Understanding the Low Fragmentation Heap

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上海市普陀区2021届高三英语二模试卷及答案

绝密★启用前上海市普陀区2021届高三英语二模试题注意事项：1、答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息2、请将答案正确填写在答题卡上一、短对话1．A．In a hospital. B．In a bank. C．In a hotel. D．In a supermarket.2．A．$8. B．$12. C．$40. D．$80.3．A．A local artist. B．The man’s salary.C．An apartment to lend. D．A flat for sale.4．A．Work at a restaurant. B．Quit delivering flowers. C．Bring her flowers every day. D．Leave his job to work for her. 5．A．Giving lectures. B．Preparing class notes. C．Conducting research. D．Doing office work.6．A．She doesn't agree with the man. B．She is good at finding a place to stay.C．She could hardly find the truth. D．She had no travel experience in Britain.7．A．The man is planning a trip to Santa Cruz.B．The man has been to Santa Cruz before.C．The man doesn’t like Santa Cruz.D．The man hasn’t been to Santa Cruz before.8．A．Promising. B．Isolated. C．Crowded. D．Modern.9．A．Game creator is a booming business.B．School learning is a must for game creators.C．He hopes to attend a good game development school.D．The woman shouldn’t become a game creator.10．A．It spoke highly of the mayor. B．It carried the mayor’s speech accurately.C．It made the mayor’s view clearer.D．It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech.二、短文听下面一段材料，回答以下小题。

信息碎片化的英语作文

信息碎片化的英语作文英文回答：In the era of digital overload, we are constantly bombarded with information from multiple sources, making it challenging to focus and process relevant knowledge. This phenomenon, known as information fragmentation, has become a significant obstacle in our pursuit of comprehensive understanding and meaningful engagement with the world around us.Fragmentation often stems from the way information is presented and consumed in contemporary media. The internet, social media, and other digital platforms prioritize brevity, sensationalism, and immediate gratification. As a result, our attention spans are shrinking, and we find ourselves jumping from one piece of information to the next without fully comprehending any of them.This fragmentation has far-reaching consequences forour cognitive abilities. Studies have shown that it impairs our ability to concentrate, remember information, and make informed decisions. It also makes us more susceptible to misinformation and manipulation, as we are less likely to have a solid foundation of knowledge to rely on.Furthermore, information fragmentation has contributed to the rise of echo chambers and filter bubbles. By only consuming information that confirms our existing beliefs, we become isolated from diverse perspectives and limit our understanding of the world. This can lead to polarization and division, as people become entrenched in their own narrow viewpoints.中文回答：信息碎片化。

保护濒临灭绝的动物英语作文初二

保护濒临灭绝的动物英语作文初二Preserving the Fragile Balance of Nature: A Vital Quest to Safeguard Endangered SpeciesThe natural world is a delicate tapestry, woven with intricate threads of interconnected ecosystems and diverse species. Yet, in the face of human activities and environmental challenges, many of these precious threads are unraveling, leaving behind a landscape dotted with endangered animals teetering on the brink of extinction. As custodians of this planet, it is our moral obligation to take decisive action to protect these vulnerable creatures and preserve the delicate balance of nature for generations to come.One of the most pressing concerns in the realm of endangered species is the rapid decline of iconic animals such as the African elephant, the Sumatran tiger, and the black rhinoceros. These majestic creatures, which have roamed the earth for millennia, are now facing unprecedented threats to their survival. The primary culprit behind this alarming trend is the relentless pursuit of their horns, tusks, and other body parts for the lucrative illegal wildlifetrade. Driven by insatiable demand, poachers have decimated the populations of these animals, leaving their numbers perilously low.To combat this crisis, governments and conservation organizations have implemented stricter laws and enforcement measures to crack down on the illegal wildlife trade. However, the sheer scale and complexity of this global issue require a multi-faceted approach that goes beyond mere legislative actions. Educating the public, particularly in consumer markets, about the devastating impact of the wildlife trade is crucial. By raising awareness and fostering a deeper understanding of the intrinsic value of these endangered species, we can erode the demand that fuels the illicit trade and empower individuals to make informed choices that support conservation efforts.In addition to the threat posed by the wildlife trade, endangered species also face challenges stemming from habitat loss and fragmentation. As human populations continue to expand and encroach on natural habitats, the living spaces of many animals are being reduced, degraded, or even completely destroyed. This not only disrupts the delicate balance of ecosystems but also forces these creatures to adapt to increasingly hostile environments or relocate to unfamiliar territories, further jeopardizing their chances of survival.To address this issue, we