越界的文字_电影与建筑的翻译及转译
urban myths or urban legends课文翻译
Urban myths or Urban legends?都市神话还是都市传奇?1.London has the most extensive network of underground tunnels in the world. But for some inhabitants, the tunnels are more than just convenient一they live in them. The London Subterraneans are a race of people who live beneath the streets. They're human, but they don't speak English, and they have their own customs. Occasionally, a few of them come to the surface. They only appear at night through the drains in a dark backstreet, and if they hear footsteps, they hide in a dark alleyway and only come out when it's quiet again. And before sunrise, they go back under ground. Very few Londoners have seen them, but the friend of a friend has seen them several times.伦敦有着世界上最为庞大的地下隧道网络。
但是对某些伦敦居民来说，隧道不仅仅便利——他们还住在那里。
伦敦地下人是生活在街道下面的一族。
他们属于人类，却不会说英语，他们有自己的风俗习惯。
传统建筑形式的当代设计转译——以绩溪博物馆为例
传统建筑形式的当代设计转译——以绩溪博物馆为例在全球化浪潮的影响下，当代建筑设计逐渐迷失于国际风格之中，人们意识到文化才是区别于其他地区，长久影响下去的东西。
如何将传统建筑形态应用到设计之中，如何将建筑与所在地域紧密结合。
传统建筑形式的转译为当代设计提供了解决思路，对传统的继承与发展做出一定的探索。
绩溪博物馆的设计无论是外在形式还是内在底蕴，对于传统性、地域性都做出了很好的回应，将人工与自然也做到很好的融合，延续传统建筑文化，创造出具有文化特性的当代建筑设计。
一、转译的概念及相关论述(一)转译的概念：转译本意指语言学上的翻译，后来在生物学上用来描述DNA转录到RNA 的过程。
转译行为是通用的，不局限于某一专业领域，更加引申为两种不同的表义结构之间互相作用转化的行为。
对于建筑设计而言，转译是一个整体设计过程，不仅是某一环节，引入传统建筑内容，将最初空间形态，通过当代的设计手法转化成为新形态的设计过程称之为转译。
(二)转译组织结构及过程：1.原型—连接转译设计的媒介：对传统进行归纳、概括和抽象化处理，提炼出来具有代表性、特征性、延续性及隐性思想的内容都可称之为原型。
原型承担联接前后不同物质形态之间的媒介作用，具有高度概括性。
在建筑设计方面，从传统中汲取养分，与现代之间产生联系，归纳提纯有效信息，形成有意义的原型载体，以此应用到现代建筑设计中形成独特风格，并达到传承的目的。
2.语境—影响转译设计的环境：在语言学上一个词语不可脱离整体语境而单独存在，要充分考虑到上下内容，才能获得更深刻意义。
同理，一个建筑的存在与发展，必然与周围的自然环境、文化、风俗习惯、思想等这些语境因素息息相关，因此在转译设计过程中，要充分考虑所处周围语境内容，从中汲取信息，才能够更好地进行设计创造出与周边环境协调统一的建筑。
3.转译设计过程：转译的本质在于“信息的传递”，以传统建筑元素为设计思考来源，深入挖掘有效信息，经过概括提炼，得出原型这一载体，从而产生联想，利用当代如夸张、叠加、变形、简化等一系列设计创新手法，从而得到进一步具象改变，与设计语境结合，引入地域性特征，创造出一种“既古又新”的新形式，使当代建筑设计形成自身独特风格，从而达到理想的设计效果，如图1。
“转译”—电影化思维下的建筑设计与表达
②莱维莱特公园这是屈米最广为人知的一个项目，巴黎的拉维莱特公园（ＰａｒｅｄｅｌａＶｉｌｌｅｔｔｅ）。
１９８２年，法国政府举行了一个设计竞赛，建造一个能够标志着巴黎文化和经济的新区发展的公园。
（图３—５）项目起因是在１９８２年，密特朗评估巴黎城市的快速发展与人口扩增的问题，决定将巴黎北部边陲地带地旧屠宰贩卖市场改建为公园，规划内容中包含科学工业城、展览场、音乐城及表演剧场等，要求成为一个整体的开发案，将各提案相互协调整合。
因为场地周围的环境情况多样而复杂，为设计带来了很高的难度，很多建筑师都为此感到为难。
而屈米却认为：在建筑项目中为了尊重场地的文脉，往往会使用同类材质或者形态以“融入”环境或回应城市规划的要求。
他质疑了这类“都市化项目”的手法，认为建筑师不是完全忽视文脉，就是“使用现有的东西填补空缺”。
屈米更倾向于为莱维莱特公园制定一种新方案：“通过批判性地分析它的历史，甚至加上从其他城市或公园派生的层，来解构它的现状”或者“寻找一个中介—一个能够调解场地和其他概念关系、超越城市和规划的抽象系统”４Ｉ。
所以屈米主张了—种新的设计方法：用蒙太奇的手法加入或并列多个层次，用一个新的层破坏或颠覆其他的层。
他所追求的“事件序列”通过来自蒙太奇的“叠加”、“并置”手法，被具体化为点、线、面的建筑元素：（图３．６）点：屈米在公园放入无数红色的点，即他称为“疯狂物”（ｆｏｌｉｅｓ）的构筑物。
就是２６个红色的构筑物，出现在１２０ｍｘｌ２０ｍ的方格网的交点上，这些构筑物因循功能不断变化着外形，每一个构筑物都是一个小型的“事件发生器”，在形象上强调了“冲突”带来的戏剧感，使人在前进过程中被其外型所刺激和吸引，从而催化了各自领域内的事件发生。
线：屈米在公园中放入了一条架空的步道，这条步道被屈米称之为“电影长廊”，在步道上行走，随着视角和位置的不断变化，红色的构筑物（ｆｏｌｉｅｓ）以及其周围发生的事件在游览者眼前被串接了起来。
建筑与电影
除了对视觉感知的试验，电影同样 用于建筑理念的表达或者宣传。 1930年柯布西耶和导演皮埃尔谢 纳尔(Pierre Chenal)合作制作了 记录片《今日建筑》（1930）.这 部18分钟的短片向大约3000名巴 黎观众宣传了国际式建筑.影片记录 了建筑的使用而不仅仅是房子本身 ，例如萨伏伊别墅的坡道(pō dào) 被表现为一次“建筑漫步”—女主 人沿着坡道(pō dào)穿过整个建筑 到达屋顶花园。
拉维莱特公园(gōngyuán) (来自谷歌)
精品文档
在巴黎拉维莱特公同的设计中,屈米将同区场所的所有因素都进行了分解,并 分别以不同的逻辑与秩序里新组织起来。形成了建筑与人T.化的S然要素相 互穿插的建筑式的同林景观。屈米对场所因素重构后的秩序,形成了一种非常 结构化的且独立性很强的严谨体系。这一秩序结构由三个独立抽象的系统:点 、线、面组成。它们被叠置入基地,为创造(chuàngzào)非线性的时空情境 埋下了伏笔。在这三个系统巾,线的秩序构成了整个同区的交通骨架。它由两 条长廊;几条绿色掩映的林荫道;跨越运河的环形步道和一条命名为“电影式 散步道”的流线型闻路组成。这些元素看似随机分布,甚至感觉会有些混乩。 但其实这足一种有意为之的非线性构成。它们切入公园的肌理,作用如同“分 切镜头”,从一幕场景切换到下一幕,以激发如同电影镜头切换般的效果。
空间蒙太奇梵蒂冈宫大台阶院与空间倒叙马赛公寓的异质元素插入空间并存拉维莱特公园?梵蒂冈宫大台阶院与空间倒叙在这个项目的设计中伯拉孟特运用了一个长达300m的大院子将新宫旧宫几处建筑群联系了起来这个院子轴线处于南北向中央被一个大台阶罗马梵蒂冈宫大台阶院来自谷歌地球切为两半南部建筑物2层北部1层后人由此称其为大公园 (gōngyuán)
首先介绍一个影像处理的技术——重复曜光技术。这种技术是使用摄像 机将同一张底片,在不同的场景中反复曝光。这样不同场景的影像便叠加 到了同一张底片上,形成一个画面里的多重场景或人物的叠化效果。比如 安德烈?塔可夫斯基(Andrei Tarkovsky)导演的《镜子》的电影片段中, 走动着的角色和延迟的摄像机摇动之间的差异(chāyì)运动暗示着这个角 色占据着位于同一电影时间延续性中的两个不同场所(实际上这个电影片 段仅使用了一个连续镜头)。重复曝光技术提供了一种只有电影媒介才能 加以揭示的空间条件:在电影场景的连续时间中包含着两种对立的空间组 织形式,即不同的空间条件在同一时间段中的并存。空间的并存使中.一空 间具有了多軍情境。
CEA理论视域下电影字幕翻译分析——以《悬崖之上》为例
CEA 理论视域下电影字幕翻译分析——以《悬崖之上》为例摘要：近年来，随着我国对外开放的程度不断提高，影视文化产业的对外交流活动也正愈步加强，大量国内高质量影片源源不断地输向海外市场。
基于此，中国电影对外宣传的翻译现状也面临着巨大的空前挑战《悬崖之上》作为时下热门电影，大多极具中国特色的用语融汇其中，因此，本文对影片《悬崖之上》中特定语句的字幕翻译进行研究，从研究背景、CEA理论阐述以及字幕翻译评析等三个方面来对电影对外翻译进行研讨，总结电影字幕翻译规律，以便更好地弘扬中国文化，为独具中国特色电影的国际传播做出贡献。
关键词：CEA理论；电影；字幕翻译一、研究背景对于字幕而言，可以大致分为两种字幕——语际字幕和语内字幕。
语际字幕是在保证原电影作品声音的完好无缺的情况下，将源语文字按照目的译入语堆叠放置在银幕下方的文本，统称字幕翻译。
字幕，一种具有极高阅读效果性质的文体，文本翻译的一般原则对其翻译也理应适用。
诚然，由于差异性遍布文学作品与影视作品之其中，字幕的翻译必然也会有其非同凡响之处。
但由于各地区文化的明显异同差别，不同源语作品中的语言文字含义都难以言简意赅地去阐明，且大都深刻无比、模棱两可、且晦涩难懂。
基于语言的简练程度，简化——是这些深奥语言在翻译过程中必然将历经的过程，进而对当时特定语境做出适应性要求，从而极大限度提高观众的理解能力，以保障影视作品内容的连贯程度。
二、CEA理论对于字幕翻译的指导意义CEA框架指(Comprehension，Expression and Adaptation)，即理解、表达与变通。
在理解层面上，可以分为对“信”“忠实”“准确”的理解，理解方法与理解的重要性；在表达层面上，需考虑到中英文表达，表达的语言习惯乃至语篇衔接；在变通层面上看，可考虑以翻译目的论，语言顺应理论，归化异化，功能对等理论以及交际理论等作为理论依据或支撑[2]。
李长栓先生曾做出如下阐释，翻译文本是需要直译、意译、或者是二者兼而有之是由特定的一项翻译任务的目的决定的，这样，就解决了数千年以来人们关于是应直译还是意译喋喋不休的争论[1]。
建筑翻译PPT
代表作品：巴塞罗那国际博览会德国馆
Thank you!!!!!!
赖特的一生经历了一个摸索建立空间意义和它的表达，从 由实体转向空间，从静态空间到流动和连续空间，在发展到四度 的序列展开的动态空间，最后达到戏剧性的空间。布鲁诺〃塞维 说如此评价赖特的贡献，“有机建筑空间充满着动态，方位诱导， 透视和生动明朗的创造，动态是创造性的，因为其目的不在于追 求耀眼的视觉效果，而是寻求表现生活在其中人的活动本身。终 其一生，赖特提出了许多建筑设计理念 崇尚自然地建筑观 属于美国的建筑文化 技术为艺术服务 表现材料的本性 连续的运动空间 有诗意的形式
主要建筑思想：
赖特从小就生长在威斯康星峡谷的大自然环境之中，在农场赖特过起了 日出而居，日落而歇的生活。向大自然索取的艰苦劳动中了解了土地，感悟到 蕴藏在四季之中的神秘的力量和潜在的生命流，体会到了自然固有的旋律和节 奏。赖特认为住宅不仅要合理安排卧室、起居室、餐橱、浴厕和书房使之便利 日常生活，而且更重要的是增强家庭的内聚力，他的这一认识使他在新的住宅 设计中把火炉置于住宅的核心位置，使它成为必不可少但又十分自然的场所。 赖特的观念和方法影响了他的建筑。“道法自然”（赖特十分欣赏中国的老子 哲学），就是要求依照大自然所启示的道理行事，而不是模仿自然。自然界是 有机的，因而取名为“有机建筑”。
建筑风格与思想：
密斯范德罗的贡献在于通过对钢框架结构和玻璃在建筑中应用的 探索，发展了一种具有古典式的均衡和极端简洁的风格。结构就是一切， 认为比房屋的功能更能决定建筑的形式。主张功能服从空间——建造一 个实用和经济的空间，在里面配置功能。认为形式不是工作的目的，只 是结果。简单概括为先结构后形式，先空间后功能，讲求“条理”。用 “少就是多”（less is more）的理论总结就是：一方面，简化结构体系， 精简结构构建，产生没有或极少屏障，而可作任何用途的建筑空间。另 一方面，净化建筑形式，精确施工，成为由钢和玻璃构成的直角组成的 盒子。 流动空间：现代建筑以空间为主题，这个理论的提出是对现代建 筑的重要贡献，它打破封闭空间，在空间的流动中体验功能平面。
外文文献翻译范例
StatusComplete
Type：Office
