写作 第一讲

Writing Test 1美森教育2Format•Part 1 (15min; 10points)–Input: instructions–Task: e-mail; memo; note (40-50 words)•Part 2 (30min; 20points)–Input: letter, memo, note–Task: letter, short report, proposal (120-140 words)美森教育3Areas of performanceassessment•Task completion•Organization of ideas–With appropriate use of cohesive devices•Stylistic appropriacy–Register & format consistently appropriate•Range of vocabulary•Accuracy of grammar & spelling美森教育4Writing Test Assessment Sheet4 aspects•Task–Are all the points in the rubric adequately covered?–Is the answer the correct length?•Organisation–Is it easy to follow the writer’s ideas?–Are the writer’s main points adequately supported?–Is the layout clear and appropriate? (paragraphs, headings, bullets etc.) 美森教育5•Clarity–Is the answer free of redundancy and repetition?–Are the sentences of an appropriate length?–Are linking words and phrases used clearly and naturally? •Language–Is there a range of vocabulary and grammar structure?–Is the language generally accurate?–Is the formality and tone appropriate and consistent?美森教育66 Bands of Mark Scheme•Band 5 (full realisation of the task set)•Band 4 (good realisation of the task set)•Band 3 (reasonable achievement of the task set)•Band 2 (inadequate attempt at the task set)•Band 1 (poor attempt at the task set)•Band 0 (achieves nothing)美森教育7What is successful task completion•Grammatically perfect•Including all the necessary informationTask completion•Task completion is so important that you can get high marks even with minor language mistakes.美森教育8Organisation of ideas•Addition:–Also, as well, furthermore•Contrast:–But, although, however•Sequence:–First of all, then, after that美森教育9How to check your answer•Does it fully complete the task?•Is the information clearly organised?•Are the grammar, vocabulary and style appropriate?美森教育10Style•Part 1: informal Æ neutral•Part 2: neutral Æ formal•FormalInformal缩写：unacceptable acceptable用词：大词（抽象名词）小词（短音节）句型：complex simpleobjective subjective美森教育11Wording in terms of style•Approximately•Enquire•Purchase•Facilitate•make an application for•make a cancellation of美森教育12Tone•polite/ strong•Send me the document.•Please send me the document.•Could you please send me the document?•I would appreciate it if you could send me the document. 美森教育13Part 1Internal business communications•40-50 words; 15 min; 10 points•3 formats–E-mail–Memo–NoteStressing the importance of conciseness美森教育14Test-Taking Skills•Spend the time available on the body of the text •Cover all the content points (3 points)•Keep to the word limit (40-50 words)•Be concise•Check after finishing all your tasks美森教育15Memo & Note•Main body•Closing remarksE-mail•Salutation•Main body•Closing remarks美森教育16Salutation•Dear Mr. (John) Smith,•Dear Messrs Smith and Brown,•Dear Ms. Ann Brown,•Dear Miss Ann Brown,•Dear Mr. and Mrs. Brown,美森教育17•Dear Sir(s), (=Gentlemen,)•Dear Madam (Mesdames),•To whom it may concern•Dear Colleagues,美森教育18•Without knowing the sex of the target reader:–Dear Mr./Ms. + surname•Dear Mr. Chairman,•Dear Mr. Premier,•Dear Mr. Ambassador•Your Excellency,•Your Majesty,美森教育19Heading•写信人的地址和写信日期•写在信纸的右上角•并列式vs 斜列式•并列式(Block Form)•16 Fuxing Street•Haidian District•Beijing•Post Code: 100035 PRC•Tel: 63211234•Aug. 20, 2004美森教育20•斜列式（Indented Form）•16 Fuxing Street•Haidian District•Beijing•Post Code: 100035•People’s Republic of China•Tel: 63211234•Aug. 20, 2004美森教育21Inside Address, IntroductoryAddress•信内地址即收信人的姓名和地址•写在信纸的左上角，从信纸的左边顶格开始写•低于写信人地址和发信日期一二行•也分并列式和斜列式两种，但应与信端的书写格式保持一致美森教育22Sample of MemoYou are the human resources manager of a company and you have decided to change some working practices. You want to hold a meeting with staff.•Write a memo of 40-50 words to staff:•telling them the reason for the meeting•saying who should attend•informing them when and where the meeting will be held•Write 40 – 50 words on your Answer Sheet.美森教育23•We will have a staff meeting on Friday 21 from 3.30 to 5 p.m. We’ll talk about some ideas we have for changes of our working practices within the organization. All staff should attend themeeting in the lecture center on the first floor.•Thank you very much.美森教育24Sample of E-mail•You are a regional sales manager for an international company. You have been asked to go to a meeting at your company’s head office. You cannot go, so somebody else will go in your place.•Write an e-mail to Erica Young, who is organizing the meeting:•apologizing for not being able to go to the meeting•explaining why you cannot go•saying who will go.•Write 40 – 50 words.美森教育25Grading samples (44words)•Dear Mr. Young,•I’m sorry to tell you that I’m not going to attend the meeting at our company’s head office. I can’t attend because of previous arrangements which I can’t change. My secretary will go to the meeting instead of me.•Best Regards,美森教育2649 words•Dear Mr. Young,•I’m really sorry but I’m not able to go to the meeting at our company’s head office. I can’t attend because of previous arrangements which I can’t change.•Mr Jan Korwalski, a very good worker, will go instead of me.•Please accept my apologies.•Marta Stefanska美森教育27•Band 5•Dear Mr Young:•Thanks for your last letter! I’m very glad to be inviated to attend the meeting at your company’s head office. But first of all, I’m apologising fo r not being able to go to the meeting. This is due to a error of my agenda, in fact. I have a international conference that day.•I feel sorry for my absence. I’d like to recommend my personal assistant to go instead of me. His name is Jim Green. I hope this will not cause you some trouble.•Best wish yours•Chan Bo Fun美森教育28•Dear ERICA!•Please! give me apologise, but I do not being able to go to the meeting. Becose I have got verry important meeting with our cluent. My colleg Andrei Ivanov go to the head office. Please fixed all our problem with him. His verry rellable person.•Band 3美森教育29Practice-1•• You are a Project Team Leader. You have had to postpone your next project meeting because some of the members of your team will be abroad.•• Write a memo to your project team•• informing them of the postponin g and giving the reason．•• stating a new date and time for the meeting•• requesting suggestions for the agenda.•• Write 40 – 50 words on your Answer Sheet.•Band 1美森教育30•I’m writing to tell you that we have to delay our next project meeting beca use some members will be abroad. We will hold our next meeting at 9 a.m. on 1 August. Do you have any suggestions about the agenda of the meeting?•Thank you.美森教育31Practice-2•• You are the factory manager of a car company. You are waiting for urgently needed components from your purchasing department.•• Write an email to Mr. Grayson, the Assistant Purchasing Manager••enquiring about the reason for the delay．•• stating when the components are needed•• suggesting a meeting to discuss future deli veries•• Write 40 – 50 words on your Answer Sheet.美森教育32•Dear Mr. Grayson•I’m writing to ask about the reason of the late delivery of the components we ordered. We need the components by next Monday. I’d like to suggest a meeting with you to discuss future deliveries.•Best Regards,美森教育33Practice-3•• Your company’s Sales Department has asked you to give a talk next Friday on your most recent project.•• Write an email to Mrs. Jay in the SalesDepartment:•• agreeing to give the talk and sugge sting a time•• saying what equipment you will need•• enquiring about the information about the participants.•• Write 40 – 50 words on your AnswerSheet.美森教育34•Dear Mrs. Jay,•I’d like to give the talk and 2 p.m. next Friday would be the best tim e for me. I will need a laptop computer and an overhead projector. Could you tell me some information about the participants?•Best Regards,美森教育35Practice-4•• You are the training manager of a company which has won a large export order. You have been asked to organise foreign language training for some of your staff.•• Write a memo to the staff:•• explaining why the courses are necessary•• saying which members of staff should attend•• announcing when the courses will start.•• Write 40 – 50 words on your Answer Sheet.美森教育36•I’d like to tell you that we will organize foreign language training, because our company got a large export order. Those who will deal with the order should attend the training. It will start on 15 March.•Thank you very much.美森教育37Practice-5•• You work in the Human Resources Department. Write a memo about staff appraisal to managers:•• telling them when the appraisals should take place•• asking them to send a copy of the appraisal report to you•• reminding them to book an interview roo m if necessary.•• Write 40 – 50 words on your Answer Sheet.美森教育38•I would like to remind you that you should be holding your staff appraisals this month. Once you have completed them could you please send me a copy of each report? if you would like to use an interview room please remember to reserve it in advance.•Thank you.美森教育39Practice-6•You are Head of Research for an international car manufacturer. You have to make an urgent trip tomorrow to visit Pierre Blanco, a colleague who works for a subsidiary.•• Write a memo of 40-50 words to your secretary:•• telling her who you are going to see and when•• asking her to book flight tickets and accommodation•• telling her what work you would like her to do in your absence.•• Write 40 – 50 words on your Answer Sheet.美森教育40•I’d like to let you know th at I have to make an urgent trip tomorrow to visit Pierre Blanco. Could you book a return ticket to Paris and a hotel room for me? While I’m away, you take charge of daily businesses.•Thank you.美森教育41Practice-7•You are the manager of a small export company. Peter Watson, an important client, is visiting your company for three days from 22 October.•• Write a note to your secretary:•• asking her to book a hotel room•• saying where the hotel should be•• giving her the dates.•• Write 40 – 50 words on your Answer Sheet.美森教育421•Dear Ms Jones,•I am writing to inform you that Mr. Peter Watson will be visiting our company. Would you please be so kindly as to reserve a suitable room for him?