must prioritize the preservation and restoration of critical habitats. This involves implementing robust land-use policies, promoting sustainable development practices, and establishing protected areas that safeguard the homes of endangered species. By working in collaboration with local communities, indigenous groups, and relevant stakeholders, we can develop comprehensive conservation strategies that balance the needs of both humans and wildlife.Moreover, the impact of climate change on endangered species cannot be overlooked. As the Earth's temperature rises and weather patterns become more erratic, many species are struggling to adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions. Certain species may be forced to migrate to new areas in search of suitable habitats, while others may face increased threats from invasive species or the disruption of their food chains.To mitigate the effects of climate change on endangered species, we must take decisive action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote renewable energy sources, and implement sustainable land management practices. Additionally, investing in research and monitoring programs can help us better understand the specific vulnerabilities of endangered species and develop targeted conservation strategies to enhance their resilience in the face of a changing climate.Beyond the immediate threats to endangered species, we must also consider the intrinsic value and ecological importance of these creatures. Each species, regardless of its size or perceived significance, plays a vital role in maintaining the delicate balance of the natural world. The loss of a single species can have rippling effects throughout the entire ecosystem, disrupting food webs, altering nutrient cycles, and compromising the overall health and resilience of the environment.Furthermore, the preservation of endangered species holds immense cultural, scientific, and aesthetic significance. These animals are not only awe-inspiring and captivating to observe but also serve as important indicators of the overall health of our planet. By protecting endangered species, we safeguard the rich tapestry of life that has evolved over millions of years, preserving the natural heritage for future generations to marvel and learn from.In conclusion, the quest to protect endangered species is a crucial and multifaceted endeavor that requires the collective efforts of governments, conservation organizations, businesses, and individuals alike. By addressing the root causes of species decline, investing in habitat preservation and restoration, mitigating the impacts of climate change, and fostering a deeper appreciation for the intrinsic value of these creatures, we can work towards a future where thedelicate balance of nature is preserved, and the diverse array of life on our planet thrives.The time to act is now. Let us embrace our role as stewards of this remarkable world and commit to safeguarding the endangered species that are the heart and soul of our natural heritage. Through our unwavering dedication and concerted action, we can ensure that the fragile threads of the natural tapestry remain intact, allowing future generations to witness the breathtaking beauty and wonder of the animal kingdom.。

不良影响英语作文

不良影响英语作文Title: The Adverse Effects of Negative Influence。

In today's interconnected world, the influence of various factors on individuals, especially the younger generation, cannot be underestimated. Among these influences, the negative ones wield significant power, impacting not only personal development but also societal well-being. This essay delves into the adverse effects of negative influence, encompassing both personal and societal realms.Firstly, negative influences can detrimentally affect personal growth and development. For instance, exposure to toxic relationships or environments can lead to a decline in mental health. Continuous exposure to negativity can breed self-doubt, low self-esteem, and even depression or anxiety disorders. In the context of language learning, such as English, negative influences can hinder progress and discourage individuals from pursuing proficiency.Criticism, mockery, or lack of support can create barriers to learning and diminish one's confidence in their abilities.Moreover, negative influences can impede academic and professional success. In the educational sphere, students may face distractions or peer pressure that detracts from their focus on studies. This can result in poor academic performance, missed opportunities, and limited future prospects. Similarly, in the professional realm, negative influences such as toxic work environments or discouraging mentors can hinder career advancement and job satisfaction. Negative feedback or lack of recognition may demotivate individuals, leading to stagnation or even regression in their professional journeys.Furthermore, negative influences have broader societal repercussions. They can contribute to the perpetuation of harmful stereotypes, discrimination, and social inequalities. For example, media portrayal of certain groups in a negative light can reinforce biased beliefs and attitudes in society. This can fuel prejudice, exclusion,and