Location：Hong Kong
Construction started：18 April 1985
Completed：1990
Opening：17 May 1990
HeightAntenna spire：367.4 m (1,205.4 ft)
2011年6月8日
外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）：
【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出 版 社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文）
原文网址：/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_sears.htm
译文
建筑师：Bruce Graham, design partner, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
地点：Chicago
甲方：Sears Roebuck and Company
工程师：Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.项目年份：2008
香港1985年4月18日开工建设1990年完成1990年5月17日开幕高度天线尖顶三百六十七点四米2418英尺屋顶三百一十五点米10335英尺顶层二百八十八点二米九百四十五点五英尺技术细节地上楼层数724层楼建筑面积一十三点五万平方米1450000平方英尺电梯数45由奥的斯电梯公司生产的设计与施工主要承建商香港建设控股有限公司引文需要熊谷组香港贝聿铭建筑师事务所建筑师事务所谢尔曼西贡有限公司sl的托马斯博阿达莱斯利罗伯逊结构工程师协会rllp参考文献对中国塔简称中银大厦银行是中环香港最知名的摩天大楼之一
中英文翻译
Talling building and Steel constructionAlthough there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general.Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-risebuildings.The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result ofinnovations and development of new structual systems.Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings. and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore require additional stiffening to limitthe sway.In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. Curve A in Fig .1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame. Structural engineers have developed structural systems with aview to eliminating this premium.Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartmentbuildings.Frame with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building(1974) inMilwaukee.Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column element can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World TradeCenter building in New YorkColumn-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members interesting at the centre line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Centre in Chicago, using as much steel as isnormally needed for a traditional 40-story building.Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or thecolumn-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tube, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft(442m), is theworld’s tallest building.Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind and earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement ) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the façade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio ofnet to gross floor area.Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin façade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittburgh.Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive chanllenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building ,exterior columns were spaced at 5.5ft (1.68m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in . -thick(20-m) flat-plate concrete slabs.Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig .2), known as the tube-in-tube system , made it possible to design the world’s present tallest (714ft or 218m)lightweight concrete building ( the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35stories.Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed, an examle of which is the composite system developed by skidmore, Owings &Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems. The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system.Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role. Most steel construction consists of large-scale buildings or engineering works, with the steel generally in the form of beams, girders, bars, plates, and other members shaped through the hot-rolled process. Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the U.S, U.K, U.S.S.R, Japan, West German, France, andother steel producers in the 1970s.Early history. The history of steel construction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessemer and the Siemens-Martin (openj-hearth) processes made it possible to produce steel in quantities sufficient for structure use. Many of problems of steel construction were studied earlier in connection with iron construction, which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge, built in cast iron over the Severn River in England in 1777. This and subsequent iron bridge work, in addition to the construction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls , spurred the development of techniques for fabricating, designing, and jioning. The advantages of iron over masonry lay in the much smaller amounts of material required. The truss form, based on the resistance of the triangle to deformation, long used in timber, was translated effectively into iron, with cast iron being used for compression members-i.e, those bearing the weight of direct loading-and wrought iron being used for tension members-i.e, those bearing the pull of suspendedloading.The technique for passing iron, heated to the plastic state, between rolls to form flat and rounded bars, was developed as early as 1800;by 1819 angle irons were rolled; and in 1849 the first I beams, 17.7 feet (5.4m) long , were fabricated as roof girders for a Paris railroad station.Two years later Joseph Paxton of England built the Crystal Palace for the London Exposition of 1851. He is said to have conceived the idea of cage construction-using relatively slender iron beams as a skeleton for the glass walls of a large, open structure. Resistance to wind forces in the Crystal palace was provided by diagonal iron rods. Two feature are particularly