introduction to syntax 大学英语语言学课件

her homework
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They eat lunch in the city.
S
SUBJ
PRED
NP
AUX VP Advl
Pron
T V NP PrepP
they
-pres eat N Prep NP
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lunch in Det N the city
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Modifiers (修饰成分,修饰语)
• A word or group of words which gives further information about (“modifies”) another word or group of words (the head)
e.g. this expensive camera the cat with a long tail read carefully
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Phrase elements 短语成分
• Specifiers 标志成分
---semantic roles 语义功能 ---syntactic roles句法功能
---Determiners serve as the specifiers of Ns While qualifiers typically function as the specifiers of Vs and degree words as the specifiers of As and sometimes Ps.
XP (phrase level)
Specifier
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X¯
X (head)
complement
e.g. the dog with black ear XP (NP) X¯
Specifier(Det) head (N) complement (PP)
Prep
NP
Adj
N
the
dog
with black
• NP (noun phrase) • VP (verb phrase) • AP (adjective phrase) • PP (prepositional phrase)
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Two levels phrase
Phrase level Word level
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specifiers
John
lost his watch
Abstract category inflection (抽象的范围曲
折)
• dubbed ‘infl’ or shortened ‘infl’ as the head, which indicated the sentence’s tense and agreement inflP(=S)
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Word-level categories
• major lexical categories (head) 主要词汇范 畴
e.g. noun, verb, adjective, preposition • minor lexical categories 次要词汇范畴 e.g. determiner, degree word, qualifier,
• Complementizers (补语化成分) (Cs). • complement clause (补语从句) • complement phrase (补语短语) (CP) • matrix clause (主句)
e.g. Miss Hebert believes that she will win.
ear
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Coordination rule（并列规则）
• coordinate structure并列结构: Joining two or more elements of the same type
with the help of a conjunction such as and, or, and but • Coordination并列: The phenomenon of coordinate structure X X *Con X
auxiliary, conjunction
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Eight categories in traditional grammar (parts of speech) （词类）
• open class (content words) nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
S
NP
Adj
N
infl V
VP NP
Pst
Det
N
Pwenku.baidu.comor
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John
lost his watch
My sister will finish her homework insflPoo(=nS.)
NP
Infl
VP
Advl
Det N
will
V
NP ADV
my sister
finish Det N soon
• qualifier (Qual) 修饰词
e.g. often, always, seldom, almost, usually, etc.
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Word-level Categories
• The boy sees some very pretty flowers.
perceives smells
NP (specifier)
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VP (complement) infl (head)
The boy has an apple.
inflP(=S)
NP Det The
VP
infl
NP
N
V
Det N
3rd per.S
boy
has an apple
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Poor John lost his watch.
--- articles (a, an, the) --- demonstratives (this, that, these, those) ---possessives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
• degree words (Deg) 程度词
e.g. quite, very, more, so, too, etc.
• closed class (function words) pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, and prepositions
e.g.▪ with the content words (function words deleted):
__ broom __ sweeping __ floor belongs ___ closet.
• The XP rule: XP (specifier) X (complement) (X here stands for the head N, V, A, or P)
XP
Specifier
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X Head
Complement
X¯ Theory（X标杆理论）
• XP • X¯
(specifier) X¯ X (complement)
lovely small
• He puts the flowers on a green table.
purple hydrangeas under
pink poster
• Noun Verb Preposition Adjective
• There are four major syntactic categories of open-class lexical items.
The expanded XP rule: XP (Spec) (Mod) X (Complement*) (Mod)
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Sentences
• The sentence rule:
S
NP VP
e.g. A beautiful girl came yesterday.
Mr. Smith went to Canada last week.
phrase
head
complements
e.g. a cup of tea all the people of China
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Phrase structure rule（短语结构规则）
• NP: (Det) N (PP)…
e.g. a story about a sentimental girl
The boy has an apple.
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The boy has an apple.
S
NP
Det
N
VP
NP
V
Det N
The
boy
has an apple
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Poor John lost his watch.
S
NP
VP
Adj
N
V
NP
Det
N
Poor
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Word of the day
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Syntactic categories
Lexical categories (i.e. word-level categories): noun, verb, adjective, preposition, etc.
Phrasal categories: NP, VP, AP, PP, etc.
e.g. a story about a beautiful girl in India in the 1960s
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Complements 补足成分
• This rule also captures the simple but important fact that complements, however many there are, occur to the right of the head in English.
• VP: (Qual) V (NP)…
e.g. often have noodles for lunch
• AP: (Deg) A (PP)…
e.g. very hot in summer
• PP: (Deg) P (NP)… e.g. without hesitation
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XP rule（X短语规则）
▪ with the function words (content words deleted):
The ____for ____the _____ in the ______.
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Addition of non-traditional categories
• determiners (Det)限定词
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Complements 补足成分
• The information about a word's complement is included in the head and termed subcategorization(次范畴化).
• The XP Rule (revised) XP (Specifier) X (Complement*)
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Three criteria to determine words’ category:
• meaning (词义) • inflection (曲折变化) • distribution (分布)
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Phrase categories and their structures （短语范畴及其结构）