心理学导论 3 Foundations Freud

3. Foundations: FreudSigmund Freud：Psychoanalysis (精神分析)∙ 3.1 Wide scope: Theories of everything∙ 3.2 Freud said a lot of things some of which were not very rational, such as phallic symbols (性器表征)∙ 3.3 The core of Freud’s declamation: a set of claims of a man’s intellectual importanceUnconscious motivation, unconscious of dynamics, unconscious conflictUnconscious motivation involves rejecting the claim that you know what you’re doing: marriage case, like or dislike someone without any reason∙ 3.4 Three distinct processes: the id the ego the superegoThese are in violent internal conflict, and the way you act and the way you think are products not a singular rational being, but a set of conflicting creatures.The id is present at birth, it’s the animal part of self.The ego works on the principle of trying figure out how to make your way through the world, symbolizes the origin of consciousness.The superego is the internalized rules of parents in society, tells you things are wrong.∙ 3.5 Psychosexual development(extended and developed above into theory)Five stage of personality developmentOral stage: The mouth is associated with pleasure, sucking chewing. The premature weaning of a child lead to serious problems in his personality development, such as eating too much, chewing gum or smoking, dependent and needy.Anal stage: Problems can emerge if toilet training is not handled correctly, such as you’re stingy, clean or compulsivePhallic stage: The focus of pleasure shift to the genitals. The fixation can lead to excessive masculinity(男性化) in female or in male. “Oedipus complex”Latency stage: Gone through the huge things with Mom and Dad, sex is repressed.Genital stage: The healthy adult stage.∙ 3.6 Defense mechanismThe id is sending up all of the weird sick stuff but the stuff is depressed by the superego, it doesn’t even make it to consciousness, but the problem is some of the stuff slips out (hydraulic theory) and it shows up in dreams, in slips of the tongue in certain clinic symptoms. Defense mechanism is used to keep that horrible stuff from the id making its way to consciousness.Sublimation: You may have a lot of energy, but focus it in some other way.Displacement: You have certain shameful thoughts or desires and you refocus them more appropriately. The boy hates his father but kick the dog and thinks he hates the dog.Projection: I have certain impulses I am uncomfortable with, so rather than own them myself I project them to somebody else such as homosexual desires.Rationalization: Do something or think something bad but rationalize it and give it more socially acceptable explanation. Such as parents enjoy smacking the child but state “It’s for the child’s own good”.Regression: Return to an earlier stage of development. Such as cry, suck thumb, seek out a blanket.If things go awry: Hysteria (歇斯底里) includes phenomena like hysterical blindness and hysterical deafness.∙ 3.7 Freud’s contribution: Dream and religionHe believed that dreams had a manifest content meaning but dreams always had a latent content as well. He viewed all dreams as wish fulfillment and dreams had symbolism (象征意义)Religion: He viewed a large part of our—of the idea of finding a singular all-powerful god as seeking out a father figure that some of us never had during development.∙ 3.8 Scientific assessment of FreudNegative:《The memory of Wars》 by Frederick Crews one of the strongest and most passionate critics of Freud.Two ways to reject a theory: 1. It is wrong 2. It’s so vague and all-encompassing that it can’t even be tested.“That guy's work is crap. He's not right, he's not even wrong.” said by Pauli, a physicist.The Freud’s theory can’t be falsifiable.Freudian psychoanalysis is almost never studied inside psychology departments. There are some exceptions but for the most part even the people who do study Freud within psychology departments do so critically.Positive:The importance of the dynamic unconscious remains intact.Freud's insight that our likes and dislikes are due to factors that we're not necessarily conscious of has a lot of empirical support from research into social psychology.Examples: Going through a terrible initiation to get into a club. The more you pay for something the more you like it, and the more pain you go through to get something the more you like it.From the standpoint of politics for instance, if you want loyal people in a political campaign, do not pay them. If they volunteer they'll like you more.Terror management which involves subliminal death primes: People exposed to death primes become more nationalistic more patriotic, less forgiving of other people, less liking of other races and people from other countries.Subjects who were asked to do ten positive features and then later ranked the person lower and then asked "Why did you rank the person lower?" Don't say "Cause you told me to list ten."Typically we are oblivious to these factors that change our points what we like and what we dislike and this is in fact a substantial and an important part of the study of psychology and particularly for instance, the study of racial and sexual prejudice.Conclusion：The general idea of Freud is actually been so successful both in the study of scientific psychology and in our interpretation of everyday life, that to some extent Freud's been a victim of his own success.He's transformed our world view to such an extent that it's difficult for us to remember if there's any other way to think about it.Q&A:Although Freud was very sensitive to the brain basis of behavior, Freud was totally convinced that the method through which to cure disorders like depression and anxiety would not be medication but rather through the sort of talk therapy and insight. Both Freud and modern day psychoanalysts would think that medications are substantially overused in the treatment of mental disorders.The Electra complex is the penis envy story, the Electra complex was a sort of add-on to the main interest of Freud's Oedipal complex.Woman's discovery that she lacks the penis plays a fundamental role later on determining her allegiances in life and in fact her own sexual preferences and interests. It's not the sort of thing that affects her just for a short period.。