英语词汇教学(2)

Hyponyms 下义词
--words which can be grouped together under the same superordinate (上义词) concept E.g. superordinate: body part hyponyms: head, eyes, ears, mouth, arms, legs
隐含意义
sense relations 语义关系
1. 2. 3. 4.
collocations synonyms antonyms hyponyms
Collocations

--words that co-occur with high frequency and have been accepted as ways for the use of words
中学英语词汇教学
徐汇区教师进修学院 孟莎
What problems do our students have learning, remembering and using vocabulary in English?
―It‘s difficult to make vocabulary teaching vivid and interesting‖ ―Students can memorize words but they still can‘t use them‖ ―Most students think vocabulary and grammar are very boring‖
rub (vt.)
案例2
magnet
Jamie was like a magnet---she always had a crowd around her. She wasn’t especially pretty, and she wasn’t particularly good at sports. But she was one of the most popular students at school. Everyone loved her!
Synonyms

--items that mean the same, or nearly the same
big –huge enormous—immense stare (in surprise) –glare (in anger)

Antonyms

--items that mean the opposite of a word
Word types
High-frequency Words University (Academic) Words Technical Words Low frequency Words

2000 800 2000 123,200
The classic list of the most useful words of English is Michael West‘s A General Service List of English Words (GSL)

Hedge (2000)
Vocabulary learning ―involves at least two aspects of meaning. The first aspect involves the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning. The second aspect involves understanding the sense relations among words.‖
LEARNING
How to teach new vocab or pictures



Using an object Using a cut-out figure Using gesture Performing an action Photographs Blackboard drawings Pictures from books
By verbal explanation
Analytical definition Putting the new word in defining context Translating into another language
案例1
A.
B.
C.
brush (vt.)
rinse (vt.)

Denotative meaning

the primary, literal or explicit meaning of a word, which refers to ―those words that we use to label things as regards real objects, such as a name or a sign, etc. in the physical world.‖

Receptive and productive vocabulary

Be aware of the distinction between receptive/passive and productive/active vocabulary. Receptive vocabulary refers to words that one is able to recognize and comprehend in reading or listening but unable to use automatically in speaking or writing. Productive vocabulary: words that one is not only able to recognize but also able to use in speech and writing.
Puberty is the phase of life when adolescents leave childhood and go into adulthood.
案例6
Hormone
Clue 1. Clue 2. Clue 3.
chemical substance in the body or in a plant encourage growth
What does knowing a word involve? How can we present new vocabulary items? What are some effective ways to consolidate vocabulary? How do we help students develop vocabulary learning strategies?
Long-term memory:
• New words connected to existing knowledge • New words are put to work • New words regularly recycled
Questions to talk about
1. 2. 3. 4.
The Academic Word List (AWL) (Coxhead,2000)
What does knowing a word involve?
Knowing a word means knowing its pronunciation and stress; Knowing a word means knowing its spelling and grammatical properties; Knowing a word means knowing its meaning; Knowing a word means knowing how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.
―see a movie‖, ―watch a play‖, ―look at a picture‖ ―heavy traffic‖, ―heavy smoker‖, ―heavy rain/snow/fog‖


Collocations help achieve fluency and appropriateness in language learning.
a matter of life and death neither friend or foe wanted dead or alive to sink or swim (成功或失败), to have an old head on young shoulders ( 少年 老成) Easy come, easy go.
Jamie
案例3
Uniform fashion good for young students
The introduction of school uniforms has helped reduce school violence. Much of school violence is linked to the wearing of gang colors.
―How can I make boring words look interesting?‖
Help students remember Help students understand Increase student motivation Create meaningful context Provide methods & activities
Memorizing words ≠ Remembering words
Short-term memory:
• No connection with existing knowledge • Little opportunity to use new words • Easily forgotten
gang colours
案例4
He was not quite young, but a deer in his prime.
in one’s prime
in the time of one’s life when he is strongest, most active or beautiful in one’s adolescence in the time when a young person is developing into an adult
字面意义
Connotative meaning

―the attitudes or emotions of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or reader‘s interpretation of the world‖ (Hedge, 2000:112)
Four Strands in a Language Course
Learning-focused
Input Meaning focused output
Language-focused
INCIDENTAL LEARNING
learning INTENTIONAL Developing Fluency
Topic
My Changes in Different Stages
In
my adolescence, … in my prime, …
while
案例5
childhood phase Stage I
youth, teenager, adolescent … puberty phase Stage II adulthood phase Stage III