Industry A Policy Framework, Sloan Management Review. (Spring) 3-18.
英语人力资源管理50题
英语人力资源管理50题1. In a company, the process of identifying and attracting potential employees is called _____.A. recruitmentB. selectionC. trainingD. development答案：A。
本题考查人力资源管理的基本概念。
选项A“recruitment”意为招聘，指识别和吸引潜在员工的过程，符合题意。
选项B“selection”指选拔，侧重于从候选人中挑选合适的人员。
选项C“training”是培训，针对已入职员工提升技能。
选项D“development”是发展，通常指员工在职业上的长期发展规划。
2. The department responsible for managing employees' performance and providing feedback is _____.A. HRB. FinanceC. MarketingD. Operations答案：A。
在公司中，负责管理员工绩效并提供反馈的部门通常是人力资源部门（HR）。
选项B“Finance”是财务部门，主要处理财务相关事务。
选项C“Marketing”是市场营销部门，专注于市场推广和销售。
选项D“Operations”是运营部门，负责日常业务运营。
3. The term used to describe the knowledge, skills, and abilities that an employee brings to a job is _____.A. job descriptionB. job specificationC. competencyD. Workload答案：C。
“Competency”指的是员工带到工作中的知识、技能和能力。
选项A“job description”是工作描述，详细说明了工作的职责和任务。
产业组织学 英语
产业组织学英语Industrial Organization: An OverviewIndustrial organization is a branch of economics that focuses on the study of how firms and industries are organized and how they interact with each other in the marketplace. It examines the behavior of firms, market structure, and the effects of government policies on industry performance.One of the key concepts in industrial organization is market structure. Market structure refers to the characteristics of a market, such as the number and size of firms, barriers to entry, product differentiation, and the degree of competition. There are four main types of market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly.Perfect competition is characterized by a large number of small firms that produce identical products. There are no barriers to entry or exit in this type of market structure, and firms are price takers. Monopolistic competition is similar to perfect competition but with product differentiation. Firms in monopolistic competition have some control over price due to product differentiation.Oligopoly is characterized by a small number of large firms that dominate the market. These firms have significant market power and can influence prices. Collusion between firmsis common in oligopolistic markets, leading to higher prices and reduced consumer welfare.Monopoly occurs when there is only one firm in the market with no close substitutes for its product. Monopolies have complete control over price and can earn abnormal profits.Industrial organization also examines firm behavior within these market structures. It looks at how firms make decisions regarding pricing, output levels, advertising, research and development (R&D), and entry or exit from markets. Firms aim to maximize their profits by considering factors such as costs, demand conditions, competitive pressures, and government ernment policies play a crucial role in shaping industry performance. Industrial organization analyzes how government interventions such as antitrust laws, regulations on mergers and acquisitions, intellectual property rights protection, subsidies or taxes affect firm behavior and industry outcomes. These policies aim to promote competition, prevent market power abuse, and enhance consumer welfare.In conclusion, industrial organization is a field of study that examines how firms and industries are organized and how they interact in the marketplace. It analyzes market structure, firm behavior, and the effects of government policies on industry performance. By understanding these dynamics, policymakers and businesses can make informed decisions to promote competition, innovation, and economic growth.。
经济学原理中对于产业区的英文表达
经济学原理中对于产业区的英文表达Industrial clusters, a significant concept in economics, refer to geographical concentrations of interrelated businesses, suppliers, and institutions in a particular industry. These clusters are often formed due to the synergies created by proximity, specialization, and knowledge sharing among the participating entities. The economic benefits of industrial clusters are numerous, ranging from cost savings and efficiency gains toinnovation and competitiveness enhancement.The formation of industrial clusters is typicallydriven by several factors. One of the key drivers is the availability of resources and infrastructure. Industries tend to cluster in regions that offer abundant natural resources, skilled labor, and well-developed infrastructure. For instance, the automotive industry often clusters around areas with a strong supply of steel, rubber, and other raw materials, as well as a skilled workforce.Another important factor is the presence of supporting institutions and networks. These can include research institutions, universities, trade associations, andgovernment agencies that provide expertise, funding, and other support to the industry. The existence of such institutions and networks fosters collaboration and knowledge sharing among businesses, leading to the creation of a vibrant and innovative industrial ecosystem.The economic benefits of industrial clusters arediverse and significant. Firstly, clusters promote cost savings and efficiency gains by enabling businesses toshare resources, infrastructure, and knowledge. Thisreduces operational costs and enhances productivity, making the entire cluster more competitive.Secondly, industrial clusters foster innovation. The proximity of businesses and institutions within a cluster allows for the easy exchange of ideas, technologies, and best practices. This fosters a culture of innovation and experimentation, leading to the development of new products, processes, and services.Thirdly, clusters enhance the competitiveness of the region's economy. By attracting businesses, investors, and talent, clusters contribute to economic growth and jobcreation. They also raise the profile of the region, making it more attractive to external investors and partners.Moreover, industrial clusters contribute to the resilience and adaptability of the economy. In times of economic downturn or disruption, clusters can provide a buffer by pooling resources and expertise to address challenges and seize new opportunities.However, it's worth noting that the formation and sustenance of industrial clusters are not without challenges. Issues such as competition for resources, environmental impacts, and governance structures can arise within clusters. Therefore, it's crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to work closely to address these challenges and ensure the sustainable development of clusters.In conclusion, industrial clusters play a pivotal role in the economic development and competitiveness of regions. By leveraging the synergies created by proximity, specialization, and knowledge sharing, clusters enable businesses to achieve cost savings, efficiency gains, and innovation. As such, policymakers and stakeholders shouldprioritize the creation and nurturing of industrialclusters to promote economic growth and prosperity.**经济学中的产业区：其形成与影响的视角**产业区是经济学中的一个重要概念，指的是特定行业内相互关联的企业、供应商和机构在地理上的集中。
工业政策在一个联邦结构国家产业政策的美国【外文翻译】