•Yours sincerely美森教育432•Hi Mary,•Look. I’m really sorry to have to troubl e you but Peter Watson – a really important client –is visiting the company for three days in October, starting on 22nd, to discuss a contract with us. Please will you book for Mr. Watson a really nice hotel room as soon as possible? Thanks very much.•See you soon!美森教育443•Mary,•Mr. Peter Watson is visiting us in October. Could you please hire a hotel room for him? He is arriving on 22nd October and will stay for three nights. If possible, the hotel should be one near the office.•Thank you.美森教育45•Dear Lisa,•I’m writing to tell you to book a hotel room for Peter Watson, an important client. It will be best if the hotel is near our office building. He will stay here for three days from 22 October. •Thank you very much.美森教育46Practice-8•You would like to go to a seminar on presentation skills.•• Write an email to your line manager:•• requesting time off work to go to the seminar•• saying when the seminar is•• explaining why you want to go.•• Write 40 – 50 words on your Answer Sheet.美森教育47•Dear Sir•I’d like to attend a seminar about presentation skills. Could you tell me if I could have threedays off for it? The seminar is scheduled for 4 June. Because I have to make many presentations to our customers, this seminar will be very useful.•Regards,美森教育48Practice-9•You work for a company which produces laser printers You are visiting another company，Softcell, to buy some computer software for your department．They have expressed an interest in your company’s printers and you would like to take twen ty brochures and three sample printers with you．•Write a short note to Jim Asano，the Sales Manager•asking for his permission to take these items．•explaining why you want them•mentioning the time and date when you want to collect them.美森教育49•Write 40 – 50 words on your Answer Sheet.•I'd like to ask if I could take twenty brochures and three sample printers to Softcell. They are interested in our products and can be potential customers. I want to collect them at 2 p.m. next Monday, 5 August.•Thank you.美森教育50Authentic TestThe company you work for has just installed a new computer system , but there is a problem with some of the equipment .Write an email to all staff in your department:•• explaining what the problem is•• telling staff what to do if they have this problem•• saying when the problem will be fixed .•Write 40 - 50 words.•Write on the opposite page.美森教育51•Dear all,•I’m writing to inform you that the problem with some of the equipment is due to the untimely updating of virus library. Should you have this problem, please call maintenance crew (878899-97). It will be repaired on Friday.•Best regards,美森教育52Part 2•120-140 words; 30 min; 20 points•3 formats–Letter–Short report–Proposal美森教育53Letter- envelope美森教育54•Date:•Receiver’s name•Position•Company•Receiver’s address•Dear ×××,•(subject)•Main Body•Yours sincerely•Signature•Name•Position美森教育55Matching of salutation with ending remarks•Dear Mr. Jones=== Yours sincerely,•Dear Sir=== Yours faithfully,Best regards / Regards(informal, acceptable when used in e-mail) 美森教育56Format of formal business letters-Main body•Referring to previous contact•Stating the reason for writing•Referring to future contact美森教育57Referring to previous contact•Thank you for your letter of …•Thank you for your letter dated…•With reference to your letter of…•Further to your offer letter of…•In reply to your inquiry of…美森教育58Stating the reason for writing•I’m writing to enquire about…•I’m writing to confirm that…•I’m writing to apologize for/about…•I’m writing to inform you of…•I’m writing to complain about…•I’m interested in your…•I would like further information about…美森教育59Referring to future contact•I would be very gratef ul if you could send me…•If you have any further questions, please (feel free to) contact me on…•I look forward to hearing from you soon/ in due course/ in the near future.•I hope to hear from you soon.•I would appreciate it if you could send me…•I would appreciate it if you could give me a reply at your earliest convenience.美森教育60Letter of apology•I’m writing to apologize for / about…•This was due to…•Unfortunately, we have been unable to…•I am sorry for any inconvenience this has caused.•I can assure you that we will…美森教育61Letter of complaint•I’m writing to complain about…•I’m not satisfied with…•I must therefore insist that…美森教育62Sample of letters•You work for Business Space plc, a company which rents fully serviced offices to other businesses. You have just received the fax below.•• Look at the fax and the other information below, on which you have already made some handwritten notes.•• Then, using all your handwritten notes, write a fax in reply to Reinhard Mieter.•• Write 120 – 140 words.美森教育63美森教育64•Dear Mr. Mieter:•I am writing in reference to your fax. I would like to mention that I can offer you 10% discount if you book our offices for 18-month period.•We have four offices left in Central Tower but they are on different floors. Additionally, no parking space is available at the moment there. I, consequently, intend to offer you a favorable alternative in Opera Place.•There are four offices of the exact size you required on the same floor in Opera Place which boasts 300 parking spaces, good public transport connections, and wonderful view.•Please think about this alternative and the discount I mentioned above/ I look forward to hearing from you soon so I can make the booking.•Sincerely yours,美森教育65Report•Report on ×××××××××××וIntroduction•Findings••Conclusion••Recommendations美森教育66Common expressions•Introduction–The aim/purpose of this report is to…–This report sets out to…–The report aims to美森教育67•Findings–According to the recent market research / investigation / survey / the chart above / the table above / undertaken, …… ,–The recent visit/investigation/survey showed that ……–It was found that…….–The following points summarise our key findings.–The key findings are outlined below.美森教育68•Conclusion:–It was concluded/decided/agreed/fel t that…–No conclusions were reached regarding…–In conclusion, ……–It is clear that……..•Recommendations:–It is recommended/proposed/suggested that…–It is essential to………–It would be advisable to………美森教育69Proposal•Proposals concentrate on suggestions and recommendations for future activity.•Reports may concentrate more on past and current situations.•Reports may contain a number of recommendations, but they will probably not form the main body of the report.美森教育70Essential phrases for describingor comparing figures from graphic input•Rocket to 飙升至•Fall back to 回落到•Reach a record of…•Level off (升或跌之后)趋平；呈平稳状态–Share values have levelled off after yesterday’s steep rise.美森教育71•Increase dramatically•Peak at…在某点达到峰值•There is a steady decrease in sth•As is shown in the chart / graph•The number of…saw a drop over the period.•Rise to…•Rise by…•Fall by…•There was a rise of 5% in the rate of unemployment美森教育72•The above chart shows•As you can see,•The chart demonstrates that•The chart also shows that there is a correlation between …•This trend supports the theory that …•…showed a steady increase•by contrast,•Fall slightly•Fall from…to…美森教育73•respectively•The results indicate that•Go up•Th e table gives a breakdown of …•On average…•…almost double…, with …% and …% respectively.•It is noticeable that…•Overall the table suggests that…•The chart gives information about…美森教育74•We can see immediately that…•There were substantial diff erences in / between…•Compared with…•Marginally more women reached degree level than men. •…clearly outnumber…•Account for …%; constitute …%•The proportion of … stood at …% in…•Dipped to…–The economic growth dipped to a low point last year.美森教育75•Drop to…•Slump to…•Plummet to…•In spite of some fluctuation in…•A more dramatic rise is predicted•In comparison with•In contrast to / with•remain an upward trend during…•The number jumped up from…in…to…in…美森教育76•Grow to a record of…•…make up the lion segment of …% of our sales•It is followed by…•We have become the second largest retailer with a turnover of …in 2012.•…be estimated at…•Fail to achieve the expected results•Stand a chance of increasing•Stay relatively stable…美森教育77Practice of summarisinginformation from graphic input•The bar chart below gives information about the average science test scores of Grade 8 students in relation to the number of hours they watch television each day. .美森教育78美森教育79•The bar graph shows the average science test scores of students in Grade 8 in relation to the hours they spend watching television. Overall, the students who watch less television have higher scores, and the average test score decreases as the number of viewing hours increases. The highest score of 80 is for students who usually watch one hour or less of television a day.美森教育80•The next highest score is approximately 79. This is for students who average two hours of television viewing. Students who watch no television and students who watch about 3 hours of television per day have a score of about 76. The lowest score of approximately 65 is for students who view six or more hours of television daily.美森教育81Marking practice•This report deals with the number of customer’s complaints between January 2006 and March 2006 as well as with reasons for those complaints.•Complaints in January stood at 300, but in February the number rocketed to 540 because of a computer system breakdown. Finally, after introducing some improvement in the order system the number of complaints fell back to 230.•We can point out 3 main reasons for these complaints.美森教育82•Firstly, 10% of them were due to incorrect deliveries. In particular, March saw fewer complaints.•Secondly, an excessive time for delivery led to 56% of complaints. The whole delivery system will be reviewed in order to solve the problem.•Finally, 28% of complaints were due to a lack of quality in our products. This will be solved by setting up a new quality section in our process.美森教育83•Report on 2006 first quarter’s customer complaints•Introduction•The aim of this report is to give an explanation to the customer complaints.•Findings•It clearly shows that we had a peak of complaints in February (540) due to the breakdown of our computer system.•Fortunately, with the introduction, in March, of an improved order system, the number came again in the average (230).