even violence against marginalized communities. In the realm of language and communication, negative influences can perpetuate linguistic biases and discrimination based on accents, dialects, or proficiency levels. Such biases can limit opportunities for social mobility and perpetuate inequalities in access to education and employment.Additionally, negative influences can undermine social cohesion and trust within communities. When individuals are exposed to negativity, distrust, or conflict, it erodes the fabric of social bonds and cooperation. This can lead to fragmentation, polarization, and breakdowns in communication within society. In the context of language use, negative influences such as language barriers or linguistic discrimination can exacerbate social divides and hinder inclusive communication across diverse groups.In conclusion, the adverse effects of negative influence permeate both personal and societal dimensions. From hindering individual growth and success to perpetuating social inequalities and undermining community cohesion, negative influences pose significant challengesto our well-being and progress. Recognizing and mitigating these influences is crucial for fostering positive environments conducive to personal development, social harmony, and linguistic diversity. By promoting empathy, understanding, and support, we can counteract the detrimental effects of negativity and cultivate environments that nurture growth, resilience, and inclusivity.。

Understanding the Low Fragmentation Heap-BH10

Understanding the Low Fragmentation Heap Blackhat USA 2010Chris ValasekX-Force Researchercvalasek@@nudehaberdasherTable of ContentsIntroduction (4)Overview (4)Prior Works (5)Prerequisites (6)Terminology (6)Notes (7)Data Structures (7)_HEAP (7)_HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP (9)_LFH_HEAP (10)_LFH_BLOCK_ZONE (11)_HEAP_LOCAL_DATA (11)_HEAP_LOCAL_SEGMENT_INFO (12)_HEAP_SUBSEGMENT (12)_HEAP_USERDATA_HEADER (13)_INTERLOCK_SEQ (14)_HEAP_ENTRY (15)Overview (16)Architecture (17)FreeLists (17)Algorithms (20)Allocation (20)Back-end Allocation (21)RtlpAllocateHeap (21)Overview (27)Front-end Allocation (28)RtlpLowFragHeapAllocFromContext (28)Overview (36)Example (37)Freeing (40)Back-end Freeing (41)RtlpFreeHeap (41)Overview (47)Front-end Freeing (48)RtlpLowFragHeapFree (48)Overview (51)Example (52)Security Mechanisms (55)Heap Randomization (55)Comments (56)Header Encoding/Decoding (56)Comments (57)Death of bitmap flipping (58)Safe Linking (59)Comments (59)Tactics (60)Heap Determinism (60)Activating the LFH (60)Defragmentation (61)Adjacent Data (62)Seeding Data (63)Exploitation (67)Ben Hawkes #1 (67)FreeEntryOffset Overwrite (71)Observations (79)SubSegment Overwrite (79)Example (83)Issues (83)Conclusion (85)Bibliography (86)IntroductionOver the years, Windows heap exploitation has continued to increase in difficulty due to the addition of exploitation counter measures along with the implementation of more complex algorithms and data structures. Due to these trends and the scarcity of comprehensive heap knowledge within the community, reliable exploitation has severely declined. Maintaining a complete understanding of the inner workings of a heap manager can be the difference between unpredictable failure and precise exploitation.The Low Fragmentation heap has become the default front-end heap manager for the Windows operating system since the introduction of Windows Vista. This new front-end manager brought with it a different set of data structures and algorithms that replaced the Lookaside List. The system has also changed the way back-end memory management works as well. All of this material must be reviewed to understand the repercussions of allocating and freeing memory within an application on Windows 7.The main goal of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the newly created logic and data structures associated with the Low Fragmentation heap. First, a clear and concise foundation will be provided by explaining the new data structures and their coupled purpose within the heap manager. Then detailed explanations concerning the underlying algorithms that manipulate those data structures will be discussed. Finally, some newly devised exploitation techniques will be unveiled providing practical applications from this new found knowledge. OverviewThis paper is broken into four separate sections. The first section details the core Data Structures, which are used throughout the heap manager to keep track of memory. A thorough understanding of these data structures is a prerequisite for understanding material presented in the remainder of the document.The second section will discuss the newly created Architecture introduced in Windows Vista and carried on into Windows 7. This section shows how the use of data structures has evolved from the Windows XP code base.The third section will divulge in-depth information on the core Algorithms using the Windows 7 heap. This section will detail both the front-end and back-end heap management subsystems.Understanding the material in this section will aid exploit development and provide the framework for the fourth section.The fourth and final portion of the paper shows Tactics that may