（2011届）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文：BEFORE INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN A FEDERALSTRUCTURE: STATEINDUSTRIAL POLICY IN THE UNITED STATESConsidering stateindustrial policyefforts directly, let me say something about the scope and limits of the national initiatives that currently frame them. I abstract initially from fiscal concerns --ie., whether there is any money to do that which is proposed -- and only look at content.THE CLINTONIAN VIEW OF INDUSTRIAL POLICYThe "new Democrats" of the Clinton administration came to power on the promise of delivering an economic policy different from the "tax and spend and regulate" policies alleged of old-style Democrats. Whether they can deliver on that promise in a way that preserves discernible differences between Democratic and Republican economic policy is anyone's guess. The purported distinction from past policies on which this promise rests goes something like this.Under "old" Democratic views, direct government regulation of prices and other conditions of market entry, the use of government purchasing power to subsidize favored economic practices, the redistribution of income on the basis of need rather than contribution, and other efforts to alter the terms and conditions of economic reward were acceptable means of "promoting the general welfare." The "new" Democratic view holds that such policies are generally pointless, self-defeating, or malign. They generate excessive bureaucracies, inappropriately substitute government judgment for market judgment, are insufficiently attentive to labor supply effects, or otherwise presume greater government capacity to shape the economy than is warranted.Of the many reasons offered for this change of view, the most basic concerns afundamental change in thestructureof the U.S. economy itself.A generation ago, the story goes, the U.S. operated as an essentially closed domestic system. In that context, effective government control of the domestic economy was indeed possible.Now, however, the U.S. operates in a truly international economic system, characterized by the relatively free flow of capital and goods across national borders. In this world, government can no longer directly determine--a fortiori not with the command-and-control regulation and macro-economic policy tools available from old -- the character of production within its borders, largely because the very notion of economic "borders" is meaningless.This view, it is emphasized, does not amount to a prescription for laissez faire. The Clintonians, like the Dukakisites before them, believe that government has an important role to play in securing "good jobs at good wages." That role, however, is both diminished and changed by the new environment. Instead of vainly trying to constrain capital's choices in economic development, government should use its power to improve the factors of production at capital's disposal. It should invest in physical infrastructure, diffuse technology, and improve the country's human capital base. This, it is hoped, will make it an attractive site for investment by firms offering good jobs -- in particular, those roving multinationals that locate their best jobs in rich nations even as they source much production to poor ones. And that, it is thought, is about as much as it is reasonable to hope for.Completing this story is a certain description of the current character of economic activity within the U.S. itself.On this description, unrelenting pressures (again, heavily, international ones) are forcing a restructuring of U.S. firms away from Taylorist production and toward "high performance" forms of work organization engaged in "quality competition." As used in contemporary debates, "high performance" organization roughly denotes the most complete and flexible deployment of firm resources to advance continuous innovation. "Quality competition" denotes a market strategy emphasizing non-price product or service features -- variety, customization, performance, timeliness in delivery, attendant servicing of customers -- as well as cost. Under a regime of quality competition,products and services are essentially all viewed as capital goods. Customers assess their price/performance ratio, rather than price alone.In a world economy densely populated by countries and firms paying a fraction of U.S. wages, such a quality strategy is essential to preserving living standards. After all, unless customers are getting a quality premium, they will not be willing to absorb "premium" labor costs. But, again, according to the Clintonian view, firms are already moving in the high-performance direction -- and, it is assumed, paying labor a premium as they do so. There exists a happy congruence between what firms find they need to do to be profitable and what the society needs to secure the general welfare.Government's role in facilitating the high performance transition at home is equivalent to what is recommended for making the U.S. an internationally attractive investment site -- education, technology diffusion, modernized infrastructure. High performance work organization -- characterized by flexible automation, on-line quality control, multi-skilled work groups, flattened management hierarchies, increased cross-department communication, greater autonomy for front-line production workers in all manner of decisions -- requires workers with high and broad skills, which recommends greater efforts in education and training. To meet demand for high-performance supplier chains, government should help diffuse technology be diffused to those small and medium-sized enterprises ("foundation firms") currently frozen out of capital markets. And to satisfy demand for modern logistics, it needs to revamp its rotting infrastructure.WHAT IS WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE?What are we to make of all this as a description of the world, and of appropriate policy? What I make of it is that it is seriously wrongheaded. To be sure, international competition is real, and the tasks of social management of the economy have importantly changed. To be sure, something like "quality competition" is necessary to defending living standards in the United States. And, to be sure,industrial restructuring of the right sort will require better education, more technology diffusion, and the repair and modernization of our infrastructure. But the way in which any ofthese tasks will need to be discharged, the degree to which firms will need to be pressured to accomplish them, and whether their accomplishment alone exhausts the list of needed or possible interventions depends on one's analysis of the options available to government, and the actual facts of current restructuring in the United States. And on both these fronts I think the Clintonians are mistaken.For starters, the picture of a more or less complete internationalization of the U.S. economy is overdrawn. To believe the Clintonians, the economy is now one in which all factors move freely across borders, except those sunk in the ground or attached directly to human beings; the institutional infrastructure of production (labor market institutions, producer associations, community ties of various stripes and kinds) is largely irrelevant to the quality of production; and government has no hard ground on which to stand in imposing any social control over the economy. The real economy, however, is one in which most goods and services are still not directly exposed to international competition; it is one in which quality competition is critically contingent on immobile institutional supports (providing training and integrated social services, facilitating firm innovation and learning, enabling and encouraging producers to live up to international quality standards, attaching to this support a variety of antecedent conditions on its receipt); and it is one in which government purchasing power alone