欧洲文化入门

1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epicsSappho Lyric poet三大悲剧家：AeschylusTragic dramatistSophocles Tragic dramatistEuripides Tragic dramatist喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of historyThucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracusethe greatest historian that have ever lived哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematicsHeracleitue Fire is the primary elementDemocritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theorySocrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical methodPlato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideasAristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together madeconcrete individual realitiesEuclid a textbook of geometryArchimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to theweight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I‘ll movethe World“Others Diogenes （the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus （the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews —以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon 形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。

Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus，Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。

Hebrew 人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint3.中世纪开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败5-11世纪a period in which classical，Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged1054，教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church反击Moslems，开始了CrusadesCharles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732St. Thomas Aquinas（Scholasticism）写了Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy（层次，等级）of society is God‘s rule The power of feudal rulers is God’s will Pope is Christ‘s PlenipotentiaryCharlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacularRoger Bacon and Experimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research，called for careful observationDante（但丁）神曲one of the landmarks of world literature Chaucer first modern poet in English literature4.文艺复兴与宗教改革14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and VeniceBoccaccio the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世纪Petrarch Sonnet，father of modern poetry文艺复兴早期的艺术家：Giotto forerunner of renaissanceBrunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspectiveDonatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomyGiorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：Da VinciMichelangeloRaphael Known for hisTitian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western WorldPre-Luther Religious ReformersJohn Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation，took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382Jan Hus Czech Religious leaderJohn Calvin 基督教教义one of the most influential theological works CalvinismRabelais 拉伯雷french writerRonsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人法国第一个近代抒情诗人Montaigne 蒙田散文集French WriterCervantes father of modern European novel spainThomas More British writerShakespeare 作品包括》》> crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy （解剖学）founder of modern medicineAldus Manutius foremost printer in ItalyMachiavelli Father of political scienceVosari .1492，Columbus发现了America1487，Dias发现了the cape of good hope1497，da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope5. 17世纪Copernicus 天体运行论Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicineKepler Kepler‘s Law （the three laws of planetary motion）德国the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetaryastronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitationGalileo 意大利acceleration in dynamics，the law of inertia，the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律Newton 英国Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding：self-conscious（自我意识）conscious（意识）unconscious/subconscious （潜意识）他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人Milton Areopagitica，English revolutionBacon Knowledge is power 英国反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开Hobbes 利维坦Materialist （knowledge come from experience）Social Contract 英国认为最好的统治方式是monarchyLocke 政治论Materialist views （ideas derived from sensation or from reflection）Social Contract英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John MiltonCromwell the man of actionJohn Milton the man of thought在英国文学史上ranks with Shakespear and ChaucerDescartes 笛卡尔Cartesian Doubt I think therefore Iam 法国it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in FranceCorneille 高乃依熙得法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突Racinethe greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表现情感和理性的冲突Moliere 达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies很多科学器械在被发明：microscope，telescope，thermometer，barometer，pendulum1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden FrontEast Front of the Louvre英国最著名建筑：St. Paul‘s Cathedral6.启蒙运动the age of reason18th century intellectual movement starting from Francethe most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and IssacNewton.Locke‘s materialist theory and Newton’s theory of gravitationMajor force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes18世纪两大著名运动：The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.独立宣言The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792人权宣言French Philosophy and LiteratureMontesquieuSeparation of powers法国启蒙运动的先驱Voltaire most famous of his novelsRousseau one of the greatest figures of French enlightenmentDiderotEnglish LiteraturePope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason，translation of Homer，good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England 鲁滨逊漂流记Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all timeHenry Fielding Father of the English novelSamuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novelSamuel Johnson editor of18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊The Tatler 和The Spectator，Addison 和Steele经常在上面写文章German Literature and PhilosophyLessing German dramastist German classicismGoethe the Greatest German PoetsSchillera founder of modern German literatureKant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesisThe Musical EnlightenmentJ.S.Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical EnlightenmentHandel 亨德尔being his crowning masterpieceBach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing bestThe Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period，roughly between 1750 and 1820Haydn Classical period Viennese schoolMozartBeethoven occupy a Pivotal position，leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music7. 浪漫主义Romanticismlate 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in GermanyThe enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise：the French Revolution and the Industrial revolutionNew economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book ，which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.Romanticism in GermanyThe Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European RomanticismGoethe combined Romanticism with ClassicismIt was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and StressThe Jena School：Schlegel Brothers，Novalis and TieckHeine：海涅在1836年发表>，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束Romanticism in England Blake：The Lakers：Wordsworth and ColeridgeByron：is considered his masterpiece the fact that thepoet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressedan ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyrannyShelleynoted for his lyricsKeats famous for his sonnetsWalter ScottRomanticism in FranceChateaubriand ：Victor Hugo：法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。