四种句子类型及成分

1句子成分及基本句型

英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块，主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑，定语同位（语）专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAP）

【句子的成分】在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语、同位语和状语、宾语补足语等。

（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。

如：（1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语）（2）He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语）（3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语）（4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语）（5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语）

（二）谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。

如：His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语）We study hard. （行为动词作谓语）We don’t finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）

（三）宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。She is doing her homework now.（名词作宾语）She says（that）she is ill.（宾语从句作动词宾语）We often help him.（代词作宾语）He likes to play basketball.（不定式作宾语）We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语指物，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, show（给……看），bring, pass, buy等。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a story. （2）The sun gives us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to”的有：give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答应）, refuse（拒绝）等。间接宾语加“for”的有：make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay等（1）I give him a book. 改成：（2）He passes me the book.（他将书递给我。）（3）He writes me a letter. （4）He will buy me some books. （5）She is making me a cake.

（四）表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如：I am a teacher.（名词）He is always happy.（形容词）They are on the playground now.（介词短语）It gets cold.（形容词）Be动词（am，is，are, was, were）系动词表保持（keep, stay, remain）表改变（get，become，turn）感官动词（feel，sound（听起来），seem/look（看起来），taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来））如：It sounds interesting.（sound为系动词，interesting为表语）We should all remain careful. Remain（为系动词，careful为表语）

（五）宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如：They make her happy.（形容词）I see her dance.（不定式）We’ll help you to make the Olympics a success.（名词）Please let him in.（副词）We heard her singing a song.（分词短语）

（六）定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。定语修饰名词或代词(即在汉语里的……的) 1. 形容词作定语(一般放在被修饰语之前,修饰不定代词时放在后面) They have a clever son.I have something important to tell you. 2. 名词作定语: Is it a color film? 名词作定语一般用单数形式, 如: school bus, ticket office, paper flowers 但也有例外,如: sports meeting, clothes shop man 和woman修饰的名词如果是复数,它们总以复数的形式作定语,如: men drivers , women doctors 3. 代词作定语: This song is better than that one. 4. 数词作定语: There are only thirty students in our class. 带有数字的复合形容词.当复合形容词用连字号连接时,其中的名词要用单数形式. a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy 5. 副词作定语(放在被修饰词之后): Do you know the young man over there? 6. 介词短语作定语(放在被修饰词之后): The students in our class like swimming. 单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：The black bike is mine.（形容词）What’s your name?（代词）They make paper flowers.（名词）说明1：当定语修饰不定代词：nothing, anything, everything, something等时，定语在不定代词后面。如：I tell him something interesting. （形容词interesting 作不定代词something的后置定语）He has something to do. （to do为不定式作后置定语）说明2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。）单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序：冠词(a/the)/物代(my/his )/年龄(old, young,…)/形状(round, square…)/大小(big, large,small, little…)/温度(hot, cold, warm, cool…)/色彩(red,yellow,blue,)/来源(Chinese,English,American) /质地(glass, silk,)/材料(wooden,woolen,)/目的/用途+被修饰的名词(中心词)

(七) 同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名词从句John, a farmer, lived by his farm .

（八）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。如：He did it carefully.（副词）We often help him.（副词）Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（介词短语）When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语）He sits there.（副词地点状语）状语的位置 1. 在一般情况下,用于句末。We like our school very much. 2.为了强调状语,可以把它放在句首. I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight. 3. 表频度的副词通常用于句中, 如always, usually, often, hardly, never, 用于行为动词前,be动词、助动词和情态动词后I usually get up early. He is often late. 一些副词, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序: 1. 地点状语在前, 时间状语在后. We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow. 2. 较小单位的状语在前,由小到大Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu. 3. 一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语, 其顺序大都是: 程度副词,方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词She sang very well at the meeting last night 5 时间和地点状语也可以位于句首,