媒介与社会性别2 女权主义者Adrienne Rich及其思想介绍
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媒介与社会性别2 女权主义者 Adrienne Rich及其思想介绍
Adrienne Rich (selected prose)
• 1976: Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution
• 1979: On Lies, Secrets and Silence: Selected Prose • 1986: Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose
• 2) so customary or routine as to be expected of everyone or on every occasion.
• 3) (of a ruling) having binding force: for instance, a sovereign whose laws are obligatory.
• Both consider pornography to be an especially powerful manifestation of male control over women (the subjugation and objectification of women for male pleasure).
Obligatory/Obligation
• “Obligatory” (adjective): 1) required by a legal, moral, or other rule; compulsory: for instance, use of seat belts in cars is now obligatory.
especially against one's conscious wishes: for instance, he felt a compulsion to talk about what had happened. • ORIGIN late Middle English: via Old French from late Latin compulsio, from compellere ‘to drive, force’ (see “to compel”).
straight) (includes the essay, “The Straight Mind,” first published in 1980) • 1999: Paris-la-Politique
Roland Barthes (1915-1980)
Jacques Lacan (1901-1981)
Sande Zeig) (Lesbian Peoples: Material for a Dictionary) • 1985: Virgile, non (Across the Acheron) • 1992: The Straight Mind and Other Essays (La pensée
simultaneity of oppressions
• “As a forty-nine-year-old Black lesbian feminist socialist mother of two, including one boy, and a member of an interracial couple, I usually find myself a part of some group defined as other, deviant, inferior, or just plain wrong.”
(includes the essay: “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence,” first published in 1980) • 1993: What Is Found There: Notebooks on Poetry and Politics • 2001: Arts of the Possible: Essays and Conversations • 2007: Poetry and Commitment: An Essay
Some coincidences between Wittig’s and Rich’s Texts (II)
• Both dispute the notion that human beings are “naturally” and “freely” heterosexual (hence, the compulsory/obligatory forms it takes).
Toni Morrison (born 1931)
Monique Wittig (1935-2003)
Works by Monique Wittig
• 1964: L’Opoponax • 1969: Les Guérillères (The Warriors) • 1973: Le Corps Lesbien (The Lesbian Body) • 1976: Brouillon pour un dictionnaire des amantes (with
Adrienne Rich (selected poetry)
1951: A Change of World. 1963: Snapshots of a daughter-in-law: poems, 1954-1962. 1966: Necessities of life: Poems, 1962-1965. 1971: The Will to Change: Poems 1968-1970. 1973: Diving into the Wreck. W.W. Norton. 1978: The Dream of a Common Language. 1984: The Fact of a Doorframe: Poems Selected and New, 1950-1984. 1989: Time’s Power: Poems, 1985-1988. 1991: An Atlas of the Difficult World: Poems 1988-1991. 1995: Dark Fields of the Republic: Poems, 1991-1995. 1999: Midnight Salvage: Poems, 1995-1998. 2004: The School Among the Ruins: Poems, 2000-2004. 2006: Telephone Ringing in the Labyrinth: Poems 2004–2006.
• Both see sexuality as intimately related to politics and economics (class struggle, for Wittig).
• Both understand discourse (language, symbolic systems) as having real, material effects.
(Wittig, 105; Rich, 652). • Both see heterosexuality as an IDEOLOGY deserving of
critical reflection (Wittig, 105; Rich, 638). • Both see heterosexuality as a “COMPULSORY” (Rich) or
• 2) involving or exercising compulsion; coercive. • “Compulsion” (noun): 1) the action or state of forcing
or being forced to do something; constraint. • 2) an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way,
“OBLIGATORY” (Wittig, 107) political and economic SYSTEM or INSTITUTION.
Compulsory/Compulsion
• “Compulsory” (adjective): 1) required by law or a rule; obligatory: for instance, compulsory military service.
• ORIGIN late Middle English : from late Latin obligatorius, from Latin obligat- ‘obliged,’ from the verb obligare, from ob- ‘toward’ + ligare ‘to bind.’
Some coincidences between Wittig’s
and Rich’s Texts (III)
• Both understand heterosexuality as relying on romanticized myths, unconscious propaganda (in literature, art, advertising, mass media, cinema, religion, etc.), and un-self-critical forms of science that at once construct “nature” and conceal it as a construction.
源自文库
• “Being women together was not enough. We were different. Being gay-girls together was not enough. We were different. Being Black together was not enough. We were different. Being Black women together was not enough. We were different. Being Black dykes together was not enough. We were different. . . It was a while before we came to realize that our place was the very house of difference rather than the security of any one particular difference.”
Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908-2009)
Some coincidences between Wittig’s and Rich’s Texts (I)
• Both are published in academic Feminist journals in the United States in 1980 (though Wittig first presented hers orally in 1978).
Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855)
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
Colette (Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, 1873-1954)
Zora Neal Hurston (1891-1960)
Audre Lorde (1934-1992)
• Both function as political MANIFESTOS. • Both CRITICIZE heterosexual and patriarchal assumptions
within feminism (especially Rich) and society at large. • Both see male-dominated systems as forms of TRYANNY
Adrienne Rich (selected prose)
• 1976: Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution
• 1979: On Lies, Secrets and Silence: Selected Prose • 1986: Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose
• 2) so customary or routine as to be expected of everyone or on every occasion.
• 3) (of a ruling) having binding force: for instance, a sovereign whose laws are obligatory.
• Both consider pornography to be an especially powerful manifestation of male control over women (the subjugation and objectification of women for male pleasure).
Obligatory/Obligation
• “Obligatory” (adjective): 1) required by a legal, moral, or other rule; compulsory: for instance, use of seat belts in cars is now obligatory.
especially against one's conscious wishes: for instance, he felt a compulsion to talk about what had happened. • ORIGIN late Middle English: via Old French from late Latin compulsio, from compellere ‘to drive, force’ (see “to compel”).
straight) (includes the essay, “The Straight Mind,” first published in 1980) • 1999: Paris-la-Politique
Roland Barthes (1915-1980)
Jacques Lacan (1901-1981)
Sande Zeig) (Lesbian Peoples: Material for a Dictionary) • 1985: Virgile, non (Across the Acheron) • 1992: The Straight Mind and Other Essays (La pensée
simultaneity of oppressions
• “As a forty-nine-year-old Black lesbian feminist socialist mother of two, including one boy, and a member of an interracial couple, I usually find myself a part of some group defined as other, deviant, inferior, or just plain wrong.”
(includes the essay: “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence,” first published in 1980) • 1993: What Is Found There: Notebooks on Poetry and Politics • 2001: Arts of the Possible: Essays and Conversations • 2007: Poetry and Commitment: An Essay
Some coincidences between Wittig’s and Rich’s Texts (II)
• Both dispute the notion that human beings are “naturally” and “freely” heterosexual (hence, the compulsory/obligatory forms it takes).
Toni Morrison (born 1931)
Monique Wittig (1935-2003)
Works by Monique Wittig
• 1964: L’Opoponax • 1969: Les Guérillères (The Warriors) • 1973: Le Corps Lesbien (The Lesbian Body) • 1976: Brouillon pour un dictionnaire des amantes (with
Adrienne Rich (selected poetry)
1951: A Change of World. 1963: Snapshots of a daughter-in-law: poems, 1954-1962. 1966: Necessities of life: Poems, 1962-1965. 1971: The Will to Change: Poems 1968-1970. 1973: Diving into the Wreck. W.W. Norton. 1978: The Dream of a Common Language. 1984: The Fact of a Doorframe: Poems Selected and New, 1950-1984. 1989: Time’s Power: Poems, 1985-1988. 1991: An Atlas of the Difficult World: Poems 1988-1991. 1995: Dark Fields of the Republic: Poems, 1991-1995. 1999: Midnight Salvage: Poems, 1995-1998. 2004: The School Among the Ruins: Poems, 2000-2004. 2006: Telephone Ringing in the Labyrinth: Poems 2004–2006.
• Both see sexuality as intimately related to politics and economics (class struggle, for Wittig).
• Both understand discourse (language, symbolic systems) as having real, material effects.
(Wittig, 105; Rich, 652). • Both see heterosexuality as an IDEOLOGY deserving of
critical reflection (Wittig, 105; Rich, 638). • Both see heterosexuality as a “COMPULSORY” (Rich) or
• 2) involving or exercising compulsion; coercive. • “Compulsion” (noun): 1) the action or state of forcing
or being forced to do something; constraint. • 2) an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way,
“OBLIGATORY” (Wittig, 107) political and economic SYSTEM or INSTITUTION.
Compulsory/Compulsion
• “Compulsory” (adjective): 1) required by law or a rule; obligatory: for instance, compulsory military service.
• ORIGIN late Middle English : from late Latin obligatorius, from Latin obligat- ‘obliged,’ from the verb obligare, from ob- ‘toward’ + ligare ‘to bind.’
Some coincidences between Wittig’s
and Rich’s Texts (III)
• Both understand heterosexuality as relying on romanticized myths, unconscious propaganda (in literature, art, advertising, mass media, cinema, religion, etc.), and un-self-critical forms of science that at once construct “nature” and conceal it as a construction.
源自文库
• “Being women together was not enough. We were different. Being gay-girls together was not enough. We were different. Being Black together was not enough. We were different. Being Black women together was not enough. We were different. Being Black dykes together was not enough. We were different. . . It was a while before we came to realize that our place was the very house of difference rather than the security of any one particular difference.”
Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908-2009)
Some coincidences between Wittig’s and Rich’s Texts (I)
• Both are published in academic Feminist journals in the United States in 1980 (though Wittig first presented hers orally in 1978).
Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855)
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
Colette (Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, 1873-1954)
Zora Neal Hurston (1891-1960)
Audre Lorde (1934-1992)
• Both function as political MANIFESTOS. • Both CRITICIZE heterosexual and patriarchal assumptions
within feminism (especially Rich) and society at large. • Both see male-dominated systems as forms of TRYANNY