important in the history of metal construction; first, the use of latticed girder, which are small trusses, a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton ; and second, the joining of wrought-iron tension members and cast-iron compression members by means ofrivets inserted while hot.In 1853 the first metal floor beams were rolled for the Cooper Union Building in New York. In the light of the principal market demand for iron beams at the time, it is not surprising that the Cooper Union beams closely resembled railroad rails.The development of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes in the 1850s and 1860s suddenly open the way to the use of steel for structural purpose. Stronger than iron in both tension and compression ,the newly available metal was seized on by imaginative engineers, notably by those involved in building the great number of heavy railroad bridges then in demand in Britain,Europe, and the U.S.A notable example was the Eads Bridge, also known as the St. Louis Bridge, in St. Louis (1867-1874), in which tubular steel ribs were used to form arches with a span of more than 500ft (152.5m). In Britain, the Firth of Forth cantilever bridge (1883-90) employed tubular struts, some12 ft (3.66m) in diameter and 350 ft (107m) long. Such bridges and other structures wereimportant in leading to the development and enforcement of standards and codification of permissible design stresses. The lack of adequate theoretical knowledge, and even of an adequate basis for theoretical studies, limited the value of stress analysis during the early years of the 20th century, as iccasionally failures, such as that of a cantilever bridge in Quebec in 1907,revealed.But failures were rare in the metal-skeleton office buildings; the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated analysis techniques. Throughout the first third of the century, ordinary carbon steel, without any special alloy strengthening or hardening, wasuniversally used.The possibilities inherent in metal construction for high-rise building was demonstrated to theworld by the Paris Exposition of 1889.for which Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, a leading French bridge engineer, erected an openwork metal tower 300m (984 ft) high. Not only was the height-more than double that of the Great Pyramid-remarkable, but the speed of erection and low cost were even more so, a small crew completed the work in a few months.The first skyscrapers. Meantime, in the United States another important development was taking place. In 1884-85 Maj. William Le Baron Jenney, a Chicago engineer , had designed the Home Insurance Building, ten stories high, with a metal skeleton. Jenney’s beams wer e of Bessemer steel, though his columns were cast iron. Cast iron lintels supporting masonry over window openings were, in turn, supported on the cast iron columns. Soild masonry court and party walls provided lateral support against wind loading. Within a decade the same type of construction had been used in more than 30 office buildings in Chicago and New York. Steel played a larger and larger role in these , with riveted connections for beams and columns, sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members. Light masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level, replaced the old heavy masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level , replaced the old heavy masonry.Though the new construction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decade, its impact on the steel industry was worldwide. By the last years of the 19th century, the basic structural shapes-I beams up to 20 in. ( 0.508m) in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proportions were readily available, to combine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength. In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hot-rolling weighed less than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) per foot; decade by decade this figure rose until in the 1960s it exceeded 700 pounds (320 kilograms) per foot.Coincident with the introduction of structural steel came the introduction of the Otis electric elevator in 1889. The demonstration of a safe passenger elevator, together with that of a safe and economical steel construction method, sent building heights soaring. In New York the 286-ft (87.2-m) Flatiron Building of 1902 was surpassed in 1904 by the 375-ft (115-m) Times Building ( renamed the Allied Chemical Building) , the 468-ft (143-m) City Investing Company Building in Wall Street, the 612-ft (187-m) Singer Building (1908), the 700-ft (214-m) Metropolitan Tower (1909) and, in 1913, the 780-ft (232-m) Woolworth Building.The rapid increase in height and the height-to-width ratio brought problems. To limit street congestion, building setback design was prescribed. On the technical side, the problem of lateral support was studied. A diagonal bracing system, such as that used in the Eiffel Tower, was not architecturally desirable in offices relying on sunlight for illumination. The answer was found in greater reliance on the bending resistance of certain individual beams and columns strategically designed into the skeletn frame, together with a high degree of rigidity sought at the junction of the beams and columns. With today’s modern interior lighting systems, however, diagonal bracing against wind loads has returned; one notable example is the John Hancock Center in Chicago, where the external X-braces form a dramatic part of the structure’s façade.World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had come to be called skyscrapers (the origin of the word is uncertain), but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race, culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931. The Empire State’s 102 stories (1,250ft. [381m]) were to keep it established as the hightest building in the world for the next 40 years. Its speed of the erection demonstrated how thoroughly the new construction technique had been mastered. A depot across the bay at Bayonne, N.J., supplied the girders by lighter and truck on aschedule operated with millitary precision; nine derricks powerde by electric hoists lifted the girders to position; an industrial-railway setup moved steel and other material on each floor. Initial connections were made by bolting , closely followed by riveting, followed by masonry and finishing. The entire job was completed in one year and 45 days.The worldwide depression of the 1930s and World War II provided another interruption to steel construction development, but at the same time the introduction of welding to replaceriveting provided an important advance.Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I, but its application to construction was limited until after World War II. Another advance in the same area had been the introduction of high-strength bolts to replace rivets in field connections.Since the close of World War II, research in Europe, the U.S., and Japan has greatly extended knowledge of the behavior of different types of structural steel under varying stresses, including those exceeding the yield point, making possible more refined and systematic analysis. This in turn has led to the adoption of more liberal design codes in most countries, more imaginative design made possible by so-called plastic design ?The introduction of the computer byshort-cutting tedious paperwork, made further ad高层建筑和钢结构尽管一般的建筑结构设计取得了很大的进步，取得显著成绩的还要属超高层建筑结构设计。
光_影_时空_以电影视角看建筑发展_郭泽文
光·影·时空———以电影视角看建筑发展郭泽文（西南交通大学建筑学院，四川成都610031）【摘要】文章探讨了电影和建筑的最具特色的几种共性，从时间、空间、与视觉印象对两者进行了类比。
同时在对建筑的思想解读时，运用了电影这种能直白广泛传达的语言进行诠释，使蕴含在建筑中的深层次思想能更容易让人理解。
文中提出电影对于建筑发展与传播的效用，并且在对于城市的发展和构想都可以借助电影这种手法进行多可能性的探讨，以此来回顾和预见建筑的发展历程。
电影与建筑的关系可用一句话来意会———“建筑是凝固的电影，电影是流动的建筑。
”【关键词】建筑设计；建筑思想；电影传播；共生；未来城市【中图分类号】TU －854【文献标志码】A［定稿日期］2013－03－27［作者简介］郭泽文（1987 ），男，硕士研究生。
①Louis Isadore Kahn ，原名Itze －Leib Schmuilowsky （1901－1974），爱沙尼亚裔犹太人，美国建筑师，建筑教育家。
②安藤忠雄，日本著名建筑师，从未受过正规科班教育，开创了一套独特、崭新的建筑风格，成为当今最为活跃、最具影响力的世界建筑大师之一。
1电影艺术与建筑艺术的通感1．1电影与建筑的文脉关联电影与建筑都是最具表现力的综合艺术。
以电影为例，它是集摄影、音乐、舞蹈、美术、设计、文学、思想于一体的文化综合产物。
同样，建筑艺术不仅有其本身的体量与空间，更包括了雕塑、绘画、设计、文化、哲学、宗教等。
人们甚至可以从建筑这个词汇的构词去探寻它的深意，建筑英文译为“architecture ”，最初起源于希腊，罗马人始用。
“archi ”为“大、综合”之意，“tecture ”为艺术、技艺。
而电影中最常用的手法“蒙太奇”也是取自法语中的建筑名词，虽然电影的产生相较建筑的历史显得非常短暂，但就其两者的血脉却有着千丝万缕的关联。
1．2建筑光影的运用对于光和影的运用，建筑师都会有着自己独特的思考，但其中将光影用作建筑设计表现元素的当属路易斯·康①和安藤忠雄②了。
4.2 Bauhaus 建筑 专业英语 翻译 蒋山 宜应文
he took up his appointment in 1919 he united the two schools under the name of Das Staatliche Bauhaus Weimar.This was of profound significance because it made clear at the outset that one of the main purposes of the new school was to unite art and craft which had for too long been divorced from each other.Gropius contended that the artist or architect should also be a craftsman,that he should at the same time study theories of form and design.The traditional distinction between artist and craftsman should,Gropius thought,be eliminated.He also believed that a building should be the result of collective effort and that each artistcraftsman should contribute his part with a full awareness of its purpose in relation to the whole building.Gropius was therefore and advocate of team-work in the creation of building and in the production of furniture,pottery and all the various architectural arts. 在第一次世界大战之前，比利时建筑师威尔德，当时萨克森高等工艺美术学校 和萨克森高等建筑艺术学院的系主任，在魏玛向萨克森-魏玛大公推荐瓦尔特"格罗 皮乌斯作为他的继承人。1915年，萨克森-魏玛大公召见了格罗皮乌斯，要求他重组 这两个学校，并给了他充分的权力，1919年，他一上任就将两所学校联合起来，建 立了魏玛国立建筑学校。这是具有深远意义的一件事，因为在一开始就明确了新学 校的教学目的是将长时期一直处于分离状态的艺术和技术联合起来。格罗皮乌斯主 张艺术家和建筑师也应当是一个技术工人，同时也应当学习形式和设计理论。格罗 皮乌斯认为，艺术家和技术工人之间传统的区别应当排除，他还认为一座建筑物应 当是集体智慧的结晶，每个艺术-技术人员应当以充分意识到个人力量对于整个建筑 的关系，贡献出自己的一份力量。因此，格罗皮乌斯提倡在建筑建造，家具，陶器 的生产和各个建筑艺术领域都要讲究团队合作的精神。
建筑学专业英语课文翻译
专英题型1.短语英译汉2*5=102.短语汉译英2*5=103.句子英译汉4*2+5*2+6*2=304.段落汉译英10*1=105.完形填空2*5=106.单选2*5=107.作文20*1=20A CITY IS NOT A TREE城市并非树形（城市不是树形结构）CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER 克里斯托弗.亚历山大Unit 01Section 1Intensive readingPart Ⅰ不少设计师十分推崇并尝试在设计中结合那些能够反映根本的人类心理、精神需求和文化价值观的建成环境要求。
但是没有任何一个人像出生于澳大利亚、受教于英国、扎根于美国的建筑师和规划师克里斯托弗.亚历山大一样与传统建筑实践如此彻底地决裂，并且探索地更加深入，以使自己的设计反映这些最基本的价值。
亚历山大自称是一个破坏偶像（反对传统观念）的人，他有意识地同二十世纪建筑学和城市规划的主流思想保持距离。
值得注意的是：他挑出来在下文中进行攻击的8个“树形”规划是二十世纪最受尊重、最富盛名的规划方案的代表，包括勒.柯布西耶基于其建造一个现代城市的理论而为印度昌迪加尔新区做的规划；还包括保罗. 索莱尔的位于亚利桑那沙漠中梅萨市的空想巨型结构。
自从他最早发表挑衅性的观点攻击后面所选的正规的“树形”城市规划内容贫乏以来，亚历山大一生都从事于探求解读潜藏在人类需求下的深层结构体系以及对建筑新样式的再生模式的定义。
下面所选例子清楚地说明，一个城市不应该设计成像整洁的树形分枝组织那样把各个功能彼此分开。
亚历山大谴责整洁的城市规划，它们把“邻里”用界限分离，划分一个区域用作居住另一个用作商业，或者专门创建一个区域用作大学或文化设施。
他认为人类活动远比那些更为复杂和交叠。
亚历山大在文章节选中提出的城市设计策略可能会困扰那些寻求清晰、理性设计准则的人们。
亚历山大的观点是：关于如何设计非树状结构的城市还所知不够，从而无法提出明确的解决方案。
专题01 语言文字运用 人教版部编(2019)高中语文必修上册
专题01 语言文字运用经典基础题一、选择题组（2021·江苏扬州市·扬州中学高一月考）阅读下面的文字，完成下面小题。
再辉煌的文化，一旦失去传承就必然衰败。
作为重要的传播阵地，中央广播电视总台在传承弘扬中华优秀传统文化方面① 。
《典籍里的中国》电视节目，是典籍的传播者、转化人，在汗牛充栋的典籍中探赜索隐、② ，通过电视独具优势的语境转换，让更多人爱上典籍，自觉传承中华灿烂文化。
中华传统典籍是讲好中国故事的独特资源。
优秀典籍一直是吸引国际汉学家濡染中华文化的磁石。
瑞典学院唯一会中文的马悦然先生当年的汉语入门读物就是《左传》；公元9世纪，白居易的《白氏文集》就已成为东瀛皇室争读之文献……今天的中国，正在走近世界舞台的中央，传统经典正是我们与世界进行文明交流互鉴的一大优势。
典籍是国之瑰宝，不能只是“活”在藏书馆、“活”在学者的论著中，还应该“活”在年轻人心中。
③ 的文化典籍，是五千年象形文字垒起的一座座精神高峰。
多攀登这样的精神巅峰，登高望远，于我们年轻人，可以拓展人生宽度；于我们民族，可以④ 精神厚度，进而“为天地立心，为生民立命，为往圣继绝学，为万世开太平”。
1．依次填入文中横线处的词语，最恰当的一项是（）A．责无旁贷大浪淘沙美轮美奂夯实B．责无旁贷披沙拣金卷帙浩繁夯实C．义不容辞披沙拣金卷帙浩繁压实D．义不容辞大浪淘沙美轮美奂压实2．下列选项与文中划线句子的修辞用法相同的一项是（）A．他像喝醉了酒一样，整个世界对他来讲好像已经消失了。
B．他的手掌好像四方的，上面全是厚厚的茧子。
C．读罢这本书，我仿佛又回到了苦难的童年时代，在那风雪交加的夜晚……D．父亲的沉默俨然成了一条失修的县际公路。
（2020·天津市咸水沽第一中学高一期中）阅读下面的文字，完成各题。
“千门万户曈曈日，总把新桃换日符。
”贴春联是中国人过年时的一项传统民俗活动。
人们通常在除夕这天，将写好的春联贴于门上。
建筑与电影叙事作文
建筑与电影叙事作文《建筑与电影：交织的艺术之美》建筑与电影，看似两个不同的领域，却有着奇妙的关联，共同编织出令人着迷的艺术世界。
建筑，那凝固的艺术，以其独特的形态和空间，承载着历史、文化与人类的情感。
当我们漫步于古老的宫殿、庄严的教堂或是现代的摩天大楼之间，能感受到一种无声的叙事。
每一块砖石、每一处线条，都诉说着时代的故事。
古老的建筑见证了岁月的沧桑变迁，它们如同电影中的长镜头，缓缓展开一幅宏大的历史画卷。
而现代建筑则以其创新的设计和独特的风格，像是电影中的特写镜头，给人以强烈的视觉冲击和深刻的印象。
电影，则是动态的艺术，用流动的画面和声音讲述着一个个扣人心弦的故事。
电影中的场景设计，往往离不开建筑的烘托。
那些精心构建的城市街道、乡村小屋或是奇幻的城堡，为故事营造出逼真的氛围。
建筑在电影中不仅仅是背景，更是推动情节发展的重要元素。
一座阴森的古堡可能预示着危险的降临，一间温馨的小屋则能传递出温暖与安宁。
就像建筑的布局会影响人们的生活方式一样，电影中的建筑场景也会影响角色的命运和故事的走向。
想想那些经典的电影，《罗马假日》中罗马的古老建筑与浪漫爱情相互映衬，让我们仿佛置身于那个充满诗意的时代；《哈利·波特》系列里的霍格沃茨城堡，以其神秘而奇幻的风格，成为无数人心中向往的魔法世界。
建筑赋予了电影真实感和深度，而电影又让建筑的魅力得以更广泛地传播。
在建筑与电影的交织中，我们体验到了艺术的多元与丰富。
它们相互启发，相互成就，共同创造出令人陶醉的艺术景观。
无论是站在宏伟的建筑前，还是沉浸在精彩的电影情节里，我们都能感受到人类创造力的伟大和艺术的无尽魅力。
让我们在这交织的艺术之美中，不断追寻和探索，去发现更多的惊喜与感动。
【英文电影片名翻译问题探析】片名英文怎么写
【英文电影片名翻译问题探析】片名英文怎么写近年来，世界电影事业迅猛发展，各国间电影交流也越来越广泛。
我国尤其自改革开放以来引进了大量的英文电影。
因此，对外国文学作品及电影的翻译以及电影片名翻译的重要性也愈来愈引起翻译工作者们的关注。
尤金・奈达（Eugene A Nada）提出了翻译的常用标准，就是动态均等即目标语给观众带来的效果应该与源语言相似。
以此来判断翻译的好坏，并且指出翻译的任务就是传递信息，再现源语言的意义。
一、电影片名翻译现状同一部片名，由于社会体制、文化背景、地理位置等因素，译名各式各样。
就拿大陆、香港、台湾为例：大陆译名大多为达、雅，而港台电影译名较随意、过多追求商业效果。
人们为了达到商业效果翻译时好用一些能给人带来震撼感的词语，如：“致命”、“魔鬼”、“绝代”等来吸引人，从而失去了翻译的一些其他功能。
商业因素要考虑，但考虑过多会使翻译品位降低、缺乏审美效果。
如：《绝代宠姬》（Dangerous Woman），《傻妹闯七关》（Foul Play）。
二、电影片名翻译的标准片名是整部电影的浓缩，片名的翻译不同于一般的文学作品，它既是精神产品又是商业产品。
优秀的影片译名既要具有艺术性，又要产生商业功效。
1.信息转译。
作为画龙点睛之笔，电影片名涵盖的信息也是观众急于要了解的信息。
译者应该把源语文本里的信息尽最大可能地转译成目标语，让不懂源语语言的观众获取译入影片的主要信息。
否则，翻译就毫无意义和价值可取。
影片True Lies的译名《魔鬼大帝》就很失败。
凡是看过这部电影的观众明显感觉到影片片名和其主题、情节相去甚远，两者很难联系起来。
2.文化转译。
翻译不只是两种语言的交换，更是两种文化的交流。
不同的文化背景、历史、地理、气候、价值观、习俗、伦理观、政治、经济等等诸多因素阻碍了信息的通畅转译。
因此，呈现在不同语言中的文化形象其丰富的内涵有时很难用相应的词语表达出来。
翻译此类电影片名时，一定要考虑到其丰富的文化要素，如：影片Dragon Heart的现译名是《魔龙传奇》，之前还有个译名是《龙的心》。
我的语言的界限意味着我的世界的界限原文
我的语言的界限意味着我的世界的界限原文提起语言，我的脑海中会慢慢浮现出一座塔。
这座塔是宏伟的，却是未完成的。
这座塔的名字就是巴别塔。
它为语言的产生提供了一个唯美的起源――为了阻止人类通天的计划，上帝让人类说不同的语言，使人类不能相互沟通。
计划因而失败，人类自此各散东西，但是也因此留下了多彩的各国文化。
以前，我一直觉得语言只是一种工具，一把开启通向不同文化之门的钥匙。
学习语言之后，过去觉得佶屈聱牙的中文译本，在对比英文原文后发现，哎呀，这明明可以翻译得更接地气的嘛；过去觉得匪夷所思的地方，在看到原著的那一刻恍然大悟，怪译者翻译得过于天马行空。
《诗经》的诗意，莎士比亚的感性，再优秀的译者也难以百分百呈现。
掌握一门外语，让我可以直接体会文字里的爱恨情仇，体会作者的心境。
不过，一个好的译者也会带来不一样的阅读体验。
记得有一次，我心血?沓毕攵员纫幌虏煌?译本之间的差异。
John Green 有一本书名为Paper Town（《纸镇》），书里有一个小伙子叫Ben （本）。
他之前做了一个肾脏手术，因而被同学取了绰号“Bloody Ben”，也没女生愿意与他一起参加毕业舞会。
根据我的理解，这个绰号应该是说Ben做了手术之后，他给人一种血淋淋的感觉。
然而中译本的译法让人忍俊不禁：血本无归。
乍一看会觉得很不可思议，简直在曲解中文成语的意思。
但是细想，这个译法还真是妙呀。
它既然是同学取的外号，自然不能以字面意思解释，所以也不能够与原来的成语含义相联系。
它既给人“血本”的基本印象，又突出了“无归”，即没有人愿意与他一起参加舞会。
每每念及这些精妙的翻译，它们带给我的不只是一笑，更是文字所表达的全新意境。
最初学语言的时候，我简直是一个程序错乱的翻译软件，总是会冒失地切换语言。
在一次英语辩论的时候，我被逼急了，脱口而出一个“就是……”。
周围小伙伴一愣，我才意识到，这是一场英文辩论。
还有一次，我和德国小伙伴一起去吃麦当劳。
“酒足饭饱”之后，大家便开始玩了起来。
【翻译名篇】五种不同版本英译《岳阳楼记》
【翻译名篇】五种不同版本英译《岳阳楼记》岳阳楼记范仲淹（宋）庆历四年春，滕子京谪守巴陵郡。
越明年，政通人和，百废具兴，乃重修岳阳楼，增其旧制，刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上，属予作文以记之。
予观夫巴陵胜状，在洞庭一湖。
衔远山，吞长江，浩浩汤汤，横无际涯；朝晖夕阴，气象万千；此则岳阳楼之大观也，前人之述备矣。
然则北通巫峡，南极潇湘，迁客骚人，多会于此，览物之情，得无异乎？若夫霪雨霏霏，连月不开；阴风怒号，浊浪排空；日星隐耀，山岳潜形；商旅不行，樯倾楫摧；薄暮冥冥，虎啸猿啼；登斯楼也，则有去国怀乡，忧谗畏讥，满目萧然，感极而悲者矣！至若春和景明，波澜不惊，上下天光，一碧万顷；沙鸥翔集，锦鳞游泳，岸芷汀兰，郁郁青青。
而或长烟一空，皓月千里，浮光跃金，静影沈璧，渔歌互答，此乐何极！登斯楼也，则有心旷神怡，宠辱偕忘、把酒临风，其喜洋洋者矣！嗟夫！予尝求古仁人之心，或异二者之为，何哉？不以物喜，不以己悲，居庙堂之高，则忧其民；处江湖之远，则忧其君。
是进亦忧，退亦忧；然则何时而乐耶？其必曰：“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐矣！”噫！微斯人，吾谁与归！时六年九月十五日。
The YueYang TowerIn the spring of fourth year of Qingli, TengZijing was exiled to Balingjun, to be the governor there. In the second year of hisoffice, because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and contentment, and all previously neglected matters were taken care of. The YueYang tower was renovated and enlarged, and inscribed on its walls were the poetry and rhymed prose of learned men of Tang and the present dynasties. I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing.The beauty of Baling centers round the Dongting lake, which holds the mountain ranges in the distance and swallows the water of the Yangtze River. It is so vast and mighty that it seems boundless. Dazzling in the morning sun and fading in the gray evening mist, it offers a myriad of scenes. This is the magnificent view of Yueyang T ower commands, of which many descriptions have been written. This beautiful scenic spot is linked with the Wu gorge in the north and the Xiao and Xiang rivers in the south. Exiled officials and poets often gather here, how could there be no difference in their feelings?In the rainy season, an unbroken wet weather lasts for months. Chilly wind howl and turbid waves surge the sky high. The sun and stars lose their luster, and the mountain ranges scarcely visible. Merchants and travelers have to put off their voyage, for the masts of ships have collapsed and the oars broken. It is dark towards evening mist, and the roaring of tigers and the cry of monkeys can be heard. At such a time anyone ascending the Tower will be filled with nostalgia for the imperial court and his hometown as well as fears of calumny and derision against him. Around him is a scene of desolation. Emotions well up in him so strongly that he feels pain at heart.In springtime it is warm and the sun is bright, the lake is tranquil and it merges with the azure sky into a vast expanse of blue. The water-birds are playing, some fluttering in the sky, somegathering together on the sandbars. Fishes of varied hues are swimming merrily in the water. The sweet-smelling grass by the banks and the faint scented orchids on the sandy beaches are rush and green. Sometimes when the mist over the lake vanishes, the glorious moon shines over the vast land, its brightness glistening with golden light on the