想法解读内容想法解读TheoryofMindToM的理论基础自闭症
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內容
想法解讀Theory of Mind (ToM) 的理論基礎
自閉症兒童的社交及溝通障礙
ToM評估方法 ToM訓練方法 本地教材介紹
想法解讀的理論基礎 （ToM)
ToM理論基礎
於70年代學者研究猿猴類動物能否理解想 法而提出的理論 (Premack & Woodruffm, 1978)
In order for people to have a theory of mind mechanism (ToMM), they must also have a shared attention mechanism (SAM), which happens when two people focus their attention on the same object. The SAM uses "available information about the perceptual state of another person (or animal)… It then computes shared attentions by comparing another agent's perceptual state with the self's current perceptual state”
Is it relevant/ important to the listener? Background knowledge Shared kno源自文库ledege? What information is needed How much detail?
3. Helps shape selection of form
Theory of Mind
Baron-Cohen (1995)
TOM is defined as the ability "to attribute mental state to oneself and to others and to interpret behavior in terms of mental states... mental states are unobservable entities that we use quite successfully to explain and predict behavior"
Know different things
Have different feelings Are motivated by different things Etc.
TOM has a major influence on communication
1. Help decide when to communicate
behavior
視線偵察……
Mind-reading Cognitive Structures
2. Eye direction detector (EDD) Notices another person’s eyes Notices direction of gaze “I know what you see”
TOM helps us to make sense out of seemingly disconnected utterances
Mind-reading is done reflexively and the skills are part of the brain’s innate “cognitve structure”.
Listener’s proximity? Listener’s visual perspective? Comprehension level? Relationship Time constraints?
“Effective conversation relies on an understanding that people know different things and that these states of knowledge can be shared.”
(Hadwin, Baron-Cohen, Howlin & Hill, 1997)
Assumptions
Typical learners automatically interpret social behavior by assigning motives to the agents of action (mind-reading)
80年代其他學者將理論應用於兒童的研究 上，發現它能解釋很多自閉症狀的成因
(Baron-Cohen, Lewslie & Frith, 1985)，例如： 不會指著一些東西叫人看 不能維持互動式的應對 很少說出自己的想法及意念 不懂辨別較複雜的感受
ToM理論基礎
定義：推測別人想法的能力（想法泛指信念、 Ability to use this awareness to interpret social behavior
Is a listener available? What’s the listener doing? What’s the feeling of the listener? Will s/he want to be interrupted?
2. Helps shape selection of content
Mind-reading Cognitive Structures
1. Intentionality detector (ID) A perceptual device Activated whenever input identifies
something as an potential agent of action Interprets motion as goal-oriented
想法解讀Theory of Mind (ToM) 的理論基礎
自閉症兒童的社交及溝通障礙
ToM評估方法 ToM訓練方法 本地教材介紹
想法解讀的理論基礎 （ToM)
ToM理論基礎
於70年代學者研究猿猴類動物能否理解想 法而提出的理論 (Premack & Woodruffm, 1978)
In order for people to have a theory of mind mechanism (ToMM), they must also have a shared attention mechanism (SAM), which happens when two people focus their attention on the same object. The SAM uses "available information about the perceptual state of another person (or animal)… It then computes shared attentions by comparing another agent's perceptual state with the self's current perceptual state”
Is it relevant/ important to the listener? Background knowledge Shared kno源自文库ledege? What information is needed How much detail?
3. Helps shape selection of form
Theory of Mind
Baron-Cohen (1995)
TOM is defined as the ability "to attribute mental state to oneself and to others and to interpret behavior in terms of mental states... mental states are unobservable entities that we use quite successfully to explain and predict behavior"
Know different things
Have different feelings Are motivated by different things Etc.
TOM has a major influence on communication
1. Help decide when to communicate
behavior
視線偵察……
Mind-reading Cognitive Structures
2. Eye direction detector (EDD) Notices another person’s eyes Notices direction of gaze “I know what you see”
TOM helps us to make sense out of seemingly disconnected utterances
Mind-reading is done reflexively and the skills are part of the brain’s innate “cognitve structure”.
Listener’s proximity? Listener’s visual perspective? Comprehension level? Relationship Time constraints?
“Effective conversation relies on an understanding that people know different things and that these states of knowledge can be shared.”
(Hadwin, Baron-Cohen, Howlin & Hill, 1997)
Assumptions
Typical learners automatically interpret social behavior by assigning motives to the agents of action (mind-reading)
80年代其他學者將理論應用於兒童的研究 上，發現它能解釋很多自閉症狀的成因
(Baron-Cohen, Lewslie & Frith, 1985)，例如： 不會指著一些東西叫人看 不能維持互動式的應對 很少說出自己的想法及意念 不懂辨別較複雜的感受
ToM理論基礎
定義：推測別人想法的能力（想法泛指信念、 Ability to use this awareness to interpret social behavior
Is a listener available? What’s the listener doing? What’s the feeling of the listener? Will s/he want to be interrupted?
2. Helps shape selection of content
Mind-reading Cognitive Structures
1. Intentionality detector (ID) A perceptual device Activated whenever input identifies
something as an potential agent of action Interprets motion as goal-oriented