高三英语总复习之时态和语态

高三英语总复习之时态和语态
一·构成
二．用法
1.一般现在时
1).表示经常性或习惯性动作
Tom often goes to school by bike.
2). 表示客观事实或普遍真理
The sun rises in the east.
3).表示现存的性质，能力或状态。

You see what I mean.
4) 表示按计划安排好了的将要发生的动作。

这种情况仅限于少数动词（come
/go/leave/arrive/start/take off/close/open/end/stop/depart/return,etc）
The train leaves at 10 am.
The fikm starts at 9:30.
5).在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，从句常用一般现在时表示将来的动作或状态。

（常由when/if/after/befer/as/as soon as/the minute/the next time/in case/till/untill/unless/so long as/wherever/whenever,etc引导，但要注意主句的谓语动词必须用一般将来时）
I’ll write you a letter as soon as I get there .
Wherever you go ,I will follow you.
You’ll be warmly welcomed whenever you come.
2. 现在进行时
1).表示此时此刻正在发生的动作
We are playing basketball now.
I am reading a ltter from one of my old friends.
2) 表示现阶段正在发生的动作,常与these days/this week 等连用
I’m writing a novel these days.
3) 与always/constantly/forever/still等连用，表示赞赏、埋怨、厌恶等感情色彩，并不表示动作正在进行。

My yonger brother is constantly losing keys.
He is always coming late.
4) 表式位置移动的词经常可用进行时来表示将来，常用的动词有come/go/leave/start/fly/arrive etc.
试比较：
He works in Shanghai.
He is working in Shanghai this year.
3. 现在完成时
1). 表示过去的动作对现在造成的结果或影响，常与非延续性动词连用，并常带不确定的时间状语，如already/ever/never etc.
I have read this story somewhere before.
He has finished reading the book already.
2).表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在，通常用延续性动词。

常与表示一段时间状语连用，如：for a long time /for …years/since 1990/these years etc.
I’ve taught English for 15 years.
Where have yoy been all these years?
3). 现在完成时可以表示过去的动作对现在来讲已成为经历或经验。

We’ve all played with snow and ice.
4).表示到目前为止的一段时间内，多少次或第几次干某事。

He’s been to Beijing many times.
It’s the third time that I have seen the film.
5). 与since连用的句子常用现在完成时，since后长接从句（从句用过去时）或表示过去某一时间的短语。

（注意含有since从句的翻译方法）
I’ve lived in this house since I moved here.
We haven’t seen each other since last year.
It has been 10 years since he lived here.
It has been 10 years since he moved here.
4 .现在完成进行时
1).现在完成进行时表示某动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在并有可能延续下去，常和for/since引导的时间状语连用。

We have been learning English for six years.
2).表示一个动作从过去开始一直延续到现在刚刚结束。

3).表示重复(指断断续续，而非一直不停)。

5.一般过去时
1）表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状况，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。

如yesterday/last year/five years ago/the other day/just now/ in the past etc.
He graduated from this school five years ago.
I met him last night.
He told me the truth the other day.
2)表示过去经常或反复发生的动作或状态，可与often 连用。

He often asked his parents a lot of strange questions when he was a boy.
He seldom went to see his parents when he lived in the countryside.
用于虚拟语气中
If you were me,you would never see him again.
6.过去进行时
1)表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在进行的动作。

He was watching TV this time yesterday.
I was having breakfast at 7 this morning.
2)表示移动的动词:come/go/start/leave/etc的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。

7.过去完成时
1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作前已发生的动作或存在的状态，“过去的过去”为其特点。

Marx had learned some English before he came to London.
2)表示动作或状态从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到过去的另外一时间，常与延续性动词连用，并常带有for/since/by/when/until等表示一段时间或表示起止的时间状语。

They had learned 3000 words by the end of last term.
He said he had been in the Party for 10 years.
3)用在hardly/scarcely…when…;no sooner…than…句型中
Hardly /scarcely had we left the house when it began to rain.
No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.
4)在含有由after/before等引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于这类词本身的意思能够表明时间的先后关系，因此常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

He was a farmer before he became a teacher.
After he finished his homework ,he went to bed.
5)在表示希望、想法、打算、意图的动词用过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的事。

常用的词有think/want/plan/mean/intend/hope/expect/suppose etc.
I had meant to help her ,but I was too busy.
8.过去将来时
表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

He said he would become rich some day.
9.过去完成进行时
表示一个动作从过去的某个时间开始并延续到过去的另外某个时间还在进行或刚刚结束。

We had been learning English for five years by the end of last month.
10.一般将来时
1)表示将要发生的动作或状态。

I will do it tomorrow.
2)表示事物固有的属性或必然趋势。

Fish will die without water.
注意：表示将要发生的动作除了一般将来时外，还有其它形式：
1)表示按时刻表将要发生的动作，常用一般现在时表将来。

The bus leaves at 11 am.
2)表示位置移动的动词常用进行时表将来. (come/go/leave/start/fly/arrive etc)
He is leaving for Japan next month.
3) Be going to +动词原形，常表示“打算做……”或有迹象将要发生的事。

Dark clouds are gathering. It is going to rain.
4) Be+to do sth,表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，还可以表示命令或注定要发生的动作。

I feel that it is your husband who is to blame for the spoiled child .
The doctor says the patient is not to be moved.
5) Be about +to do sth, 表示即将要发生的动作，不与表将来的时间状语连用。

The talk is about to begin.
11.将来进行时
1) 表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作，常与this time tomorrow/at 4 o’clock afternoon等时间状语连用。

We’ll be having PE class this time tomorrow.
2) 表示一种已经决定或肯定的动作或情况，或表示某动作按计划发生而未完成。

Tom will come to see me tomorrow, so I will be waiting for him at home tomorrow afternoon.
12. 将来完成时
1) 将来完成时表示某动作在将来的某个时间之前已经完成，通常与before/by连用。

We will have finished our new class by the end of this month.
2) 表示持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态，这一动作或状态也可能将继续下去。

You will have learned English for more than six years by the end of next year.
3) 表示对将来可能的动作的推测。

You will have been admitted by a university by the end of next September .
三．几种时态的区别：
1.一般过去时与过去进行时与过去进行时
一般过去时往往表示动作已经完成，只表明这个动作曾经发生过，而与过去进行时则表示动作当时正在进行，强调动作的进行过程。

过去进行时往往时描述另一件事情发生的背景，其动作延续时间长；另一个较短动作往往发生在动作进行的过程中。

一般而言，背景动作用过去进行时，另一动作用一般过去时。

I read a book yesterday. (已经读完)
I was reading a book yesterday. (强调昨天的状态，不一定读完)
I was reading a book when he knocked at the door.
2.现在完成时与一般过去时
一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，不强调与现在的联系；现在完成时与现在有联系，它侧重的是过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响或结果。

She has shut the door .(强调对现在的影响，即门是关着的)
She shut the door. (只说明她做过这件事，可能门又开了)
He has lived here for forty years.(强调到目前为止已住了四十年，可能还会住下去)
He lived here for forty years. (不管住了多长时间，都成了过去，已不再住这了)
3.一般现在时和现在进行时
现在进行时表示正在进行（暂时性）或现阶段（持续性）的动作；一般现在时则表示习惯性或经常性的动作，或陈述现阶段的事实。

Where is he working at present? (暂时性的动作)
Where does he work? (表示一种客观事实)
4．一般过去时和过去完成时
1）一般过去时表示在过去的动作或状态，而过去完成时表示的是过去某事之前已经发生的动作，即“过去的过去”。

但是当两个或两个以上的动作按顺序连续发生时，可以不用过去完成时，但若两个动作不安先后时间顺序排列，先发生的动作就用过去完成时。

He arrived at the foot of the mountain yesterday.
The play had already started when we got to the theater.
He fonud the umbrella that he had lost .
2）由于连词bofore/after本身意思以体现了动作的先后，有时也可以在这些主从复合句中均用一般过去时表示两个先后的动作，尤其是在表达两个动作是紧接着发生的。