be employed to use the underlying heap manager to produce reliable heap manipulation, seed user supplied information, and abuse the heap meta-data in order to achieve code execution.Prior WorksAlthough there may be much more information available regarding the Low Fragmentation heap, I am only listing the few resources that I used when doing my research. I believe this material should be viewed as prerequisite material for understanding this paper. I apologize in advance for anyone who I may have left out on this list.I’m still convinced Ben Hawkes had this figured out years ago. His p resentation atRuxCon/Blackhat in 2008 continues to be an inspiration for my work. (Hawkes 2008)Nico Waisman did a tremendous job reversing Windows Vista and providing detailedinformation in the libheap.py plug-in for Immunity Debugger. (Waisman 2008).Brett Moore’s paper Heaps about Heaps is, in my opinion, one of the best heappresentations ever devised. I think it will forever be used as a reference for a great dealof heap work (Moore 2007)Brett Moore also published material used for exploiting the link-in process forFreeList[0] in Windows XP SP2, which will be directly addressed in this paper (Moore2005)Richard Johnson’s presentation at ToorCon 2006 described the newly created LowFragmentation heap for Windows Vista. This is the first (and maybe only) material thatdivulges detailed information about the algorithms and data structures. (Johnson 2006)Although David B. Probert’s (Ph.D.) presentation was mainly focused on theperformance benefits of the Low Fragmentation heap, it was still quite useful whenattempting to understand the reasoning behind the heap implementation changes inWindows 7. (Probet)Adrian Marinescu gave a presentation at Blackhat 2006 on the Windows Vista heapchanges. It clearly shows the reasoning for the transition away from the previous heapmanager. (Marinescu 2006)Lastly, Lionel d’Hauenens () Symbol Type Viewer was aninvaluable tool when analyzing the data structures used by the Windows 7 heapmanager. Without it many hours might have been wasted looking for the properstructures.PrerequisitesAll of the pseudo-code and structures used in this paper were derived from 32-bit Windows 7 ntdll.dll version 6.1.7600.16385 unless otherwise stated. The structure definitions were procured from the library via the Microsoft Symbol Server using the Symbol Type Viewer tool and Windbg.The pseudo-code representation of this code has been heavily edited for brevity to provide focus on the most commonly used heap management algorithms. If you feel that I have left something out or incorrectly interpreted the code please contact me at cvalasek@. I will give you a dollar.TerminologyMany papers have been written regarding the Windows heap, and unfortunately I have seen many different terms used throughout the material. Although the terms used in this paper may vary from those used by others, I would like to define them now for consistency throughout this document.The term block or blocks will refer to 8-bytes of contiguous memory. This is the unit measurement used by heap chunk headers when referencing their size. A chunk is a contiguous piece of memory that can be measured in either, blocks or bytes.HeapBase is a pseudonym for a pointer to a _HEAP structure as defined by the Windows Debugging Symbols. Throughout this paper objects may be defined as being a certain offset from the HeapBase. Also, the Low Fragmentation Heap will be shortened to LFH in some places.A BlocksIndex is another name for the _HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP structure. The two terms can beused interchangeably. The BlocksIndex structure that manages Lists holding chunks below 0x400 (1024) bytes will be referred to as the 1st BlocksIndex, while the structure that manages Lists holding chunks ranging from 0x400-0x4000 (16k) will be referred to as the 2nd BlocksIndex.Chunks larger than 16k and below the DeCommitThreshold and 0xFE00 blocks will be managed in FreeList[0]-like structure [Discussed later in this paper].The concept of having Dedicated FreeLists has disappeared. The term ListHint or FreeList will be used when referring to a list which points into the Heap->FreeLists at a specific location. This will be discussed in further detail in the Architecture section.Finally the term HeapBin, Bin, or UserBlock will be used when referring to memory allocated from the Low Fragmentation heap for a certain size. I know most call this a HeapBucket but I will refrain from doing so to reduce confusion since Microsoft’s debugging symbols use the name _HEAP_BUCKET for a 0x4 byte data structure that is used to designate a size but not used for memory containment.NotesThis paper is meant to serve as subsequent knowledge to the work that John McDonald and I completed for Blackhat USA 2009. Any information regarding the inner workings of doubly linked lists, Lookaside lists, etc can be found in the paper entitled Practical Windows XP/2003 Exploitation (McDonald/Valasek 2009).Data StructuresThese data structures were derived from the Windows Debugging Symbols for ntdll.dll version6.1.7600.16385. They are used to keep track of memory within the manager, providing the userseamless access to virtual memory through abstracted function calls; mainly HeapAlloc(), HeapFree(), malloc() and free()._HEAP(HeapBase)Each heap that gets created starts with an integral structure called the HeapBase. The HeapBase contains many vital values and pointers to structures used by the heap manager. This is the heart of every heap and must sustain its integrity to provide reliable allocation and free operations. If you are familiar with the HeapBase used in the Windows XP code base, this will look quite similar; yet some of the bolded items need further explanation. The following shows the contents for a _HEAP structure in 32-bit Windows 7 Service Pack 0:EncodeFlagMask– A value that is used to determine if a heap chunk header is encoded. This value is initially set to 0x100000 by RtlpCreateHeapEncoding() in RtlCreateHeap(). Encoding– Used in an XOR operation to encode the chunk headers, preventingpredictable meta-data corruption.BlocksIndex– This is a _HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP structure that is used for a variety ofpurposes. Due to its importance, it will be discussed in greater detail later in thisdocument.FreeLists– A special linked-list that contains pointers to ALL of the free chunks for thisheap. It can almost be thought of as a heap cache, but for chunks of every size (and nosingle associated bitmap).FrontEndHeapType– An integer is initially set to 0x0, and is subsequently assigned avalue of 0x2, indicating the use of a LFH. Note: Windows 7 does not actually havesupport for using Lookaside Lists.FrontEndHeap– A pointer to the associated front-end heap. This will either be NULL ora pointer to a _LFH_HEAP structure when running under Windows 7._HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP(HeapBase->BlocksIndex)Understanding the _HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP structure is one of the most important tasks in building a solid foundation of Windows 7 heap management. It is the keystone of allocations and frees used by the back-end manager and the front-end manager. Under normal conditions the 1st_HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP structure, which is initialized in RtlCreateHeap(), will be located at an offset of +0x150 from the HeapBase.ExtendedLookup - A pointer to the next _HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP structure. The value isNULL if there is no ExtendedLookup.ArraySize– The highest block size that this structure will track, otherwise storing it in aspecial ListHint. The only two sizes that Windows 7 currently uses are 0x80 and 0x800.OutOfRangeItems– This 4-byte value counts the number of items in the FreeList[0]-likestructure. Each _HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP tracks free chunks larger than ArraySize-1 inListHint[ArraySize-BaseIndex-1].BaseIndex– Used to find the relative offset into the ListHints array, since each_HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP is designated for a certain size. For example, the BaseIndex for 1stBlocksIndex would be 0x0 because it manages lists for chunks from 0x0 – 0x80, whilethe 2nd BlocksIndex would have a BaseIndex of 0x80.ListHead– This points to the same location as HeapBase->FreeLists, which is a linked listof all the free chunks available to a heap.ListsInUseUlong– Formally known as the FreeListInUseBitmap, this 4-byte integer is anoptimization used to determine which ListHints have available chunks.ListHints– Also known as FreeLists, these linked lists provide pointers to free chunks ofmemory, while also serving another purpose. If the LFH is enabled for a given Bucketsize, then the blink of a specifically sized ListHint/FreeList will contain the address of a_HEAP_BUCKET + 1._LFH_HEAP(HeapBase->FrontEndHeap)The Low Fragmentation heap is managed by this data structure. When activated, it will let the heap manager know what sizes it is capable of managing, along with keeping caches of previously used chunks. Although the BlocksIndex is capable of tracking chunks that are over 0x800 blocks in length, the LFH will only be used for chunks that are less than 16k.Heap– A pointer to the parent heap of this LFH.UserBlockCache–Although this won’t be thoroughly discussed, it’s worth mentioningthat the UserBlockCache array keeps track of previously used memory chunks for futureallocations.Buckets– An array of 0x4 byte data structures that are used for the sole purpose ofkeeping track of indices and sizes. This is why the term Bin will be used to describe thearea of memory used to fulfill request for a certain Bucket.LocalData– This is a pointer to a large data structure which holds information abouteach SubSegment. See _HEAP_LOCAL_DATA for more information._LFH_BLOCK_ZONE(HeapBase->FrontEndHeap->LocalData->CrtZone)This data structure is used to keep track of locations in memory that are used to service allocation requests. These pointers are setup on the first request serviced by the LFH or after the pointer list have been exhausted.FreePointer– This will hold a pointer to memory that can be used by a_HEAP_SUBSEGMENT.Limit– The last _LFH_BLOCK_ZONE structure in the list. When this value is reached orexceeded, the back-end heap will be used to create more _LFH_BLOCK_ZONEstructures._HEAP_LOCAL_DATA(HeapBase->FrontEndHeap->LocalData)A