法律英语第十课 Tort Law

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No claim for compensation不能要求赔偿
The injured party has been guilty of contributory negligence – 共同过失 has assumed the risk – 预计到有危险
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– 每个人都要对其侵权行为负责，
in limited form also children （however, parents only when they acted as the child’s agent or did not comply with their duty to supervise）,
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2.Tort law and the law of contracts overlap
An injury party has the choice between a tort claim and a suit in contracts.
Conversion 非法占有财产
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Federal Tort claims Act
A statute which removed the power of the federal government to claim immunity from a lawsuit for damages due to negligent or intentional injury by a federal employee in the scope of his/her work for the government.
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Duty of care
Restrictive interpretation :
The duty must be owed toward the particular plaintiff .
必须对特定的原告负有照看义务
There is no duty of care to the public at large.
– http://dictionary.law.com/
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Tort
Intentional tort Negligence or negligent tort Strict liability tort
Personal tort Property tort
Remedy -damages
drunken driving
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Part 2: Intentional Torts故意侵权行为
Battery 殴打 Assault 侵犯他人身体 Conversion of property 非法侵占财产 False imprisonment 非法拘禁 Trespass to personal and real property 侵占动产、 不动产 Defamation 诽谤 Invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权 Products liability 产品质量责任
不是对广大公众负有照看义务
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（某人）对侵犯财产者 的照看义务比对被邀请 客人的照法律看英语义务小 22
Guest statutes 宾客法规
Some states exclude a duty of care by the driver of a motor vehicle –toward passengers whom he transports gratuitously. 汽车司机对于他免费搭载的乘客不负照 看责任。
国家的豁免权。 2020/12/11
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Federal Tort claims Act（ FTCA ）
The FTCA permits recovery of money damages because of a negligent or wrongful act or omission by the Federal Government or an employee of the Federal Government while the employee was acting within his/her scope of employment or office.
继承人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗嘱 人因故意或疏忽侵权造成的死亡（非正常 死亡之诉）提出损害赔偿要求。
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“dram- shop acts” 小酒店法令
A party injured as a result of the intoxication of the tortfeasor has a claim against him who contributed to the tortfeasor’s intoxication.
过失
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要考虑到
The special professional qualification for the tortfeasor – 侵权者的特别专业资质
Architect
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Different criteria
Construction worker
法律英语
民事诉讼的原告通常会向陪审团提出 索赔主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑 而不是法律的考虑。
儿童受伤
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Compensation and damages 补偿费和损害赔偿金
Actual loss 实际损害 Intangible damage 无形损害
A plaintiff can play on the human reaction of the jury 原告利用陪审团的人性反应
– persons under the legal drinking age, or
– those who are obviously intoxicated.
People who serve alcoholic beverages may be liable under state laws for damages resulting from the consumption of those beverages.
– 在有限的情况下儿童亦然（但是，父母仅当 其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义 务行事时才负此责），
but not the state unless express statutory provision has abolished state immunity .
– 但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了
Personal injury 人身伤害
Implied contract默示合同 Personal injury人身伤害
Breach of warranty 违背保证诺言
Recovery of intangible damage
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3.Everyone is liable for his tort act ,
作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的 当事人有权向造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人 提出索赔请求。
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“dram- shop acts”
Dram Shop acts, enacted in the 19th century, usually impose liability for negligence on the sellers of alcoholic beverages for sales to:
– http://www.legal-dictionary.org/
Torts include all negligence cases as well as intentional wrongs which result in harm.
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Tort law
州法律 判例法 联邦侵权索赔法
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4. Everyone is protected against tortious act, including the embryo.
每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为 的伤害。
The heirs or next of kin may have a damage claim for the intentional or negligent death of their relative or testator (wrongful death action )
A permanent
disability of
loss of a limb
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American law permits
the participation of the attorney in the plaintiff’s recovery (contingent fee) 美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿 金（胜诉酬金）
法律英语第十课 Tort Law
Punishment is justice for the unjust. Augustine British writer
惩罚是对正义 的伸张。 英国作家 奥古斯丁
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Background
Tort
The breach of a duty that results in an injury for which there is a remedy at law.
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Contributory negligence 共同过失
a doctrine of common law that if a person was injured in part due to his/her own negligence (his/her negligence "contributed" to the accident), the injured party would not be entitled to collect any damages (money) from another party who supposedly caused the accident.
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Part 3: Liability for Negligence 过失侵权的责任
Causality
Negligent act Injury
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A person is negligent
if he has not complied with his “duty of care” and ,has not acted as “a reasonable and prudent man”. 如果一个人没有尽到“照看义务”， 没有象“一个理性且谨慎的人”那样 行事。
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6百度文库
Part 1: Introduction
1. Automobile accidents
damages claims 要求赔偿
most civil suits 大多数民事诉讼
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tort law 侵权法
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Many circumstances
The plaintiff in a civil suit is ordinarily entitled to try his claim before a jury which will often rely more on human than on legal considerations……
Amount to 25 to 33% of the verdict 酬金达到法院判付金额的25-33%。
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A tort action 侵权诉讼
A lengthy proceeding –诉讼程序时间长 Large expenses — honoraria for experts –代价大（专家证人的酬金） A very large verdict （ in excess of $100000） –判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）