She (had) finished her homework befoere I arrived.
After he turned off the light ,he left the room..
四．时态的呼应
1.如果主句中的谓语动词是现在时态或将来时态，从句（主要是宾语从句）的谓语动
词可以根据情况使用所需要的时态。

She says that she lives in london.
You can see that the house hasn’t been painted .
I’ve told him that his brother is studing here .
2.如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的谓语动词要用过去的某种时态
I thought you were not coming until yesterday.
He said that he would settle down in the countryside when he finished school.
Tom was disppointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
3.从句中所表示的时科学真理、格言、等不受时间限制的客观存在的情况时，宾语从
句不受主句时态的影响。

The teacher told the children that the earth moves around the sun.
It was not untill then that I came to know that knowledge comes from practice.
4.定语从句的时态不受主句的影响，可以根据需要用不同的时态。

My sister who is a nurse came home to see my parents a few days ago.
五．被动语态
英语动词有主动和被动两种语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

在一般情况下，当我们不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，往往使用被动语态。

Many Chinese can speak English.
English is spoken by many Chinese.
使用被动语态应注意的几点：
1.被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词后加not构成，疑问式只需将第一个助动词提
到主语前就行了。

The film is not being shown.
Whom was the letter written by?
2.短语动词作谓语只需将动词变成被动，其余的词不变，尤其要注意后面有介词的一
定要带上。

The poor are taken good care of by the government.
3.如果动词有复合宾语，则将宾语变为主语，保留原来的宾补（此时是主语补足语）。

如果动词有两个宾语，则将其中的一个作为主语，另一个宾语保留在原位置。

He will not be allowed to do it again.
The student was given a dictionary.
4.在主动句中，在观、听、使让、感等（see/hear/watch/notice/observe/feel/have/make etc.）
动词后面的宾语补足语如果是不定式时，不能带to，但变为被动句时，必须加to. He was seen to cross the road.
Tom was made to do a lot of housework.
5.“get +-ed分词”构成的被动语态
动词get 有时也可以跟及物动词的过去分词构成被动语态，这种结构侧重于动作的结果；这种结构在人们谈到突然发生、未曾料到的事情时，或者用了in the end /eventually/at last等状语时尤为常见。

He got caught in the end .
He got killed in an car accident.
6．主动语态表被动的情况
1.表示状态特征的系动词(look/smell/taste/feel/sound etc.)所构成的系表结构中，主动形
式都是表示被动含义。

Your hand feels cold.
The soup tastes good.
2.表示主语（sth）的一般性质或特征的动词（仅限于少数
如:write/wash/tear/sell/read/open/shut/lock/dry等动词），这类动词常与描述性副词如：well/perfectly/easily/smoothly等连用。

This novel sells well.
The coat washes easily.
The pen writes smoothly.
3.want/require/neeed作“需要”讲时，后面的动名词要用主动形式表被动含义。

This house needs/wants/requires repairing.
= This house needs/wants/requires to be repaired.
4.不定式在某些形容词(difficult/easy/hard/comfortable/fit/unfit/heavy etc)后面作状语时
（多为方面状语）且与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表被动含义。

这是因为人们认为形容词后省略了for sb.
This book is easy (for me ) to read.
The worker is difficult (for me ) to get along with.
5.不定式作名词的后置定语且与被修饰的名词在逻辑在上构成动宾关系，又和该句的
主语或宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。

I have an important meeting to attend.
I’ll give the child some good books to read.
6.在there be 句型中，修饰主语的不定式用主动、被动形式都行，口语中多用主动形
式。

There are a lot of things to do /to be done.
7.不能用被动语态的几种情况：
1）所有的不及物动词和不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中
2）表示状态的谓语动词如：last/hold/contain/fit/join/mean/look like/consist of etc.
3）表示归属的动词如：have/own/belong to etc.
4）表示“希望、意图”的动词如：wish/want/hope/like/love etc.
5）宾语为反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词要用主动形式。