key structure that provides _HEAP_LOCAL_SEGMENT_INFO instances to the LowFragmentation heap.LowFragHeap– The Low Fragmentation heap associated with this structure.SegmentInfo– An array of _HEAP_LOCAL_SEGMENT_INFO structures representing allavailable sizes for this LFH. See _HEAP_LOCAL_SEGMENT_INFO for more information._HEAP_LOCAL_SEGMENT_INFO(HeapBase->FrontEndHeap->LocalData->SegmentInfo[])The size of the request to be serviced will determine which _HEAP_LOCAL_SEGMENT_INFO structure is used. This structure holds information that the heap algorithms use when determining the most efficient way to allocate and free memory. Although there are only 128 of these structures in _HEAP_LOCAL_DATA, all 8-byte aligned sizes below 16k have a corresponding _HEAP_LOCAL_SEGMENT_INFO. A special algorithm calculates a relative index so that each Bucket is guaranteed a dedicated structure.Hint– This SubSegment is only set when the LFH frees a chunk which it is managing. If achunk is never freed, this value will always be NULL.ActiveSubsegment– The SubSegment used for most memory requests. While initiallyNULL, it is set on the first allocation for a specific size.LocalData– The _HEAP_LOCAL_DATA structure associated with this structure.BucketIndex– Each SegmentInfo object is related to a certain Bucket size (or Index)._HEAP_SUBSEGMENT(HeapBase->FrontEndHeap->LocalData->SegmentInfo[]->Hint,ActiveSubsegment,CachedItems)After the appropriate structures are indentified for a specific _HEAP_BUCKET, the front-end manager will perform a free or allocation. Since the LFH can be thought of as a heap manager inside a heap manager, it makes sense that the _HEAP_SUBSEGMENT is used to keep track of how much memory is available and how it should be distributed.LocalInfo– The _HEAP_LOCAL_SEGMENT_INFO structure associated with this structure.UserBlocks– A _HEAP_USERDATA_HEADER structure coupled with this SubSegmentwhich holds a large chunk of memory split into n-number of chunks.AggregateExchg– An _INTERLOCK_SEQ structure used to keep track of the currentOffset and Depth.SizeIndex– The _HEAP_BUCKET SizeIndex for this SubSegment._HEAP_USERDATA_HEADER(HeapBase->FrontEndHeap->LocalData->SegmentInfo[]->Hint,ActiveSubsegment,CachedItems->UserBlocks)This header precedes the UserBlock chunk that is used to service all requests for the Low Fragmentation heap. After all the logic is performed to locate a SubSegment, this structure is where committed memory is actually manipulated._INTERLOCK_SEQ(HeapBase->FrontEndHeap->LocalData->SegmentInfo[]->Hint,ActiveSubsegment,CachedItems->AggregateExchg)Due to the way the UserBlock chunks are divided, there needs to be a way to get the current offset into it; for freeing or allocating the next chunk. This process is handled by the _INTERLOCK_SEQ data structure.Depth– A counter that keeps track of how many chunks are left in a UserBlock. Thisnumber is incremented on a free and decremented on an allocation. Its value isinitialized to the size of UserBlock divided by the HeapBucket size.FreeEntryOffset– This 2-byte integer holds a value, when added to the address of the_HEAP_USERDATA_HEADER, results in a pointer to the next location for freeing orallocating memory. This value is represented in blocks (0x8 byte chunks) and isinitialized to 0x2, as sizeof(_HEAP_USERDATA_HEADER) equals 0x10. [0x2 * 0x8 ==0x10].OffsetAndDepth– Since both Depth and FreeEntryOffset are 2-bytes, they can becombined into this single 4-byte value._HEAP_ENTRY(Chunk Header)The _HEAP_ENTRY, also known as the heap chunk header, is an 8-byte value stored beforeevery chunk of memory in the heap (even the chunks inside the UserBlocks). It has changedquite drastically since the Windows XP code base due to the modifications in header validation and security introduced in newer versions of Windows.Size– The size, in blocks, of the chunk. This includes the _HEAP_ENTRY itself.Flags– Flags denoting the state of this heap chunk. Some examples are FREE or BUSY.SmallTagIndex–This value will hold the XOR’ed checksum of the first three bytes of the_HEAP_ENTRY.UnusedBytes/ExtendedBlockSignature– A value used to hold the unused bytes or abyte indicating the state of the chunk being managed by the LFH.OverviewDiagram 1. Data structure overviewArchitectureThe Windows 7 heap manager has changed quite drastically since the Windows XP days, so it is necessary to go over some brief architectural adjustments. Specifically, the way FreeLists work has been redesigned along with how data is stored in them needs explanation.FreeListsBefore we can talk about the core algorithms, the current and previous FreeList structure must be examined. This is because the way the FreeLists operate and store data has changed since the Windows XP code base. This is an overview of the FreeList structure as defined by John McDonald and myself in a previous paper:There are separate lists for each possible block size below 1024 bytes, giving a total of128 free lists (heap blocks are sized in multiples of 8.) Each doubly-linked free list has asentinel head node located in the array at the base of the heap. Each head nodecontains two pointers: a forward link (FLink), and a back link (BLink). FreeList[1] isunused, and