语言学第四章 ppt课件

4.What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?
• Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a
5.What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?
• Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases.
PP
(Deg) P (PP) in the middle of the river
3.What is category? How to determine a word's category?
• Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.
2. A category at any levelcan be ccoordinated. 3. Coordinated categories must be of the same type. 4. The category type of the coordinate phrase is
identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.
cp
C
S
NP
VP NP
N Infl V P N
cp
S
Infl VP PN
Pst
C V PN
c)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
CP
C
S
Infl
Pst
NP
VP
VP NP
NP
PP NP
Det. Adj N V Det N p Adj. N
A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.
Mod
Mod
CP
C
S
Infl
VP
NonPst NP
PP NP
Det Adj N V P Det Adj N
PP
N Infl V Det Adj N P N a)Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.
CP
S C
NP
VP
Infl
NonPst
CP S
PP NP
VP Infl NP
N V P Det N
C
V Adv Pst N
b)Helen put on her clothes and went out.
❖Word level catewk.baidu.comories are divided into two kinds: a. major lexical categories:
Noun, verb, Adjective.Prepositon. a. minor lexical categories:Determiner.
Det. N. Adv.
V.
P Det. Adj. N.
c) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.
Det. Adj.
N.
Aux V. P
Adj P Det N.
d) This cloth feels quite soft.
• Head: The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head.
• Complement:The words on the right side of the heads are complements.
• Modifiers, which specifies optionally expressible properties of head.
• a) rich in minerals. • b) often read detective stories. • c) the argument against the proposals • d) already above the window.
rich in minerals
head complement
Det. N. V. Deg Adj.
8.The following phrases include a head, a complement, and in some cases a specifier .Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.
7.Indicatte the category of each word in the following sentences.
a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.
Det. Adj. N. V. P Det. N. Adv.
b) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.
• Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which resultsfrom appreopriate transformations is called surface structure(or Sstructure).
• A phrase can contain specifiers, head, complements and Modifiers.
• Specifiers :The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.
Chapter 4
By: J.W.
1.What is syntax?
• Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
• Sentence: • A set of words expressing a statement, a question
conjunction such as and or or. Such phrasesare
called coordinate structures.
• Coordination exhibitsthe followfor important properties:
1. There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.
• The phrase stucture rule for NP ,VP, AP, and pp.
NP
(Det) N (PP) the pretty girl
VP
(Qual) V (NP) often dream a dream
AP
(Deg) A (PP) very careful about you
A huge moon hung in the black sky.
Mod
Mod
S VP
Infl
Pst VP
NP
NP
Det N V
Det N Adv
Adv
The man examined his car carefully yesterday.
Mod
Mod
S
NP
Infl
Pst PP
NP
NP
VP PP NP
xp
(spec)(Mod) X (Complement*)(Mod)
The Expanded XP rule
6.What is deep structure and what is surface structure?
• Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure).
Degreee words. Qualifier.Auxiliary.Conjunction.
• To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely, meaning, inflection and distribution.
xp →(Specifier)X(complement)
VP PP
VP N
a) rich in minerals.
b) often read detective stories.
head
xp →(Specifier) X (complement)
VP
NP
Deg. V.
Adj
N.
b) often read detective stories.
head
xp →(Specifier) X (complement)
PP NP
A
P Det N
d) already above the window.
9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.
a)Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. b)Helen put on her clothes and went out. c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
CP
S
C NP
VP NP
or an order, usually containing a subject and a verb.(------X-ford)
2.What is phrase stucture rule?
• The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase stucture rule.
Det Adj N P Det N V
P Det N
A wooden hut near the lake callapsed in the storm
Mod
10.The following sentences all contain conjined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.
a)A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.
b)A huge moon hung in the black sky. c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday. d)Awooden hut near the lake callapsed in the storm
c) the argument against the proposals
head
xp →(Specifier) X (complement)
VP
NP
NP
Det N
V Det N
c) the argument against the proposals
d) already above the window.