氢燃料电池汽车(英文)Hydrogen FuelCell Vehicles
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Manipulation of supply to keep oil just cheap enough At what point does it become worthwhile to consumers?
Cost of gas + environmental costs + dependency costs (political, militarily, social) > Cost of fuel cell cars + hydrogen fuel???
Environment Bush’s April 25th “Plan”
Alternate Fuel Vehicles
Hybrids
Here now, but still require gas
Ethanol/E85
Pushed by GM More expensive, just as dirty?
Why Relevant?
Gas prices/Oil Market
Oil currently around $73/barrel Projections have oil hitting $90/barrel this summer $4/gallon this summer? What about in 2010? How long will oil be around? What about easy to get to oil? Is it already gone?
Environment
Why we are pursuing Hydrogen FCVs(?) Emissions free There are costs associated with environmental damage
Economics
Current projections – several times the price of standard cars Flexibility of oil industry
Fuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich Schönbein
Aspects of engines as well as batteries No pollution emitted PEM FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles, lightbuildings & much smaller applications
Politics
Obvious connection between current administration and oil companies and certain oil producing companies Some criticize a FCV push as a cynical ploy But…2006 State of the Union Address
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
Mike Bartholomy 4/27/2006 – Energy Law bartholomy27@yahoo.com
Very Relevant Topic
The topic of alternative fuel vehicles is especially relevant given the events of the last few weeks As gas prices continue to rise this summer we’ll likely see this topic get more and more attention
Applications of Fuel Cell Technology
Cars Buses Space Travel & Exploration Airplanes Submarines OffOff-grid Power Supply Combined Heat & Power
Fuel Cell Vehicles
Being pushed by car companies themselves
DaimlerChrysler – Several test cars in Japan and Singapore; UPS vans in 2003-04 in U.S. 2003Ford – 40-60 vehicles in Germany, Canada, California; 40widespread production by 2010 GM – wants to be first company to sell 1M FCV profitably; started with fuel cell backup systems in 2005. Prototype is Hy-wire HyAlso Honda, Nissan, Toyota, Hyundai, VW, Mazda, others have FCV prototypes on the road
Biological Water Splitting Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Reforming of Biomass and Wastes Solar Thermal Water Splitting Renewable Electrolysis
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Infrastructure
The Hydrogen Highway
World’s first hydrogen refueling station opened in Iceland in 2003 California & Florida have both approved funding BC Hydrogen Highway will link Vancouver & Whistler by start of 2010 Winter Olympic Games
Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Internal Combustion Hydrogen
Slightly modified form of internal combustion engine Burns hydrogen, produces pure water exhaust Serious range problems
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Fuel cells are similar to batteries, but designed for continuous replenishment of energy via external fuel Many different types of fuel cells, most common will likely be the PEM FC Hydrogen and oxygen in, water vapor and liquid water out Typical output is about .8 volts
Storage & Efficiency
Two storage options
1.
2.
Produce the hydrogen on the ground and then store it onboard the vehicle (the direct hydrogen option) option) Produce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of a tiny onboard hydrogen plant (the onboard fuel processor option) option)
Severing connection with gas prices?
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Issues
Storage is complicated Limited range Expensive fuel Still a fossil fuel?
Energy carrier, not energy source
Economics
Only 2 ways to reduce our dependence on foreign oil
Increase production Decrease demand
The push for hydrogen fuel cell technology in cars represents the second
BMW has broken several speed records for hydrogen cars and is banking on cars that can run successfully on both gas and hydrogen
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
“An old idea whose time has come”
Hydrogen FC’s 2 times as efficient as internal combustion
Internal combustion efficiency – 15-25% 15Hydrogen FC’s – 50-60% 50-
Estimates that FC Vehicles can achieve equivalent of 80 miles/gallon gasoline.
Also, the 2003 Address
Legal Environment
Energy Policy Act of 2005
§§ 721-723: Advanced Vehicles Demonstration & 721Pilot Program § 743 – Fuel Cell School Buses § 773 – Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for Automobiles § 782 – Federal & State Procurement of FCVs and Hydrogen Energy Systems § 1341 – Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit & Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Credit § 1342 – Alternative Fuel Cell Infrastructure Tax Credit § 1825 – Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology Study
来自百度文库
Fuel Cell Stacks
In order to produce enough voltage, cells are grouped into stacks A hydrogen fuel cell automobile would have at least 45 cells in a stack Hydrogen is stored and injected in either liquid or gas form Many cells, but only output is still liquid and vapor water
*Infrastructure*
Hydrogen Sources
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Infrastructure
Hydrogen Production
Almost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. today is by steam reforming of natural gas Produce hydrogen directly from new nuclear power reactors? R&D into several new methods:
Cost of gas + environmental costs + dependency costs (political, militarily, social) > Cost of fuel cell cars + hydrogen fuel???
Environment Bush’s April 25th “Plan”
Alternate Fuel Vehicles
Hybrids
Here now, but still require gas
Ethanol/E85
Pushed by GM More expensive, just as dirty?
Why Relevant?
Gas prices/Oil Market
Oil currently around $73/barrel Projections have oil hitting $90/barrel this summer $4/gallon this summer? What about in 2010? How long will oil be around? What about easy to get to oil? Is it already gone?
Environment
Why we are pursuing Hydrogen FCVs(?) Emissions free There are costs associated with environmental damage
Economics
Current projections – several times the price of standard cars Flexibility of oil industry
Fuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich Schönbein
Aspects of engines as well as batteries No pollution emitted PEM FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles, lightbuildings & much smaller applications
Politics
Obvious connection between current administration and oil companies and certain oil producing companies Some criticize a FCV push as a cynical ploy But…2006 State of the Union Address
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
Mike Bartholomy 4/27/2006 – Energy Law bartholomy27@yahoo.com
Very Relevant Topic
The topic of alternative fuel vehicles is especially relevant given the events of the last few weeks As gas prices continue to rise this summer we’ll likely see this topic get more and more attention
Applications of Fuel Cell Technology
Cars Buses Space Travel & Exploration Airplanes Submarines OffOff-grid Power Supply Combined Heat & Power
Fuel Cell Vehicles
Being pushed by car companies themselves
DaimlerChrysler – Several test cars in Japan and Singapore; UPS vans in 2003-04 in U.S. 2003Ford – 40-60 vehicles in Germany, Canada, California; 40widespread production by 2010 GM – wants to be first company to sell 1M FCV profitably; started with fuel cell backup systems in 2005. Prototype is Hy-wire HyAlso Honda, Nissan, Toyota, Hyundai, VW, Mazda, others have FCV prototypes on the road
Biological Water Splitting Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Reforming of Biomass and Wastes Solar Thermal Water Splitting Renewable Electrolysis
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Infrastructure
The Hydrogen Highway
World’s first hydrogen refueling station opened in Iceland in 2003 California & Florida have both approved funding BC Hydrogen Highway will link Vancouver & Whistler by start of 2010 Winter Olympic Games
Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Internal Combustion Hydrogen
Slightly modified form of internal combustion engine Burns hydrogen, produces pure water exhaust Serious range problems
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Fuel cells are similar to batteries, but designed for continuous replenishment of energy via external fuel Many different types of fuel cells, most common will likely be the PEM FC Hydrogen and oxygen in, water vapor and liquid water out Typical output is about .8 volts
Storage & Efficiency
Two storage options
1.
2.
Produce the hydrogen on the ground and then store it onboard the vehicle (the direct hydrogen option) option) Produce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of a tiny onboard hydrogen plant (the onboard fuel processor option) option)
Severing connection with gas prices?
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Issues
Storage is complicated Limited range Expensive fuel Still a fossil fuel?
Energy carrier, not energy source
Economics
Only 2 ways to reduce our dependence on foreign oil
Increase production Decrease demand
The push for hydrogen fuel cell technology in cars represents the second
BMW has broken several speed records for hydrogen cars and is banking on cars that can run successfully on both gas and hydrogen
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
“An old idea whose time has come”
Hydrogen FC’s 2 times as efficient as internal combustion
Internal combustion efficiency – 15-25% 15Hydrogen FC’s – 50-60% 50-
Estimates that FC Vehicles can achieve equivalent of 80 miles/gallon gasoline.
Also, the 2003 Address
Legal Environment
Energy Policy Act of 2005
§§ 721-723: Advanced Vehicles Demonstration & 721Pilot Program § 743 – Fuel Cell School Buses § 773 – Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for Automobiles § 782 – Federal & State Procurement of FCVs and Hydrogen Energy Systems § 1341 – Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit & Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Credit § 1342 – Alternative Fuel Cell Infrastructure Tax Credit § 1825 – Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology Study
来自百度文库
Fuel Cell Stacks
In order to produce enough voltage, cells are grouped into stacks A hydrogen fuel cell automobile would have at least 45 cells in a stack Hydrogen is stored and injected in either liquid or gas form Many cells, but only output is still liquid and vapor water
*Infrastructure*
Hydrogen Sources
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Infrastructure
Hydrogen Production
Almost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. today is by steam reforming of natural gas Produce hydrogen directly from new nuclear power reactors? R&D into several new methods: