学术英语(人文社科类)Unit 10 PPT
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1) What is hypothesis?
Statements that researchers construct for the purpose of testing whether or not a certain relationship exists between two phenomena
the reelection of incumbent presidents
2) the independent variable:
the national unemployment rate
3) the finding:
In most cases the incumbent lost when the national unemployment rate was greater than 7 percent at the time of a presidential election.
2) How to build theories?
By developing and testing hypothesis.
e.g. We want to know whether presidential elections are affected by economic conditions.
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Definition of political science:
the study of the struggles, both small and large, of who gets what, when, how, in an effort to develop general principles or theories about the way the world of politics works.
Unit 10 The Study of PoliticLeabharlann Baidu as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
5. Clear, consistent, objective writing →avoid the use of impressionistic or metaphorical language; →persuade through their command of the facts and their ability to relate those facts to theories; →clarity and concision (e.g. clearly define terms/concepts) →operationalize key terms →operationalization: the process of specifying the extension of a concept – describing what is and is not a part of that concept
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
3. Collecting data 1) the dependent variable of the hypothesis:
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Major sub-fields (Para 1) eight major sub-fields
To find out the sub-headings in Text A which demonstrates a more detailed sketch of the work political scientists do.
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Hypothesis:
When the national unemployment rate is greater than seven percent at the time of the election, presidential incumbents are not reelected.
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
e.g. anger
It is difficult to measure “anger” in empirical research. We need to have more precise criteria with which to measure or assess it. Such criteria in this case can include facial expression, choice of vocabulary, loudness and tone of voice.
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
1. Investigating relationships 2. Building theories
Statements that researchers construct for the purpose of testing whether or not a certain relationship exists between two phenomena
the reelection of incumbent presidents
2) the independent variable:
the national unemployment rate
3) the finding:
In most cases the incumbent lost when the national unemployment rate was greater than 7 percent at the time of a presidential election.
2) How to build theories?
By developing and testing hypothesis.
e.g. We want to know whether presidential elections are affected by economic conditions.
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Definition of political science:
the study of the struggles, both small and large, of who gets what, when, how, in an effort to develop general principles or theories about the way the world of politics works.
Unit 10 The Study of PoliticLeabharlann Baidu as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
5. Clear, consistent, objective writing →avoid the use of impressionistic or metaphorical language; →persuade through their command of the facts and their ability to relate those facts to theories; →clarity and concision (e.g. clearly define terms/concepts) →operationalize key terms →operationalization: the process of specifying the extension of a concept – describing what is and is not a part of that concept
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
3. Collecting data 1) the dependent variable of the hypothesis:
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Major sub-fields (Para 1) eight major sub-fields
To find out the sub-headings in Text A which demonstrates a more detailed sketch of the work political scientists do.
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Hypothesis:
When the national unemployment rate is greater than seven percent at the time of the election, presidential incumbents are not reelected.
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
e.g. anger
It is difficult to measure “anger” in empirical research. We need to have more precise criteria with which to measure or assess it. Such criteria in this case can include facial expression, choice of vocabulary, loudness and tone of voice.
Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
1. Investigating relationships 2. Building theories