provides a powerful weapon to shape the path of development. This reality suggests that the room for maneuver and guidance is far greater than the Clintonians would have us believe. Government need not be entirely timid.And the government had better not be timid, since the path of current economic restructuring in the U.S. is not nearly as happy as the Clintonians like to think.Most U.S. firms are not responding to competitive pressures by going the "high-wage, high-performance" route, but by either "sweating" labor under conditions of very low investment in training and new technology, or by advancing a species of "lean commodity production" that uses advanced quality and production cost-cutting tactics, but does not share the resulting productivity gains with labor. This pattern of response is what explains the last twenty years of data on wage decline, wage depressionamong the fastest growing segments of the economy, and the weak or negative relation, on a firm and sectoral basis, between productivity growth and wages. Far from a happy congruence between what is needed for profitability and what is needed for general welfare, "good" firms are losing out to "bad" firms pursuing tactics which, if generalized, will be (already have been) disastrous for living standards.What the U.S. needs most to do in this context is foreclose the low-wage option on restructuring. With a stick of direct labor market and production regulation, and a carrot of government purchases and assistance awarded those firms moving in the desired direction, it needs to push restructuring in a direction other than the one it now "naturally" takes. This need not involve government substitution of its judgment for that of firms on how results are best achieved. Nor must it take the form of "picking winners and losers" by industry group. However, it will require setting social standards of performance for firms and using government power to enforce them. Regrettably, this is just what the administration appears unwilling to do. One consequence of this unwillingness will be a continuation of present trends toward declining living standards and increased inequality. A more immediate consequence is that even the administration's narrower agenda of industry assistance will not enjoy broad business support, and will have limited effect. That agenda assumes an industry demand for higher quality factors -- in particular, human capital -- that in most cases does not exist. Advancing it risks having all the production and labor market effects of pushing on a string.HARD BUDGET CONSTRAINTS, AND HARD LIBERALISMFinally, hard budget constraints and an exceptionally "liberal" institutional terrain create barriers to effective government intervention -- even of the narrower kind favored by the Clintonians.To take only one example, the administration had made clear its interest in devising a "school to work" transition system in the U.S. heavily modeled on German apprenticeship. But the amounts of money being talked about are trivial. To put this in perspective, German apprentices each cost employers about $4,500 a year on average (in some areas of manufacturing, the costs is several times this), in what are typically four year programs of "dual" workplace-schoolinstruction.Were a German apprenticeship system extended to the U.S., with the sixty-five percent rate of coverage for the total high school cohort claimed in Germany, it would cost U.S. employers about thirty-two billion dollars annually.No one seriously believes that anything approaching this effort will be made in the U.S. anytime soon on behalf of young front-line workers.Even if the money were available, however, a variety of institutional supports on which the German system relies are not available here. In addition to high schools delivering young adults with sound knowledge tested at national standards (something that it would be possible to do something about, albeit also costly), the German system relies on several such institutional supports. One is a dense network of more or less obligatory business association. This assures requisite takeup rates among business of young apprentices and serves to generalize standards across firms. A second is a fairly "patient" relationship between banks and industry. This enables firms to invest in the skills of the future workhorse even during recession. A third is an incredibly highly regulated youth labor market. This makes it possible to set trainee allowances low, which makes training itself affordable to firms. It requires, however, limiting the availability of non-apprentice employment. A fourth, indispensable both to the provision and monitoring of training, is competent and nearly universal worker representation (in the forms of works councils), and a powerful labor movement able to regulate training-compensation trade-offs and to push forindustrial upgrading society-wide. Fifth and finally, as that which apprenticeship both feeds and relies on, is anindustrial culture in which firms are already organized in ways that take advantage of advanced skills. This is what pulls the string.None of this is available in the United States. All of it would be powerfully resisted if anyone tried to build it. And in no case can it be built overnight. This lends an air of unreality to the bold claims being made for youth apprenticeship, but not that program alone. There are similar budget constraints, and similar institutional gaps, in virtually all the proposed areas of Clintonian intervention. And so I am skeptical of it going very far. So much, however, for the national scene.Source:Rogers, Joel. Canada -- United States Law Journal, 1993, V ol. 19, p175, 9p译文：工业政策在一个联邦结构:国家产业政策的美国在考虑国家产业政策直接努力,让我谈谈的范围和限制的国家行动,目前框架。
国际贸易第15版复习大纲剖析
Chapter One (第一章)International Economics Is Different(国际经济学是一门独特的学科)1. Four Controversies (四个有争议的事件)（1）Imports of Automobile Tires （汽车轮胎的进口）（2）Immigration （移民）（3）China′s Exchange Rate (中国的汇率)（4）Global Financial and Economic Crisis （全球金融和经济危机）2.Economics and the nation-state（经济学和国家政府）Nations are sovereign (国家是主权独立的)Nobody is in charge of the whole world economy(没有人可以掌控整个世界经济)Nations have their separate policies(国家拥有独立的政策)（1）Factor mobility（要素流动性）（2）Different fiscal policies（不同的财政政策）（3）Different moneys（不同的货币）Part One: The Theory of International Trade(第一篇：国际贸易理论第二章至第七章)Chapter Two (第二章)The basic theory using demand and supply（需求与供给的基本理论）1.Four Key Questions About International Trade(贸易的四个重要问题)2.Demand and supply(需求与供给)(1)Demand and Consumer surplus（需求与消费者剩余）①Price of elasticity of demand（需求价格弹性）The percent change in quantity demanded of a product caused by a one percent increase in the price of this product（产品价格上升一个百分点所引起的该产品需求数量的百分比变化）注意：需求曲线越平坦，说明越具有价格弹性②Consumer surplus（消费者剩余）The difference between the value that consumers place on the units of the product that they buy and the payment that they make to obtain these units.（消费者在每单位产品上愿意支付的价格与获得这些产品实际支付的价格之间的差额）（2）Supply and producer surplus(供给与生产者剩余)①Price of elasticity of supply（P20）②Supply surplus (figure 2.1)(P22)3. Two national markets and the opening of trade（两国的市场与贸易的开展）（1）Free Trade Equilibrium （自由贸易均衡）What will happen when US trade with the rest of country?Buy low and sell high ----- arbitrage（套利）Note: one –dollar, one-vote metric (一元一票制)（2）Which country gains more?（哪个国家获益更多）The country that experiences the larger price change has a larger value of the net gains from trade (经历较大价格变化的国家从贸易中获得较大的净收益)Chapter Three (第三章)Why Everybody Trades：Comparative Advantage(为什么开展贸易：比较优势)1. Adam smith′s theory of absolute advantage （斯密的绝对优势理论）（1）Mercantilism （重商主义）（P35）（2）The theory of absolute advantageEvery country will focus on producing what it does best and exports it。
