动词:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明
主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有:be(是),become(成为),get(变
得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等。如:The rose smells sweet.
You look pretty.
4. 主+谓+宾+宾:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其
中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词
有:answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,
sing,take,teach,tell,write等。如:
My mum gives me birthday present every year.
5.主+谓+宾+补:谓语动词后面虽然加了一个宾语,但是意思还不完整,必须加上另外
一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明例如:
We made him our spokesman.
We elected Xi Jinping president.
(三) 宾语从句.
一.宾语从句的种类
宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或
形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语
和非正式文体中可以省略。例如:
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如:
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe?
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?
I don’t know why the train is late.
3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如: