跨文化商务沟通-chapter-1

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Dimensions of Culture
Languages (codes/modes)
Verbal Nonverbal
Physical
Psychological
Environment Human Behavior Content
Processes
Natural Man Made
Knowledge Belief Encoding Systems Decoding Thought
• Global business communication communication between businesses from different countries
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• Intercultural business communication – interpersonal communication within and between businesses that involve people from more than one culture
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• Make decisions on hard, objective facts
• Consider contracts and the written word as very important
• Be aware of the status differences within the organization; however, generally no display of superiority or inferiority is made which makes rank-conscious foreigners uneasy
• Learning and sharing require communication
• Communication requires coding and symbols that are learned and shared. (Smith, 1966)
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• Diffusion - the process by which two cultures learn and adapt materials and adopt practices of each other
Байду номын сангаас
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• World culture - the idea that as traditional barriers among people of differing cultures break down, one culture will emerge
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Globalization, Glocalization, and Grobalization
• Globalization—the worldwide diffusion of practices
• Glocalization—the interpenetration of the global and local
• Grobalization—focuses on the imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations, and organizations to impose themselves on others
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Definitions
• International communication communication between governments or among nations
• Intracultural communication communication between members of the same culture
Chapter 1
The Nature of Intercultural Communication
Topics
• Globalization/glocalization/grobalization • Culture • Enculturation/Acculturation • Ethnocentrism • Norms, rules, roles, and networks • Subcultures and subgroups • Communication barriers • Multinational management orientations
• Globalization - the ability of a firm to take a product and market it in the entire civilized world
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U.S. Census 2010
cold, dark, closed, secret, selfish
religious, faithful, warlike, Jewish
formal, proper, polite, intelligent
drinkers, jovial, hot-tempered, loud
quiet, small, industrious, smart
lazy, poor, loud, dirty, uneducated
cold, respect authority, hard-working
religious, quarrelsome, wealthy, greedy
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Stereotypes of U.S. Persons
• Informal relationships • Rather formal in business attire
(suits for men; dresses or suits for women) • Workaholics • Embarrass foreign businesspeople • Overly concerned with time, money, and appointments
• Are very mobile
• Convey superiority in their actions
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Stereotypes of Selected
Cultures (Japanese and U.S. Students)
• The local manager, a Peruvian, replied:
• “Here’s your headcount: we have 30 in the factory, 15 in the office, 5 in the hospital on sick leave, none broken down by sex. If you must know, our problem here is with alcohol.” (Axtell, 1994)
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Example of Miscommunication
• Telex sent to a factory manager of a U.S. subsidy in Lima, Peru:
• “Please send a headcount of the people in your factory and in your office, broken down by sex. Information urgent.”
• Melting pot - sociocultural assimilation of people of differing backgrounds and nationalities; implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society (macroculture)
– Backstage culture - cultural information concealed from outsiders
• 64% • 16% • 14% • 5% • .9% • .2%
• .9%
White Americans Hispanic Americans African Americans Asian Americans Amer. Indians & Alaskan Natives Native Hawaiians & Pacific Islanders Others
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Terms
• Enculturation - socialization process you go through to adapt to your society
– Frontstage culture - cultural information that you are willing to share with outsiders
Japanese
Americans
English Irish Chinese Mexicans Russians Israelis
gentlemanly, polite
cold, patient, religious
diligent, serious ingenious, laboring
cheerful, passionate spicy-food eaters
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Communication and Culture
• Communication and culture are inseparable.
• Culture is a code we learn and share.
From Borden, 1991, 171
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Describe the U.S. or another Culture Using Borden
• Language – Verbal – Nonverbal
• Psychological – Content • Knowledge • Belief Systems – Processes • Encoding Thought • Decoding Thought
• Physical – Environment – Cultural activities
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Perceptions & Stereotypes
• Perceptions are learned through the dimensions of culture. Culture is learned through perception.
• Stereotypes are perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities, often based upon limited knowledge and/or exposure
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