伽利略英文介绍精品 Galileo Galilei

Galileo’s Life
• Born 1564 in Pisa, Italy • Galileo goes to Univ. of Pisa, but doesn’t graduate • 1597 he invents a calculator!
Galileo’s Life
• 1589, conducts Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment. • 1609, makes his own telescope • 1642, Galileo dies.
Yeah? But so what?
The Telescope
• Galileo’s refracting telescope (using lenses) is still a standard design in use today.
• Galileo didn’t invent the design though.
What did he do for astronomy?
• • • • • • Built his own 20 power telescope Observed the moon Saw that the sun has sunspots Observed the stars Discovered 4 largest moons of Jupiter Observed that Venus has phases like the moon
How did Galileo find sunspots?
• He used a camera obscura – just a pinhole in a wall, with the sunlight shining on an opposite wall. • You can make one from a piece of cardboard.
• There were many more stars!
How did that hurt the Greeks?
• The sun was the second most important heavenly body, after the earth.
• To find imperfections even on the sun proved that their philosophy was wrong. If that was wrong, what else were they wrong about?
Sunspots
• Many people think Galileo went blind from looking at the sun. Really it was just old age & disease. • Galileo’s sunspot drawings at right.
http://physics.ship.edu/~mrc/pfs/110/inside_out/vu1/Galileo/Images/Astro/Sunspots/harriot_ss1Biblioteka Baidugif
Moon Observations
• To Galileo, the moon looked like this. • These are his drawings.
Moon observations
• The Greeks thought that the heavenly bodies were perfect spheres. • Galileo proved they weren’t perfect.
A Change in Thinking
• Within 100 years of Copernicus’ death, the heliocentric model would be widely accepted by both scholars and lay people alike. • Like many advancements in science, an advancement in technology changed the conventional wisdom.
http://www.russellsastronomy.com/sky/moon.htm
Sunspots
• Galileo also observed sunspots.
http://solar.physics.montana.edu/canfield/ssu_images/sunspots.gif
Galileo Galilei
Astronomy enters the modern age
The State of Things
• At the time of Copernicus’ death (21 years before Galileo’s birth), the heliocentric model was gaining some limited acceptance among scholars for its simplicity and elegance, but not with the Church. • The heliocentric model was no better than the Ptolemaic geocentric model at predicting the positions of the planets.
Galileo observed the stars
• Before the telescope, a field of stars looked like this.
Galileo observed the stars
• But when he viewed the stars through his telescope, the star field looked more like this.