lake. The reflection of the moon is like a piece of jade in the depth of the water. The fisher men’s songs chime in with each other. How delightful they are! On ascending the tower at such a time, one will feel a spiritual uplift, caring for neither glory nor shame. With a cup of wine in the gentle breeze, he will enjoy the greatest happiness in life.Ah! I have tried to study the minds of lofty ideals in ancient times. Perhaps they were different from the people I mentioned above. Why is this? The reason is that they were not thrown into ecstasies over their success, nor felt depressed over their failures. When they were in high positions at court, they were concerned about the people, when they were in remote place, they concerned about their emperor. They worried when then got promoted or when they were sent into exile. Then, when were they happy? They would say, “To be the first in the country to worry about the affairs of the state and the last in the country to enjoy oneself!”Alas! Who else should I seek company with save them?This article was written on the 15th day of the 9th lunar month in the sixth year of Qingli (1046 A.D.)Yueyang PavilionIn the spring of the fourth year of the reign of Qingli, T eng Zijing was banished from the capital to be governor of Baling Prefecture. After he had governed the district for a year, the administration became efficient, the people became united, and all things that had fallen into disrepair were given a new lease on life. Then he restored Yueyang Pavilion, adding new splendor to the original structure and having inscribed on it poems by famous men of the Tang Dynasty as well as the present time. And he asked me to write an essay to commemorate this.Now I have found that the finest sights of Baling are concentrated in the region of Lake Dongting. Dongting, nibbling at the distant hills and gulping down the Yangtze River, strikes all beholders as vast and infinite, presenting a scene of boundless variety; and this is the superb view from Yueyang Pavilion. All this has been described in full by writers of earlier ages. However, since the lake is linked with Wu Gorge in the north and extends to the Xiao and Xiang rivers in the south, many exiles and wandering poets gather here and their reactions to these sights vary greatly.During a period of incessant rain, when a spell of bad weather continues for more than a month, when louring winds bellow angrily, tumultuous waves hurl themselves against the sky, sun and stars hide their light, hills and mountains disappear, merchants have to halt in the travels, masts collapse and oars splinter, the day darkens and the roars of tigers and howls of monkeys are heard, if men come to this pavilion with a longing for home in their hearts or nursing a feeling of bitterness because of taunts and slander, they may find the sight depressing and fall prey to agitation or despair.But during mild and bright spring weather, then the wavesare unruffled and the azure translucence above and below stretches before your eyes for myriads of li, when the water-birds fly down to congregate on the sands and fish with scales like glimmering silk disport themselves in the water, when the iris and orchids on the banks grow luxuriant and green; or when dusk falls over this vast expanse and bright moon casts its light a thousand li, when the rolling waves glitter like gold and silent shadows in the water glimmer like jade, and the fishermen sing to each other for sheer joy, then men coming up to this pavilion may feel complete freedom of heart and ease of spirit, forgetting every worldly gain or setback, to hold their winecups in the breeze in absolute elation, delighted with life.But again when I consider the men of old who possessed true humanity, they seem to have responded quite differently. The reason, perhaps, may be this: natural beauty was not enough to make them happy, nor their own situation enough to make them sad. When such men are high in the government or at court, their first concern is for the people; when they retire to distant streams and lakes, their first concern is for their sovereign. Thus they worry both when in office and when in retirement. When, then, can they enjoy themselves in life? No doubt they are concerned before anyone else and enjoy themselves only after everyone else finds enjoyment. Surely these are the men in whose footsteps I should follow!（杨宪益、戴乃迭译）Yueyang PavilionIn the spring of the fourth year of the Qingli period, Teng Zijing was relegated to the position of the prefect of Baling. Thefollowing year witnessed a great change there in terms of the smooth conduct of government and the harmonious human relations as well as the resumption of a great many neglected undertakings. Thus Yueyang Pavilion was rebuilt on a scale larger than before and was graced with the inscriptions of the poems and rhythmic prose of the Tang and contemporary celebrities. I was requested to write something to mark the event.In my view, the grandeur of Baling lies only in Lake Dongting, which looks as if it were holding in its mouth the distant mountains and gulping down the Yangtse River. Boundless and marvellous, it presents in the morning sunshine and the evening twilight a most gorgeous spectacle. This is the general view from the pavilion, already described in full by our predecessors. However, since the lake connects with the Wu Gorge in the north and ends at the Xiao and Xiang rivers in the south, many demoted or banished officials and literati often gather here. Can there be no shades of difference in their feelings when admiring the scenery?If the