大众经济学中的英文单词
大众经济学中的英文单词adverse selection 逆向选择Africa 非洲average incomes 平均收入ecological collapse 生态崩溃aggregates 总和，综合agreements 协议breaking 违背community 社区enforcement 强制执行human rights 人权market-community mediation 市场和社区之间的调解tied engagements 捆绑的约定agriculture 农业gender discrimination in 性别歧视在incomes 收入labour 劳动risks 风险subsidies 补贴subsistence 生存anonymity principle 匿名原则anti-trust laws 反托拉斯法Argentina 阿根廷Aristotle 亚里士多德Australia 澳大利亚authoritarianism 专制主义Bangladesh 孟加拉国bankruptcy 破产banks 银行bargaining 议价。
讨价还价，谈判barter 物物交换beliefs 信任，信念bifurcations 分歧点biomass-based economies 自然经济birth control 节育borrowing 借贷Brazil 巴西breach if contract 违约bribery 贿赂capital assets 资产资产carbon emissions 碳氧化物排放Central American 中美洲central planning 中央计划children 子女mortality rates 死亡率resources transferred to 转移到……的资源citizenship 公民身份civil rights 公民权利climate change 气候变化collective action 集体行动colonization 殖民commondities 物品，商品service 服务communities 社区agricultural risks 农业风险authoritarianism 专制主义common resources 共有资源conformity 遵从性failure 失灵infrastructure 基础设施networks 人际网络competitive equilibrium 竞争均衡competitiveness 竞争性conformism 遵从行为consensus principle 一致性原则constituents 成分consumption 消费climate change 气候变化discount rate 贴现率equalize 使均等marginal costs 边际成本contingent commodity 应急商品contingent markets 应急市场employment 雇佣forward markets 期货市场legal 法律的social 社会的cooperation 合作copyright 版权corporations 公司corruption 腐败cost of living 生活成本country-specific idiosyncrasies 国家独有的特质CPRs common property resources 共有财产资源credit 信贷critical mass 临界规模cronyism 任人唯亲culture 文化currency crashes 货币崩溃dated commodities 时间商品debt 债务deflation 通货紧缩deforestation 森林砍伐demand curve 需求曲线democracy 民主as a merit good 作为一种公益品protection of 保护voting rules 投票规则demographic transitions 人口转变discount rates 贴现率discoveries and inventions 发现与发明dividends 红利division of labour 劳动分工ecological services 生态服务economic history 经济史economies of scale 规模经济education 教育efficient 效率enforcement 强制执行external 外部的government 政府mutual 共同的social norms 社会规范emgagements 参与，约定Enlightenment 启蒙运动environment 环境climate change 气候变化ecological stress 生态压力population growth 人口增长trade expansion 贸易扩张equilibrium 均衡communitarian 社区合作的competitive 竞争的democratic 民主的reproductive 生育的social 社会的Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚ethnic networks 种族的人际网络export subsidies 出口补贴externalities 外部性female employment 女性就业female infanticide 扼杀女婴fertility 生育financial institutions 金融机构firms 企业ideal markets 理想市场monopolist 垄断者moral hazard 道德风险food distribution 食物分配forward markets 期货市场France 法国free trade 自由贸易free-rider problem 搭便车问题freedom 自由funeral expenses 葬礼的开销game theory 博弈论GDP gross domestic productenforcement expenditure 执行费用支出productive base 生产基础rich-poor gap 贫富差距sustainable development 可持续发展trust 信任gender inequality 性别不平等Germany 德国currency crashes 货币崩溃unemployment rate 失业率globalization 全球化allocation of 配置dated 时间的demand for 对……的需求determinants 决定因素distribution of 分配durable 耐用的externalities 外部性firms 企业ideal markets 理想市场merit 公益的open access 开放获得outcomes 结果ownership 所有权private 私人的governance 治理allocation of resources 资源配置corruption 腐败emergency aid 紧急援助function 功能macroeconomic 宏观经济稳定social cost-benefit analysis 社会成本收益分析trade expansion 贸易扩张govenment bonds 政府债券Great Depression 大萧条greenhouse gases 温室气体grim strategy 冷酷策略happiness levels 幸福水平HDI 人类发展指数 Human Development Index health care 健康保障historical narratives 史实性叙述home sales 房产销售households 家庭common property resources 共有财产资源conformity 遵从性dysfunctional 运转不良的external enforcement 外部的强制的执行externalities 外部性food allocation 食物分配gender inequlity 性别不平等ideal markets 理想市场incomes 收入money 货币mutual affection 相互之间的感情mutual enforcement 共同的强制执行transactions 交易wealth distribution 财富分配human capital 人力成本human rights 人权ideal markets 理想市场ideas 理念immigration 入境移民incentives 激励inclusive investment 总括投资inclusive wealth 总括财富income 收入happiness levels 幸福水平households 家庭lifetime flow of 一生流量India 印度CPRs 共有财产资源population census 人口普查sustainable development 可持续发展women's health 妇女健康individual well-being 个人福祉industrial revolution 工业革命inflation 通货膨胀information 信息infrastructure 基础设施institutions 制度，机构as productive base 作为生产基础enforcement 强制执行failure 失灵regulation of CPRs 共有财产资源的规章insurance 保险interest rates 利率intergenerational issues 有跨时代意义的话题international 国际贸易investment 投资involuntary unemployment 非自愿失业IPCC International Panel on Climate Change 政府气候变化专门委员会joint stock companies股份公司kinship 血缘亲族knowledge 知识labour force 劳动力land 土地Latin American 拉丁美洲Law of Large Numbers 大数定律legal contracts 法律合同lending 贷出life expectancy at birth 出生时的预期寿命limited liability companies 有限责任literacy 识字，读写能力living standards 生活水平logging industry 采伐行业long-term relationships 长期（合作）关系macroeconomics 宏观经济学manufactured capital 制造资本marginal cost of production 边际生产成本markets 市场insurance 保险interdependent 相互依赖的natural resources 自然资源prices 价格single 单一的socialism 社会主义wealth inequlities 财富不均mathematical models 数学模型media 媒体merit goods 公益品migration 移居models 模型monopoly 垄断moral hazard 道德商品mortgages 抵押mutual affection 相互之间的感情Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡national defence 国家防御natural capital 自然资本natural resources 自然资源local commons 本地公产scarcity 稀缺sustainability 可持续发展性trade expansion 贸易扩张Nepal 尼泊尔networks 网络neutrality principle 中立原则Nigeria 尼日利亚non-cooperation 不合作oligopoly 寡头垄断open access commodities 开放获得的商品opportunity 机会成本Pakistan 巴基斯坦partnerships 合作关系patents 专利patron-client relationship 主雇制peer review 同行审阅pensions 养老金performance bonuses 绩效奖金personal relationships 人际关系piece rates 计件工资plurality runoff 排序复选制policy evaluation 政策评估policy prescriptions 政策评估political instability 政治上的不稳定pollutants 污染物population census 人口普查population growth 人口增长poverty 贫困predictions 预测prices 价格resource scarcity 资源稀缺shadow 影子spot 现货private goods 私人品pricatization 私有化productive base 生产基础property rights 产权pro-social disposition 亲社会倾向public goods 公共品free-rider problem 搭便车问题knowledge 知识stated preferences 陈述偏好public health 公共卫生public sphere 公共领域rank-order rule 排名顺序规则retional beliefs 理性信任reciprocity 互惠regulation 规章religious faith 宗教信仰research and development (R&D)研究和开发（研发）revealed preferences 显示偏好rich/poor nations富裕/贫穷国家risk 风险rule of law 法治rule of priority 优先原则rural population 农村人口savings 储蓄science 科学shadow prices 影子价格shares 股份simple majority rule 简单多数规则Singapore 新加坡skills 技能，技术slumps 衰退Smith，Adam 亚当斯密social capital 社会资本social contracts 社会契约social cost-benefit analysis 社会成本收益分析social equilibria 社会均衡social norms 社会规范gender inequality 性别不平等social productivity 社会生产力social well-being 社会福祉individual well-being 个人福祉merit goods 公益品revealed and stated preferences 显示偏好和陈述偏好socially influential behaviour 社会性影响行为South East Asia 东南亚specialization 专业化spot prices 现货价格states 国家政权enforcement 强制执行ideal role of the 理想角色legal tender 法定货币Minimal 最小的stated preferences 陈述偏好stock market 股票市场stock options 股票期权sub-Saharan Africa 非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南地区living standards 生活水平sustainable development 可持续发展subsidies 补贴subsistence farming 生存农业supply curves 供给曲线sustainable development 可持续发展taxation 税收technological progress 技术进步terrorism 恐怖主义tertiary education 高等教育TFR（total fertility rate）总生育率thrift 节俭tipping points 引爆点total factor productivity 全要素生产率transactions 交易cheques 支票verifiable 可认定的transitivity principle 传递性原则transport networks 交通运输网络trust 信任culture 文化exteral enforcement 外部的强制执行long-term relationships 长期合作关系mutual affection 相互之间的感情mutual enforcement 共同的强制执行personal relationships 人际关系property rights 产权UNDP（United Nations Development Programme）联合国开发计划署unemployment 失业United Kingdom 英国sustainable development 可持续发展total factor productivity 全要素生产率unemployment rate 失业率United States 美国average incomes 平均收入bankruptcy rates 破产率Congressional voting outcomes 国会投票结果legal profession 法律行业living standards 生活水平sustainable development 可持续发展unemployment 失业率universities 大学variables 变量Venezuela 委内瑞拉virtuous/vicious cycles 良性/恶性循环voting rules 投票规则wages 工资income 收入wealth 财富distribution 分配inclusive 总括的transfer 转移working capital 流动资本World Bank 世界银行World Values Survey 世界价值观调查adverse selection 逆向选择Africa 非洲average incomes 平均收入ecological collapse 生态崩溃aggregates 总和，综合agreements 协议breaking 违背community 社区enforcement 强制执行human rights 人权market-community mediation 市场和社区之间的调解tied engagements 捆绑的约定agriculture 农业gender discrimination in 性别歧视在incomes 收入labour 劳动risks 风险subsidies 补贴subsistence 生存anonymity principle 匿名原则anti-trust laws 反托拉斯法Argentina 阿根廷Aristotle 亚里士多德Australia 澳大利亚authoritarianism 专制主义Bangladesh 孟加拉国bankruptcy 破产banks 银行bargaining 议价。
全面预算管理-一个需要认识的概念(ppt 37)
预算管理的基本(jīběn) 理念
确保一切活动受控于预算 1、以货币计价的一切资源为预算控制对象(duìxiàng)（全面性 ）； 2、只有纳入预算的资源才可进入运作（唯一性）； 3、进入运作的资源应接受事先审核（事前控制）； 4、跟踪重要投入资源的过程和产出（过程控制）； 5、重要性控制：80/20原则； 6、预算是边界约束下的预期。
• 都说生活节奏尽在掌握，企业也一样，有了预算 ，少了很多有惊无险或有惊有险的事情。
第二页，共36页。
什么(shén me)是预算？
预算是一种(yī zhǒnɡ)系统方法，用来分配企业的财务、实物和人力资源，以实 现企业既定的战略目标。企业可以通过预算来监控战略目标的实施进度，有助于控 制开支，并预测企业的现金流量与利润。
• 2001年4月，财政部发布的《企业国有资本与财务管 理暂行办法》要求企业应当(yīngdāng)实行财务预 算管理制度；
• 2002年4月，财政部发布的《关于企业实行财务预算 管理的指导意见》，进一步提出了企业应实行包括 财务预算在内的全面预算管理。
第二十七页，共36页。
正确认识企业(qǐyè)的财务预算
• 以各部门的各种 计划为基础，包 括各部门的工作 计划、采购计划 、业务发展计划 、专项计划等
• 预算是工作计划 的量化体现，同 时也促进工作计 划目标明确并且 相互衔接
第八页，共36页。
预算(yùsuàn)目 标
预算目标是公司战略目标在本期内的财务具体化 年度预算目标强调可操作性
目标确定原则 市场原则 股东(gǔdōng)期望原则 充分挖潜资产盈利能力原则
四大预算目标(mùbiāo)
财务目标(mùbiāo) (mùbiāo)
经济学专业英语词汇整理
分享返回分享首页»分享经济学专业英语词汇整理来源：金相彬S.K.的日志1、Ability-to-pay principle（of taxation）（税收的）支付能力原则按照纳税人支付能力确定纳税负担的原则。
纳税人支付能力依据其收人或财富来衡量。
这一原则并不说明某经济状况较好的人到底该比别人多负担多少。
2、Absolute advantage 绝对优势如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
3、Accelerator principle 加速原理解释产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。
4、Actual, cyclical, and structural budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算实际预算的赤字或盈余指的是某年份实际记录的赤字或盈余。
实际预算可划分成结构预算和周期预算。
结构预算假定经济在潜在产出水平上运行，并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税入、支出和赤字等指标。
周期预算基于所预测的商业周期（及其经济波动）对预算的影响。
5、Adaptive expectations 适应性预期见预期（expectations）。
6、Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种（固定）汇率制度。
在该制度下，各国货币对其他货币保持一种固定的或曰"钉住的"汇率。
当某些基本因素发生变动、原先汇率失去合理依据的时候，这种汇率便不时地趋于凋整。
在1944-1971年期间，世界各主要货币都普遍实行这种制度，称为"布雷顿森林体系"。
7、Administered（or inflexible）prices 管理（或非浮动）价格特指某类价格的术语。
按照有关规定，这类价格在某一段时间内、在若干种交易中能够维持不变。
（见价格浮动 price flexibility）8、Adverse choice/selection 逆向选择一种市场不灵。
厦大郑振龙金融市场学课件参考书目
参考书目1.贝多广，1995，《证券经济理论》，上海人民出版社。
2.陈共，1994，《证券学》，中国人民大学出版社。
3.黄亚钧,1996,《现代投资银行的业务和经营》，立信会计出版社。
4.江其务，1990,《中国金融改革与发展》，福建人民出版社。
5.林海，2001，“中国股票市场价格波动率的实证研究”，厦门大学硕士论文。
6.马克思，1975,《资本论》，人民出版社。
7.斯蒂格利茨，1997,《经济学》，中国人民大学出版社。
8.屠光绍主编，2000,《交易体制：原理与变革》，上海人民出版社。
9.郑振龙，1992,“纽约证交所的特种会员制度及其借鉴”，《国际金融研究》，第2期，17-19。
10.郑振龙，1996,《各国股票市场比较研究》，中国发展出版社。
11.Amihud, Yakov, Jesper C. Bent, and Haim Mendelson, 1992, “Further Evidence on the Risk-Return Relationship,” Working Paper, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. 12.Amihud, Yakov, and Haim Mendelson, 1986, “Asset Pricing and the Bid-Ask Spread”,Journal of Financial Economics 17, pp.223-49.13.Bachelier, L.1900, “Theory of speculation”, in Cootner, P.(ed), The random character ofstock market prices, MIT press.14.Black, Fischer, 1972, “Capital Market Equilibrium with Restricted Borrowing”, Journal ofBusiness, July.15.——，1976,“The Pricing of Commodity Contracts”，Journal of Financial Economics3,pp.167—79.16.Black, Fischer, Michael C. Jensen, and Myron Scholes, 1972, “The Capital Asset PricingModel: Some Empirical Tests,” in Michael C.Jensen (ed.), Studies in the Theories of Capital Markets, Praeger, New York.17.Black，F., and M. Scholes，1973，“The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities”，Journal of Political Economy 81，pp.637—59.18.Bodie, Zvi, Alex Kane and Alan J. Marcus, 2002, Investments, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill.19.Campbell, J.Y., 1999, “Asset prices, consumption, and the business cycle”, in John Taylorand Michael Woodford (eds.), Handbook of Macroeconomics, Vol. 1, North-Holland, Amsterdam.20.——, 2000, “Asset Pricing at the Millennium,” Journal of Finance 55, pp.1515-68.21.Chen, N., R. Roll, and S. Ross, 1986, “Economic Forces and the stock Market,”Journal ofBusiness 59, pp. 383-403.22.Chordia, Tarun, Richard Roll and Subrahmanyam, 2000, “Commonality in Liquidity”,Journal of Financial Economics 56, pp.3-28.23.Cornell, Bradford and Marc R. Reinganum, 1981, “Forward and Futures Prices: Evidencefrom the Foreign Exchange Markets”, Journal of Finance 36, Dec..24.Cowles, A.，1933, “Can stock market forecasters forecast?” Econometrica 1, pp. 309-24.25.Cox，J.C., J.E.Ingersoll，and S.A.Ross，1981, “The Relationship between Forward Prices andFuture Prices”，Journal of Financial Economics，pp.321—46.26.DeBondt, W. F. M., and Thaler, R., 1985, “Does the stock market overact?” Journal ofFinance 40, pp.793-805.27.——, 1987, “Further evidence on investor overreaction and stock market seasonality”,Journal of Finance 42, pp. 557-81.28.Engle, Robert F., 1982, “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with Estima tes of theVariance of U.K. Infla tion,” Econometrics 50, pp.987-1008.29.Fabozzi, Frank J., 2000, Bond Markets, Analysis and Strategies, 4th ed., Prentice Hall.30.Fama E.，1970, “Efficient capital market: a review of theory and empirical work”, Journal ofFinance 25, pp.383-417.31.——，1991，“Efficient Markets II,” Journal of Finance 46, pp. 1575-1618.32.——, 1981, "Stock Returns, Real Activity, Inflation, and Money", American EconomicReview, September.33.Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth French, 1992, “The Cross Section of Expected StockReturns,” Journal of Finance 47, pp.427-66.34.——，1993, “Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds,” Journal of FinancialEconomic s, Vol. 33, No. 1, February, pp. 3-56.35.——，1995, “Size and book-to-market factors in earnings and returns,” Journal of Financ e,V ol. 50, No.1, March, pp. 131-155.36.——, 1996, “Multifactor explanations of asset-pricing anomalies,” Journal of Financ e, Vol.51, No. 1, March, pp. 55-84。
产业政策英语
产业政策英语Industrial policy is an important aspect of government intervention in the economy to promote the growth and development of specific industries. It involves the formulation and implementation of policies to support, promote, and regulate industrial activities. Industrial policy aims to create a conducive environment for the growth of industries, enhance their competitiveness, and ensure their contribution to economic development.One of the key objectives of industrial policy is to promote the growth of strategic industries that are crucial for economic development and national security. Governments often identify priority sectors, such as manufacturing, high-technology industries, and strategic infrastructure, and provide them with targeted support through various measures such as subsidies, tax incentives, and infrastructuredevelopment. This is aimed at fostering the development of industries that have high growth potential and can generate significant spillover effects on the rest of the economy.Industrial policy also focuses on promoting innovation and technological development within industries. Governments often provide support for research and development, technology transfer, and the adoption of advanced technologies to enhance the competitiveness of industries. This may include measures such as funding for research and development activities, support for technology parks and incubators, and the provision of tax incentives for firms engaged in innovation activities. By fostering technological advancement, industrial policy seeks to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of industries in the global market.Moreover, industrial policy plays a crucial role in promoting inclusive growth and regional development.Governments often design industrial policies to support the development of industries in less developed regions, in order to reduce regional disparities and promote balanced economic growth. This may involve providing incentives for investment in disadvantaged regions, supporting the development of infrastructure, and promoting the growth of local industries through targeted policies and programs.In addition, industrial policy aims to create a favorable regulatory environment for industries, to ensure fair competition and sustainable development. This includes the formulation and enforcement of regulations to prevent anti-competitive practices, protect the environment, and ensure the health and safety of workers. Governments also play arole in providing support for small and medium-sized enterprises and promoting entrepreneurship, as these are important drivers of economic growth and job creation.Overall, industrial policy is an important tool for governments to steer the direction of economic development, promote the growth of strategic industries, and ensure inclusive and sustainable economic growth. By providing targeted support and creating an enabling environment for industries, governments can play a critical role in driving economic transformation and development.。
经济学术语——精选推荐
AABC分类法ABC classification system根据存货品目总值管理存货的方法。
能力abilities用以执行工作的个人特征。
允收抽样acceptance sampling借着检查一个或一群样本以预测产品质量的统计方法。
活动排程activity scheduling在生产标本或服务所发展的用以遵循之时间表。
积极承诺计划affirmative action plan以书面方式拟订与人员雇用有关之具体目标及时间表，用以补救以往的歧视行为。
年龄歧视法案Age Discrimination in Employment Act美国于1968年通过的法案，原来的目的是要保障40至65岁的人在雇用、留任及其它与雇用有关之措施免受歧视。
1978年修正案将年龄提升至70岁，除了特别情况外，禁止强制65岁的人退休。
总合生产规划aggregate production planning考虑全面性的作业并且平衡操作系统的主要部门；使组织资源与其所提供的产品和服务的需求相契合。
美国残障者法案Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA)提升残障个人接受服务和就业的机会之法案。
学徒训练apprenticeship training员工被给予在职和职外训练的制度，包括技术工、艺匠和特定行业所需要的理论与实务上的指导与体验。
性向测验aptitude tests测量一个人的学习潜能。
装配图assembly chart描述用以组装产品或服务的不同成分之顺序和方法。
评鉴中心assessment center使用正式程序仿真在真实的管理情境中可能面临的问题，以评估个人是否具备成为管理者的潜能，并决定他的发展需求。
稽核audit与财务事宜有关的正式控制方法，也包含组织的其它领域。
职权authority合法的权力运作；有权力下指令和决定资源分派；与权力有关但更具针对性。
专制领导autocratic leader领导者为团体制定大多数决策。
5g 业务产业分类注释
5g 业务产业分类注释英文回答：5G Business Industry Classification Annotation.5G technology has the potential to revolutionize a wide range of industries by enabling new applications and services. In order to track the development and adoption of 5G in different industries, it is important to have a clear and consistent classification system.The 5G Business Industry Classification Annotation is a framework that provides a standardized way to classify 5G applications and services across different industries. This framework can be used by researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to track the progress of 5G adoption and to identify the industries that are most likely to benefit from this technology.The 5G Business Industry Classification Annotation isbased on the following principles:Industry-agnostic: The framework is designed to be applicable to all industries, regardless of their size or sector.Scalable: The framework can be easily expanded to include new industries and applications as they emerge.Actionable: The framework provides actionable insights that can be used to make decisions about 5G investment and deployment.The 5G Business Industry Classification Annotation is divided into four main categories:Consumer: This category includes applications and services that are aimed at consumers, such as mobile gaming, video streaming, and social media.Enterprise: This category includes applications and services that are aimed at businesses, such as cloudcomputing, data analytics, and smart manufacturing.Public sector: This category includes applications and services that are aimed at the public sector, such as public safety, healthcare, and education.Other: This category includes applications and services that do not fit into any of the other categories, such as research and development.Each of these categories is further divided into subcategories, which provide a more granular level of classification. For example, the Consumer category is divided into the following subcategories:Mobile gaming: This subcategory includes applications and services that are designed for mobile gaming, such as online multiplayer games and augmented reality games.Video streaming: This subcategory includesapplications and services that allow users to stream video content, such as Netflix and YouTube.Social media: This subcategory includes applications and services that allow users to connect with friends and family online, such as Facebook and Instagram.The 5G Business Industry Classification Annotation is a valuable tool for tracking the development and adoption of 5G in different industries. This framework can be used by researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to make informed decisions about 5G investment and deployment.中文回答：5G业务产业分类注释。
主导产业选择政策 英语
主导产业选择政策英语**The Importance and Challenges of Leading Industry Selection Policies**In the context of economic globalization and rapid technological advancements, the selection of leading industries has become a crucial determinant of a country's economic growth and competitiveness. Leading industries, by definition, are those that possess significant growth potential, innovative capabilities, and the ability todrive forward economic development. Consequently, the development and implementation of effective leadingindustry selection policies have become a priority for governments worldwide.The importance of leading industry selection policies cannot be overstated. Firstly, these policies play apivotal role in shaping the economic structure of a country. By focusing on specific industries with high growth potential, governments can encourage the flow of capital, talent, and resources towards these sectors, thereby accelerating economic growth. Secondly, leading industries are often the drivers of technological innovation andindustrial upgrading. By investing in these industries, governments can foster a more innovative and competitive business environment, which in turn attracts foreign investment and enhances the overall competitiveness of the economy.However, the selection of leading industries is not without its challenges. Firstly, identifying the right industries to target can be a complex and delicate task. Governments need to have a deep understanding of the global economic landscape, technological trends, and the comparative advantages of their own economy. Failure to do so may lead to the misallocation of resources and a wasted investment. Secondly, even after identifying the leading industries, governments need to ensure that they have the necessary policies and institutional frameworks to support their development. This includes providing financial incentives, fostering innovation, and creating a conducive business environment.Moreover, the dynamic nature of the economy and the rapid pace of technological change pose further challenges to leading industry selection policies. Industries that areleading today may lose their competitiveness tomorrow dueto changes in technology, consumer preferences, or global trade patterns. Therefore, governments need to have aflexible and adaptive approach towards leading industry selection, constantly evaluating and adjusting theirpolicies to reflect the changing economic landscape.In conclusion, leading industry selection policies play a crucial role in shaping the economic growth and competitiveness of a country. However, the selection and implementation of these policies are complex tasks that require a deep understanding of the economic landscape, technological trends, and the comparative advantages of the economy. To be effective, these policies need to be supported by appropriate institutional frameworks and financial incentives, and governments need to maintain a flexible and adaptive approach towards their implementation. **主导产业选择政策的重要性与挑战**在全球化和科技快速发展的背景下，主导产业的选择对于国家的经济增长和竞争力具有至关重要的意义。
unit-9--trade市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件
Low GDP per capita
High GDP per capita
Poor in natural resources
D Why are some of the countries on the chart richer? 4/28
Free trade is a type of trade policy that allows traders to Vocabulary act and transact without interference from
Free trade government.Under a free trade policy, prices are a reflection of true supply and demand, and are the sole determinant of resource allocation.Free trade differs from other forms of trade policy where the allocation of goods and services amongst trading countries are determined by artificial prices that do not reflect the true nature of supply and demand.These artificial prices are the result of protectionist trade policies, whereby governments intervene in the market through price adjustments and supply restrictions. Interventions include subsidies, taxes and tariffs, nontariff barriers, such as regulatory legislation and quotas, and even inter-government managed trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) (contrary to their formal titles) and any governmental market intervention resulting in artificial prices that do not reflect the principles of supply a5n/28d
商业银行信息透明度对风险承担的影响研究-商业银行-金融-毕业论文
---文档均为word文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印---1绪论1.1研究背景及意义1.1.1研究背景我国的银行业作为金融体系的主导力量已经融入到社会经济发展的方方面面，银行业的发展与社会经济的运行密不可分，因而银行业的持续健康发展至关重要。
而2007年席卷全球主要金融市场的次贷危机早已昭示银行过度的风险承担将带来严重的后果，因而约束我国商业银行的风险承担将是确保其稳步发展的重要手段。
而在2004年，巴塞尔委员会就已把增强银行的信息透明度作为重要的监管工具，尽管我国银行监管部门不断呼吁银行业应尽可能地增加信息透明度和严守市场纪律，并颁布相关意见办法，如2011年4月，中国银监会出台了《关于中国银行业实施新监管标准的指导意见》，之后又出台了《商业银行贷款损失准备管理办法》、《商业银行杠杆率管理办法》、《商业银行流动性风险管理办法（征求意见稿）》和《商业银行新资本管理办法（试行）》，且在2014年1月，为了加强在银行高风险业务范围的监管力度，建立统一的信息披露标准，证监会出台了商业银行信息披露特别规定的修订版，但不断增加的银行业复杂性和行业内的竞争仍然给银行业带来了不透明的问题。
就信息披露而言，商业银行仍存在着许多问题，其中比较严重的就是风险信息的披露不充分与不全面。
根据《中国金融稳定报告（2018）》，2017年年底银行业金融机构表外业务总额已经达到了302.11万亿元，风险自然也随之增加，而国内的大多数银行却鲜有披露表外业务的风险，就传统类表外业务而言，多数银行仅披露了相关业务的规模和结构等，在风险管理和收益方面少有披露。
而在创新类表外业务方面，仅仅披露了资金规模，没有投资标的、风险和收益的信息，从而难以判断其风险状况。
第二个问题是信息披露的不及时，多数银行不愿过早公务财务报告[1]，且部分银行会在事件实际发生一段时间之后才披露临时报告。
再就是信息披露的失真问题，为了避免银保监会的处罚以及保留一定的资本缓冲，银行往往会高估自身的资本充足率，比如直接将呆帐准备金划分为附属资本，而不管其是否与特定资本减值有所关联。
产业组织对战略管理的贡献
The Contributions of Industrial Organization To Strategic Management
作者：MICHAEL E. PORTER
2021/5/9
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文章主旨
• 本文着重讨论战略管理研究与产业组织理 论的关系。文章阐述了LACG理论、贝恩/ 梅森理论等基于产业组织理论的研究方法 在战略管理中的应用，评述了贝恩/梅森理 论的局限性，并讨论了相关的理论发展前 景。
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产业组织的新希望
• 1. 翻译。 • 2. 分析单元。 • 3. 独立的本质。 • 4. 静态的传统。 • 5. 决定论。 • 6. 完整性。 • 7. 亏损函数。 • 8. 寡头垄断理论。
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总结
以产业组织理论为基础，波特发展了 结构分析方法。他认为，制定竞争战略的 要点，是将企业与其环境联系起来，其中 最关键的是企业所在的行业结构。由此看 来, 企业在制定具体行业的竞争战略时， 必须设法在行业中寻找一个位置，使之能 够抵御上述竞争力量，或者对它们施加影 响，使之沿有利于企业的方向演变。
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传统的贝恩/梅森产业组织理论图表
产业结构
Industry Structure
行为
Conduct
绩效PerformanFra biblioteke2021/5/9
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传统的贝恩/梅森产业组织理论
• 绩效是广义上的，在经济学的意义上的社 会绩效,包括维度，如配置效率(盈利能 力)，,技术效率(成本最小化)，和创新性。
2021/5/9
供应链管理KPI
以合理的费用 关键指标必须符 合公司的战略目 标
关键指标必须提供有关的公司是如何履行对旧的战略目标。
McKinsey • Proprietary and Confidential
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我们的主要驱动力的质量，时间和费用
• 我们必须从客户的角度
• 我们集思广益关于“什么可以去错沿供应链”
– 研究基准工业表 – (http://www.capsresearch//htm).
• 全美采购经理人协会（美国） • 凯撒协会 • 美国大学研究:
采购。
基准的专家顾问。 新的全球倡议(investigating entry opportunities—Bob Ackerman).
McKinsey • Proprietary and Confidential
• 认识到跨行业;在工业制造与商业贸易的相似点和不同点
• “Hard wired‖ and tennons • Push-pull
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客户服务需要具体注意的（续）
• 认识到跨行业;在工业制造与商业贸易的相似点和不同点 • 接口的办法来解决目前的客户的措施，系统，流程和文化： • 随着时间的转移
• • • • • •
% of accounts payable handled before due date % of accounts payable handed in 1–30 days % of accounts payable handled in 31–60 days % of accounts payable handled in 61–90 days % of accounts payable handled in over 90 days % of suppliers connected via EDI Average actual time to developed/negotiate a contract
智能制造政策文件英文版
智能制造政策文件英文版The intelligent manufacturing policy is an integral partof the government's efforts to promote innovation and technological advancement in the manufacturing sector. This policy aims to leverage the latest advancements in technology, such as artificial intelligence, big data, and automation, to drive efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness in the manufacturing industry.One of the key components of the intelligentmanufacturing policy is to provide support and incentives for businesses to adopt smart manufacturing technologies. This includes financial assistance for the implementation of smart factories, training programs for personnel to acquire the necessary skills, and tax incentives for investments in intelligent manufacturing equipment.Furthermore, the policy emphasizes the need for collaboration between government, industry, and research institutions to drive innovation in intelligent manufacturing. This includes funding for research and development projects, establishing industry standards for smart manufacturing technologies, and promoting knowledge sharing and technology transfer.The intelligent manufacturing policy also places a strong emphasis on sustainability and environmental responsibility. Through the use of advanced technologies, manufacturing processes can be optimized to minimize waste, reduce energy consumption, and lower carbon emissions. This not onlybenefits the environment but also enhances the overall competitiveness of the manufacturing industry.In conclusion, the intelligent manufacturing policy is a strategic initiative aimed at harnessing the power of technology to transform and modernize the manufacturingsector. By fostering innovation, collaboration, and sustainability, this policy has the potential to drive significant economic growth and create new opportunities for businesses and workers alike.。
英语报刊选读-2经济词汇
