国际商务合同语言的特点

parol
petty save
oral
small, minor except
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专门术语的使用
• • • • • • • • • Consideration Covenant Ex parte Holding (of a case) Jurisdiction in personam/rem Restitution Tort Verdict Will
– The words and phrases used in the said documents shall be legal, formal, serious and accurate.
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– Examples:
• The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed to be construed as part of this Contract. • The first Board meeting shall be convened within one month after the issuance of the Company’s business license.
• “Permanent Works” means the permanent works to be executed in accordance with the Contract.
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• The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract. • If under Clause31 the Employer employ other Contractors on the site, he shall require them to have the same regard for safety and avoidance of danger. • The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price.
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经常使用曾经常用但现在已很少使 用的古代英语和中世纪英语的词汇
• • • • • • Aforementioned Foregoing Henceforth Hereby Moreover Witnesseth
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经常使用拉丁语单词和短语
拉丁词汇 ab initio ad hoc bona fide quid pro quo inter alia per capita pro rata 英文含义 from the beginning for this purpose good faith something for something among others by heads in proportion
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行话(argot)的使用
• • • • • • • • Adhesion contract Winding up Pierce the corporate veil Cause of action Promissory estoppel Forum-shopping Long-arm statute Without prejudice
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3.1 Characteristics of Good Legal Writing
• Accuracy 精确
– Say what you mean.
• Clarity 明晰
– Clarity is promoted by using the active voice, keeping subject close to verb and verb close to direct object, making the elements of a sentence parallel in structure, being careful in word choice and usage, and punctuating correctly.
– any and all manner of action or actions, cause and causes of action, suits, debts, dues, sums of money – my heirs, executors, or administrators, hereafter can, shall, or may have…
第三章 合同语言的特点
• 措辞严谨
– 合同是订约各方具体权利义务的依据，为了 避免产生任何误解和歧义，要求行文严谨， 措辞确切，形成了合同文体的保守性。
• 句式复杂 • 格式规范 • 语法独特
– 标点符号、时态、语态、间接代词
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• Legal documents used to be hand-written in compact mass. Sentences were very long and often the whole document was constructed as a single continuous sentence. The reason for unbroken lines from margin to margin may be to leave no space for a fraudulent addition.
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经常使用常用词汇的不常用含义
常用词汇 action avoid counterpart honor serve 不常用含义 a lawsuit to make void a duplicate of a document to pay or accept to deliver legal papers
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• Concision 简短
– Saying all that needs to be said with fewest number of words.
• Simplicity 简洁
– Put the necessary words together in a straightforward, simple manner.
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经常使用官样文章(officialese)用语
• Before me, the undersigned, a notary public • For such other and further relief as the Court deems meet and just • In Testimony of which I have signed and sealed the day and year last above written • In Witness Whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of …to be affixed • Know All People by These Presents • To Whom It May Concern
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• 同义词连用
– An expression may contain two synonyms or more repeating each other in meaning to avoid possible misunderstanding. – Examples:
• This Agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. • Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.
• Tห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ne 专业
– Legal documents are about serious matters. Professional is perhaps the word that best describes the tone of good legal writing.
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力求表述准确
• 使用专门术语； • 重复使用具有绝对含义的词汇； • 使用具有绝对限制含义的短语；
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使用一般词汇表中不会有的古法 语及法律法语中的词汇
古法语词汇 含义相当的英语
alien
demise easement demur
to transfer (property)
grant; lease; death a right over use of the property of another person not to agree
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冗长性、保守性和精确性
• 冗长性（语言的冲突、头韵）
– – – – – – Acknowledge（古英语） and confess（古法语） Due（中古英语） and payable（中古法语） Final （法语/拉丁语）and conclusive （法语/拉丁语） To have and to hold Safe and sound Rest, residue and remainder
– and no more, shall not be deemed a consent
• 使用含义宽泛的短语；
– including but not limited to, or other similar or dissimilar cause, without prejudice
• 使用特别定义条款； • 反复详细定义法律文件、事实情况、限制性条件、适 用条件、例外情形、权力要求等。
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可以使用具有可变通含义的 词汇和短语
• • • • • • • Adequate Apparently Due care Duly Negligence Reasonable speed Sufficient
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3.3 Language Features
• 选用正式或法律条文的用词
– The contract document is not a literary essay, nor a piece of dramatic prose. It is a legal document which the parties to the contract shall comply with. The language used in the contract documents shall be clear, unadorned and legal.
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• The Contractor shall, without limiting his or the Employer’s obligations and responsibilities under Clause 2, insure the Works, together with materials and plant for incorporation therein, to the full replacement cost. • If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said Contract, this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect.
• 保守性 • 精确性
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3.2 法律语言的主要特征
“the language of the law”
1. 经常使用常用词汇的不常用含义； 2. 经常使用曾经常用但现在已很少使用的古代英语和中世 纪英语的词汇； 3. 经常使用拉丁语单词和短语； 4. 使用一般词汇表中不会有的古法语及法律法语中的词汇； 5. 专门术语的使用； 6. 行话的使用； 7. 经常使用官样文章用语； 8. 可以使用具有可变通含义的词汇和短语； 9. 力求表述准确； 10. 冗长性、保守性和精确性。