continuous drizzle does not let up for several months on end, one can hear the bleak wind howling and see the turbid waves surging to the sky. The brilliance of the sun and the stars are eclipsed and the shapes of the mountains and hills become obscured. The merchants and travellers are stopped on their way, staying in boats with declined masts and broken oars, while the light being so dim at dusk, one can fancy tigers' roars and monkeys' gibbers. So the ascent to the pavilion is associated with the nostalgia in exile and the fear of slanders and taunts. Confronted with such disconsolate scenes, one is apt to be moved to the extreme and feel much saddened.As for the days when spring weather is mile and sunny,nature is lit with a bright smile, and the waves being halcyon, the sky and the lake are tinged with the same hue, making up an infinitely huge canvas of light blue, on which white gulls are hovering in bevies and fish shimmering with silvery scales. And the lake shores adorned with irises and sandbars dotted with orchids are all enshrouded in a sweet and lush green. Sometimes the broad firmament is clear of all mist, a bright moon shines over the vast lake gleaming with a golden glow, and the moon's reflection in the watery mirror reminds one of a sunken jade. And then the fishermen's songs are heard to be echoing one another. What an unbounded joy! In such a case, ascent to the pavilion gives one a broadened mind and eased heart, with credit and discredit both forgotten. Holding a winecup in the wind, one is overflowing with happiness.Oh, I have tried to probe the souls of the noble ancients. Their feelings might differ from the above two. Why? Because they were not glad of things adventitious, or sad for the sake of themselves. Positioned high at court, they worried about the people. Banished to remote regions, they worried about their sovereigns. Thus they were carefree in neither case. Then, at what time would they feel happy? They were sure to say: "Worry before all others have worried, rejoice after all others have rejoiced." Who should I emulate, if not people of this type?（谢百魁译）The Story of Yoyang TowerFan Chung YenIn the spring of the 4th year of Chi'in_Li, T'eng Tzu Ching was banished from the court by being made Governor of Pa Lingprefecture. After one year order and peace was re-established and everything that had fallen into negligence was reinstalled. Then work was started to have the Yoyang Tower rebuilt and enlarged; and after poems of the worthies of the T’ang period and of our own contemporaries were engraved upon it, I was requested to write the story.In my opinion the chief feature of Pa Ling lies in this Tung Ting Lake. Immeasurable and boundless it adjoins the distant mountains and takes in the Yangtse River; and during fine morning and cloudy evening it presents ten thousand changes in its appearance. This is the grand view of the Yoyang T ower, of which former writers have left nothing unsaid. So north from the WU Gorges and south to the sources of the Hsiao Hsiang rivers most exiles and poets gather here; and how can they help being impressed with the changing views before their eyes?To illustrate, it may rain continually for months without a break, when the gloomy wind howls and the muddy waves threaten the heavens, the sun and the stars hide their faces and the mountains make no appearance, the traders halt in their journey, and sails fall and oars, break, it gets dark before the night falls, and the tigers roar and monkeys scream. If a man ascends the tower during such a season, he will feel homesick, apprehend calumny and fear criticism; and as he looks over the sad view, he will weep for extreme agitation.But when the gentle spring returns with her congenial warmth, the scenery becomes clear and the waves are no longer frightful, the sunshine fills up the space up and down and all is blue over thousands of acres, the sand gulls fly together and the fine-scaled fish swim, the angelica on the bank and orchid on the islets are all luxuriant and blue; or when the expanse of the sky isfree from clouds and the bright moon shines thousands of miles, floating lights glister like gold and the still shadows quiver like sinking precious stones, and the fishermen sing one to another with songs — there is no end to such joy! If a man ascends the tower during such seasons, he will feel his heart opened and his spirit delighted, forgetting both honour and dishonor, and when he faces the wind with wine-cup in hand his joy is overflowing.Alas! I often find in ancient times men of benevolence think differently from both of these. Why is it? They neither rejoiced for external things, nor did they lament for themselves. When they were in high position at the court, they were concerned for the people; and when they retired to the remote rivers and lakes, they were concerned for the sovereign. They were concerned both while in office and out of office. Then when would they be joyous? The answer must be: "They would be concerned before the world became concerned; but they would be joyous only after the world became joyous." Alas! Whom should I follow but such men?