FreeList[2] through FreeList[127] are called the dedicated free lists. Forthese dedicated lists, all of the free blocks in the list are the same size, whichcorresponds to the array index * 8. All blocks higher than or equal to size 1024,however, are kept in a single free list at FreeList[0]. (This slot was available for usebecause there aren’t any free blocks of size 0.) The free blocks in this list are sorted fro mthe smallest block to the largest block. So, FreeList[0].Flink points to the smallest freeblock (of size>=1024), and FreeList[0].Blink points to the largest free block (ofsize>=1024.)Since the LFH changed the way the front-end manager worked, the back-end manager had to adapt as well. There is not a single Dedicated FreeList now, instead each BlocksIndex maintains its own ListHints, which are initialized to NULL.The BlocksIndex structure holds a pointer to what is referred to as the ListHints, which point into the FreeLists structure. It is setup quite similar to the old FreeLists only the 0th position of the linked list is no longer used for chunks larger than 0x400 (1024) bytes; instead conditionals are required. If there is no BlocksIndex->ExtendedLookup then all chunks of size greater than or equal to BlocksIndex->ArraySize - 1 will be stored in ascending order in FreeList[ArraySize-BaseIndex – 1].Although the FreeLists contain sentinel nodes at a calculated offset from the ListHints pointer that is where the most of the similarities end. While the Flink pointer still points to the next available chunk in a FreeList, it can span into larger Freelists as well. This lets the Heap.FreeLists traverse every free chunk available for a particular heap.The Blink in the sentinel node has changed as well; serving a dual purpose. If the LFH is not enabled for a Bucket, then the sentinel Blink will hold a counter used in an allocation heuristic. Otherwise, it will contain the address of a _HEAP_BUCKET + 1(Except for the Case of ListHint[ArraySize-BaseIndex-1]).The following diagram is an example of a sparsely populated heap to show how these new constructs interact with each other. It contains a single BlocksIndex that is designed to track chunks below 1024 bytes in size. There are only five chunks associated with this heap and they can be accessed in a variety of ways.For example, if a request came in for an allocation of 0x30 (48) bytes the heap would attempt to use the ListHint[0x6]. You can see that that although there are only three chunks available for size 0x30, the Flink in the last free chunk for size 0x30 points to an entry that belongs to FreeList[0x7]. FreeList[0x7] has one entry, but like FreeList[0x6], its last chunk points across the size boundary into a larger chunk.This changes the way that list termination is done. Instead of the last node in the list pointing to its sentinel node on a Dedicated FreeList, it points to the FreeLists entry at +0xC4from the HeapBase.Note:When the _HEAP_LIST_LOOKUP structures are initialized, either in RtlCreateHeap() or RtlpExtendListLookup, the ListHead is set to point at Heap.FreLists [0xC4 from HeapBase]. This makes both entries identical and pointing to the same region in memory.AlgorithmsA basic foundation of knowledge must be laid to fully understand heap determinism andexploitation. Without this core information one can only pray-after-free. This section will break down the core algorithms into two parts, allocation and freeing; divided into back-end and front-end. This is done because memory manipulation performed by the front or back end can affect the state of the other.AllocationAllocations start at RtlAllocateHeap() when attempting to service requests from a calling application. The function starts by 8-byte aligning the desired allocation amount. It will then acquire an index into the ListHints. If no specific index is located, BlocksIndex->ArraySize-1 will be used.Listing 12. RtlAllocateHeap heap manager selectorBack-end AllocationThe back-end allocator is the last line in allocations; if it fails, the request for memory will not occur, returning NULL. Along with the responsibilities of servicing memory requests unable to be serviced by the front-end, the back-end also activates the front-end allocator based on activation heuristics. It can be thought of as being very similar to the way the heap cache heuristic worked in the Window XP code base.RtlpAllocateHeapA _HEAP structure, the size to allocate, and the desired ListHint (FreeList)are a few of thearguments passed to RtlpAllocateHeap(). Like RtlAllocateHeap, the first order of business is to round the requested size to the nearest 8-byte aligned value and determining if the Flags have the HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE bit set. If this bit is set, the LFH will not be enabled.