a minimum living standard system 最低生活保障系统Account 账户Accounting equation 会计等式A ccounting system 会计系统All Risks 一切风险American Accounting Association 美国会计协会Ame rican Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会Articulation 勾稽关系Assets 资产Audit 审计bad ac count 坏帐Balance sheet 资产负债表bear market 熊市blank endorsed 空白背书bull market 牛市B usiness entity 企业个体Capital stock 股本cargo receipt 承运货物收据Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测catalogue 商品目录Certificate in Internal Auditing内部审计证书Certificate in Man agement Accounting 管理会计证书Certificate Public Accountant 注册会计师China Securities Reg ulatory Commission 中国证监会China's "Big Four" commercial banks中国四大商业银行close-ende d fund 封闭式基金commission 佣金consignee 收货人Corporation 公司Cost accounting 成本会Cos t principle 成本原则Creditor 债权人cut a melon 分红dead account 呆帐Deflation 通货紧缩del ivery 交货Disclosure 披露dividend，bonus stock 股息，红利downturn 低迷时期endorsed 背书en force stockholding system 实行股份制Expenses 费用export department 出口部External users 外部使用者F.P.A.(Free from Particular Average) 平安险F.W.R.D.(Fresh Water Rain Damage) 淡水雨淋险face value 面值fees－for－tax reform 费改税Financial accounting 财务会计Financial Acco unting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会Financial activities 筹资活动Financial forecast 财务预测Financial statement 财务报表foreign exchange reservers 外汇储备futures market 期货市场Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则General-purpose information 通用目的信息genetically－modified products 基因改良产品Going-concern assumption 持续经营假设Govern ment Accounting Office govern会计办公室Hook Damage 钩损险import department 进口部Income st atement 损益表income tax 所得税indicative price 参考价格Inflation 通货膨涨Inquiry 询盘Ins titute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协会Institute of Management Accountants管理会计师协会 Integrity 整合性Internal auditing 内部审计Internal control structure 内部控制结构Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署Internal users 内部使用者Investing activities 投资活动knowledge-based economy 知识经济labor-intensive economy 劳动密集型经济Liabilities 负债Management acc ounting 管理会计marine bills of lading 海运提单national bonds 国债nationalize；nationaliza tion 国有化Negative cash flow 负现金流量non-performing loan 不良贷款non-work income 非劳动收入notify 被通知人open-ended fund 开放式基金Operating activities 经营活动order 订货outst anding of deposits 存款余额Owner's equity 所有者权益partial shipment 分批装运Partnership 合伙企业Positive cash flow 正现金流量press conference 记者招待会price list 价目表privatiz e；privatization 私有化proactive fiscal measures 积极的财政政策promote independent decision －making by state－owned enterprises 提高企业自主权public relations department公关部publi cly owned economy 公有经济recession 衰退时期rectify the market order 整顿市场秩序reduce st ate's stake in listed companies 国有股减持restraint of trade 贸易管制Retained earning 留存利润Return of investment 投资回报Return on investment 投资报酬Risk of Intermixture and Con tamination 混杂、玷污险Risk of Leakage 渗漏险Risk of odor 串味险Risk of Rust 锈蚀险sales t erms and conditions销售条件Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会shareholding s ystem; joint-stock system 股份制shipping order 托运单Shortage Risk 短缺险Sole proprietorsh ip 独资企业Solvency 清偿能力specification 规格Stable-dollar assumption 稳定货币假设state s tock reduction 国有股减持Statement of cash flow 现金流量表Statement of financial position 财务状况表steady monetary policies 稳健的货币政策Stockholders 股东Stockholders' equity 股东权益strengthen the government's macro - regulatory functions 加强govern宏观调控作用Strik es Risk 罢工险T.P.N.D.( Theft,Pilferage & Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险Tax accounting 税务会计technology-intensive economy 技术密集型经济the Dow Jones industrial average 道琼斯工业平均指数the first majority shareholder 第一大股东the Hang Seng index 恒生指数thin trade 交易薄弱to become the majority shareholder/to take a controlling stake 控股to expand domestic d emand 扩大内需value-added tax 增值税W.A./W.P.A(With Average or With Particular Average) 水渍险War Risk 战争险Window dressing 门面粉饰year-on-year 与去年同期数字相比的bull market 牛市，多头市场bear market 熊市，空头市场股息，红利 dividend or bonus stock国民生产总值 GNP (Gross National Product)人均国民生产总值 per capita GNP产值 output value鼓励 give incentive to投入 input宏观控制 exercise macro-control优化经济结构 optimize the economic structure输入活力 bring vigor into改善经济环境 improve economic environment整顿经济秩序 rectify econom ic order有效地控制通货膨胀 effectively control inflation非公有成分 non-public sectors主要成分 dominant sector实在的 tangible全体会议 plenary session解放生产力 liberate/unshackle/r elease the productive forces引入歧途 lead one to a blind alley举措 move实事求是 seek truth from facts引进、输入 importation和平演变 peaceful evolution试一下 have a go (at sth)精华、精粹、实质 quintessence家庭联产责任承包制 family-contract responsibility system搞活企业 inv igorate enterprises商品经济 commodity economy基石 cornerstone 发电量 electric energy produ ction有色金属 nonferrous metals人均收入 per capita income使负担 be saddled with营业发达的公司 going concerns被兼并或挤掉 annexed or forced out of business善于接受的 receptive增额、增值、增长 increment发展过快 excessive growth抽样调查 data from the sample survey扣除物价上涨部分 price increase are deducted(excluded)实际增长率 actual growth rate国际收支 internati onal balance of payments流通制度 circulation system总工资 total wages分配形式 forms of dis tribution风险资金 risk funds管理不善 poor management各尽所能，按劳/需分配。
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BibliographySeveral attendees of the December 12, 2002, Technology Transfer Forum suggested that it would be useful to have a comprehensive bibliography of technology transfer references, which we have provided here. This list is not necessarily complete, nor have all the papers cited been studied by the authors, but we hope that the requesters and others involved with technology transfer will find it useful.AAaron, E. 1988. "Tapping Into University Technology—Profiting From University Research." High Technology Business, 8(December): 26-8.Abelson, P. 1991. "Federal Impediments to Scientific Research." Science, 251(Feb.8): 605. Ableson, P. 1986. "Evolving state-university-industry relations." Science, (24 January): 317. Acs, Zoltan J. and David B. Audretsch, 1987, “Innovation, Market Structure and Firm Size,”Review of Economics and Statistics, 69, 567-75.Acs, Zoltan J. and David B. Audretsch, 1988, “Innovation in Large and Small Firms: An Empirical Analysis,” American Economic Review, 78, 678-90.Acs, Zoltan J. and David B. Audretsch, 1989, “Patents as a Measure of Innovative Activity, Kyklos, 42:2, 171-180.Acs, Zoltan J., David B. Audretsch and Maryann P. Feldman, 1992 “Real Effects of Academic Research: Comment”, American Economic Review, 82:1, 363-367.Acs, Zoltan J., David B. Audretsch and Maryann P. Feldman, 1994, “R&D Spillovers and Recipient Firm Size,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76:2, 336-340.Addo, T. B. A. and R. J. Schlesinger. 1991. "Database Considerations in a Technology-Transfer Network." Journal of Technology Transfer, 16 (I): 28.Agrawal, A., and R. Henderson. (2002). “Putting Patents in Context: Exploring Knowledge Transfer from MIT,” Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 44-60.Ahire, S. L., and Ravicahndran, T. (2001, November). An innovation diffusion model of TQM implementation. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 48(4), 445-464.Akashah, Saed E. 1987. "Innovation versus the transfer of technology: a case study of R&D in a petroleum-producing country." International Journal of Technology Management, 2(2): 249-62. Albernathy, W.J. and B.S. Chakravarthy, 1979. "Government Intervention and Innovation in Industry: A Policy Framework," Sloan Management Review. (Spring): 3-18.Aldhous, P. 1994. "An Industry-Friendly Science Policy." Science, 265(July 29): 596-8. Alien, T. J. 1966. "The Performance of Information Channels in the Transfer of Technology." Review, 8(1): 87-98.Alien, T. J., J. Utterback, M. A. Sirbu, and J. H. Holloman. 1978. "Government Influence on the Process of Innovation in Europe and Japan." Research Policy, 7: 124-129.Alien, T., D. Hyman, and D. Pinckney 1983. "Transferring technology to the small manufacturing firms: A study of technology transfer in three countries." Research Policy, 12. Ambrosio, E. M. 1995. 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