（潘正英译）The Yueyang TowerIn the spring of the fourth year of Qingli (1), Teng Zijing (2) was exiled to Baling Prefecture (3) to be the prefect there. In the second year of his office, because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and contentment, and all previous neglected matters were taken care of. The Yueyang T ower was renovated and enlarged, and inscribed on its wall were the poetry and the rhymed prose of learned men of the Tang and the present dynasty. I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing.The beauty of Baling centers round the Dongting Lake, which holds the mountain ranges in the distance and swallows the water of the Yangtze River. It is so vast and mighty that it seems boundless. Dazzling in the morning sun and fading in the gray evening mist, it affords a myriad of scenes. This is the magnificent view that the Yueyang Tower commands, of which many descriptions have been written. This beautiful scenic spot is linked with the Wu Gorge in the north and the Xiao and Xiang Rivers in the south. Exiled officials and poets often gather here. How could there be no difference in their feelings?In the rainy season, an unbroken spell of wet weather lasts for months. Chilly winds howl and turbid waves surge sky high. The sun and the stars lose their luster, and the mountain ranges are scarcely visible. Merchants and travelers have to put off their voyage, for the masts of the ships have collapsed and their oars broken. It is dark towards evening, and the roaring of tigers and the cry of monkeys can be heard. At such a time anyone ascending the tower will be filled with nostalgia for the imperial court and his home as well as fears of calumny and derision against him. Around him is a scene of desolation. Emotions well up in him so strong that he feels pain at heart.In springtime it is warm and the sun is bright. The Lake is tranquil and it merges with the azure sky into a vast expanse of blue. The water-birds are playing, some fluttering in the sky, some gathering together on the sandbars. Fishes of varied hues are swimming merrily in the water. The sweet-smelling grass by the banks and the faintly scented orchids on the sandy beaches are lush and green. Sometimes, when the mist over the Lake vanishes, the glorious moon shines over the vast land, its brightness glistening with golden light on the lake. The reflection of themoon is like a piece of jade in the depths of the water. The fishermen's songs chime in with each other. How delightful they are! On ascending the Tower at such a time, one will feel spiritual uplift, caring for neither glory nor shame. With a cup of wine in the gentle breeze, he will enjoy the greatest happiness in life!Ah! I have tried to study the minds of people of lofty ideals in ancient times. Perhaps they were different from the people I mentioned above. Why is this? The reason is that they were not thrown into ecstasies over their success, nor felt depressed over their failures. When they were in high positions at court, they were concerned about people. When they were in remote places, they were concerned about their emperor. They worried when they got promoted or when they were sent into exile. Then, when were they happy? They would say:"To be the first in the country to worry about the affairs of the state and the last to enjoy oneself." Alas! Who else should I seek company with save them?(1) Qingli was the title of Emperor Renzong's reign of the Song Dynasty.(2) Teng Zijing was Fan Zhongyan's friend.(3) Baling Prefecture was Yuezhou Prefecture, now Yueyang City in Hunan Province where the Yueyang Tower is located.（罗经国译）。
越界的文字——电影与建筑的翻译及转译
越界的文字——电影与建筑的翻译及转译
刘思
【期刊名称】《新建筑》
【年(卷),期】2008(000)001
【摘要】以“电影与建筑”研究型设计专题的背景文献翻译内容和组织结构为例,说明在为设计而做的研究中文献专论的作用;同时,相关的翻译过程也是一种有效的学习方法,它作为设计专题的一个组成部分,对于设计思路的展开有积极的影响作用.【总页数】4页(P62-65)
【作者】刘思
【作者单位】清华大学建筑学院,北京,100084
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TU-85
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4.美国动画电影中文字幕翻译改写研究
——以《玩具总动员》系列电影为例 [J], 涂闽怡
5.华语电影的英文字幕翻译研究
——以电影《风声》为例 [J], 魏宁
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高中语文 文摘(异域)名建筑也搬家
名建筑也搬家世界上有哪些著名建筑曾经“搬家”?它们为什么要“搬家”?下面这五大著名建筑都有自己有趣的“搬家”故事。
1、贝尔·托特灯塔它建造于18世纪早期,位于英国东苏塞克斯郡的比奇角上。
1999年,由于海岸线后撤,威胁到了贝尔·托特灯塔的存在,于是人们将它移动了56英尺。
这个重达850吨的大家伙搬迁起来并不容易,人们使用液压千斤顶,往它下面塞了4根涂满了润滑油的圆木做轴轮,推着它缓缓移动。
关于贝尔·托特灯塔还有一些趣闻:它建造于电气时代之前,当时给过往船只指路照明用;它上面有无数的小油灯,每小时就要用掉2加仑的油。
2、帝国剧院20世纪90年代,帝国剧院被从另一个街区移动到了当前位置,这直接引发了纽约时代广场和42街的复兴。
帝国剧院重达330万公斤,移动它时使用了8条铁轨,每分钟移动的距离不超过1英尺,最终经过4个小时的努力,它被成功移动了168英尺。
之所以要移动这个有着86年历史的剧院,主要是为一个拥有25个屏幕的电影院腾地方,而这个电影院将是当时美国最大的电影院。
说到最大,帝国剧院被认为是纽约市移动过的最大建筑。
3、布朗大学的皮特绿屋几年之前,美国的布朗大学为了建造连续的绿化带和人行道,将一座造于1863年、重300吨的建筑进行了搬迁。
这栋房子以前归历史系使用,移动它用了整整3天,移动后,它的方位转了90度角。
其实,对于布朗大学来说,搬迁建筑是家常便饭,在它250年的建校史中,总共搬迁了校园周围26栋建筑。
4、阿布辛贝神庙公元前13世纪,埃及法老拉美西斯二世为了纪念一场所谓的胜利,建造了这座雄伟壮观的神庙。
可在3000多年过后的1964年,因为附近的尼罗河上要建造一座大坝,为了不被洪水淹没,它不得不被切割成很多部分,化整为零地“搬家”到65英尺高的地方。
值得一提的是,光切割这些神像就用了整整4年。
5、漂移的救世主教堂1847年,人们在新泽西州的博登敦市建造了救世主教堂。
中国文化汉英翻译材料(1)
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English.1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。
2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑（丑角）。
3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。
4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。
5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。
6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。
Key to Exercise I.1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it hasalso been well received all over the world.2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided intofour categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns).3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciationbetween the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage.4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness,elegance and subtlety.5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries.6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in Chinaand in the whole world.Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese.著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。