•19 points (20 in total)美森教育84•The first reason for complaints (56%) is the time of delivery. In order to improve that, we decided to change our delivery company.•Furthermore, 28% of complaints results of unsatisfaction with the quality of the product, which will be resolved with the purchase of a new machine.•Finally, 16% are due to the delivery of an incorrect order. However, we pointed out fewer in March.•Conclusion•In conclusion, with all the improvements we made, the situation will be better in the futur.美森教育85•REPORT•TO: RITA PATEL, MANAGER,•FROM:•DATE: 21 NOVEMBER 2006•SUBJECT: COMPLAINTS FOR PRODUCTS•There are some problem about the mail-order supply over the period Jan-Mar 2006. Customers complaint that there was a computer system breakdown in the month of February 2006. The number received was 540. But hopefully the improved order. Although, the number received was much less compared to the breakdown i.e., 230.•16 points美森教育86•The reason for complaints have been put forward. In March 2006 16% of the products delivered were incorrect. Again the time taken for delivery was also a long term. Moreover the quality of the products being delivered are also not up to the mark i.e. 28%.•Lastly, to come across this vital problems products should be delivered on time and the quality of product needs to be good.•7 points (20 points in total)美森教育87How to place the 5 content points of letters•Letter format–Salutation ,–Referring to previous contact–Stating the reason for writing (5 content points)–Referring to future contact (asking for brochures / samples / information packs P20)–Ending remarks ,美森教育88An intensive study on the composition of report---How to compose the title•• Your company exports to a number of countries around the world and is looking for a new agent for international freight. The Export Sales Manager hag asked you to write a proposal saying which agent you recommend.•• Read the two advertisements below, on which you have already made some notes.•• Then, using all your handwritten notes, write your proposal for the Export Sales Man ager. •• Write 120-140 words on a separate sheet.(p21)美森教育89•Report on new agent for international freight•Proposal on new agency for international freight•Proposal on new agent for international freight美森教育90•• You work for Bada, a retailer o f sports goods. You have been asked to write a short report covering recent developments for store managers.•• Look at the graphs and email below, on which you have already made some handwritten notes.•• Then, using all your handwritten notes, write yo ur report for store pare results with competitors•• Write 120-140 words on a separate sheet.(p23)美森教育91•Report on recent developments in the market of sports goods•Report on the recent developments in the retailing market of sports goods美森教育923. An intensive study on the composition of report---How to compose the remaining sections•●You work for Norlec, an electrical goods manufacturer, and your company director wants to find out which methods of advertising are the most effective. Recently the marketing department has asked customers how they first learnt about Norlec.•●Look at the information below, on which you have already made some handwritten notes. •●Then, using all your handwritten notes, write your report.•●Write 120-140 words. (p25)美森教育93Title•Report on effectiveness of different advertising methods•Report on the effectiveness of different advertising methods for Norlec美森教育94Introduction•This report sets out to analyze and assess different methods of advertising Norlec is currently using.•The aim/purpose of this report is to…•This report sets out to…•The report aims to美森教育95Findings•The key findings are outlined below. Direct mails to customers failed to achieve the expected results because not many people read them. The proportion of website which now is 10% stands a chance of increasing because of the new link to some wholesaler's websites.Magazines are thought to serve the purpose, so we should employ more of this method. In addition, Radio is worth continuing because 40% customers are reached through it. The price of billboards will increase soon.美森教育96•According to the recent market research / investigation / survey undertaken, / the chart above / the table above, …… .•The recent visit / investigation / surveyshowed that ……•It was found that…….•The following points summarise our key findings.•The key findings are outlined below / as follows.美森教育97Conclusion•It is clear that we should make some improvements in our advertising methods.•It was concluded/decided/agreed/felt that…•No conclusions were reached regarding…•In conclusion, ……•It is clear that……..美森教育98Recommendations•It is recommended that we pay more attention to radio, website and magazines and stop billboards and direct mail.•It is recommended/proposed/suggested that…•It is essential to………•It would be advisable to………美森教育99Another example•●The staff at your company were recently asked what they thought about working conditions. Your line manager has asked you to write a report summarising their opinions and suggesting possible improvements.。