(/en-us/library/aa366599%28v=VS.85%29.aspx)OverviewDiagram 4. Back-end allocationFront-end AllocationNow that we’ve seen how the Low Fragmentation heap is enabled via a heuristic in the back-end, we can go over the allocation algorithm used for the front-end manager. The LFH was designed with performance and reliability in mind (Marinescu 2006). These newly desired benefits come at a large cost to reverse engineers; mainly the ability to understand how the front-end allocator works. In this section I will try to illustrate how a typical allocation occurs when using the Low Fragmentation heap.RtlpLowFragHeapAllocFromContextAs shown previously, RtlpLowFragHeapAllocFromContext() is only called if the blink for a ListHint has bit zero is set to 0x1. The bitwise operation determines if the blink contains a HeapBucket, indicating readiness to service the request from the LFH.Allocations begin with the manager acquiring all the essential data structures for use. This includes the _HEAP_LOCAL_DATA, _HEAP_LOCAL_SEGMENT_INFO and _HEAP_SUBSEGMENT [The relationship between these structures can be viewed in Diagram 1].The allocator will first attempt to use the Hint SubSegment. Pending a failure, it will then attempt to use the ActiveSubsegment. If the ActiveSubsegment fails, the allocator must setup the proper data structures for the LFH to continue. [To avoid redundancy, the code below only shows the pseudo-code used for the Hint SubSegment, but the logic can be applied to the ActiveSubsegment as well]The _INTERLOCK_SEQ structure is queried to get the current Depth, Offset and Sequence. This information is used to get a pointer to the current free chunk as well as to calculate the Offset for the next available chunk. The looping logic is to guarantee that the updating of important data is done in an atomic fashion, without any changes between operations.OverviewDiagram 5. Front-end allocationExampleThe best way to fully understand the allocation process is with an example. Let’s assume that the LFH has been enabled and we’re on our first allocation request that will be fulfilled by the front-end allocator. A request has been received for 0x28 (40) bytes, which after adding space for a header will be 0x30 (48) bytes (or 0x6 blocks). It will also be assumed that we’re using the ActiveSubsegment from SegmentInfo[0x6] located in the _HEAP_LOCAL_DATA structure.Diagram 7. UserBlock after the 1 allocation for 0x30 bytesFreeingNow that a base understanding of how memory is acquired in Windows 7, I can now discuss how it is released. A chunk in use will eventually need to be freed by the application and given back to the heap manager. This process starts at RtlFreeHeap(), which takes the heap, flags, and the chunk to be freed as arguments. This function’s first order of business is to figure out if this chunk is actually free-able and then inspect the chunk’s header to determine which piece of the heap manager should be responsible for releasing it.。

《谈读书》初三英语作文

《谈读书》初三英语作文Books are the crystallization of human wisdom and the ladder of human progress. In today's era of information fragmentation, mobile phones have become an important tool for people to obtain information and knowledge. However, we cannot ignore the importance of books, because books are the most effective and authentic source of human knowledge.Books carry words, and words record thoughts. We cannot experience everything in the world in person, but by reading books, we can absorb the wisdom and experience of our predecessors and repeatedly temper our own thoughts. As the ancients said: "Reading ten thousand books is like traveling ten thousand miles." We should collect thoughts from books to make our lives more fulfilling and meaningful.Li Dazhao was a pioneer of the Chinese Communist movement. By reading numerous socialist theoretical works such as The Communist Manifesto and Capital, he deeply understood the nature and laws of socialism, and ultimately opened up the road to socialism in China, making outstanding contributions to China's revolution and construction. His success was inseparable from the nourishment of books, which also proved that reading can open up people's minds and sublimate people's thoughts.In the mobile Internet world, information is mixed with true and false, and we can be easily misled by false information and find it difficult to think deeply and explore problems. In contrast, books can provide systematic and in-depth knowledge and ideas, allowing us to continuously improve our thinking ability and cognitive level through reading.So, how can we get new ideas from books and let our thoughts spark? First of all, a lot of reading is essential. When Fan Zhongyan was studying, he never took off his shirt to go to bed for five years. He studied hard day andnight. In the end, he read thousands of volumes and passed the imperial examination. He had the broad sentiment of "worrying about the world before worrying about himself, and being happy after the world is happy". As t he ancients said: "Read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will become clear." Only by reading more and thinking more can we truly understand the true meaning of the book.Secondly, we must master the correct reading method. Reading is not only for acquiring knowledge, but more importantly, it is to internalize the knowledge in the book into one's own thoughts and abilities. I personally support reading paper books, because paper books can be annotated at any time, and ideas can be exchanged with the author, which is more conducive to understanding and memory. When Chairman Mao was in school, he annotated "Principles of Ethics" and wrote more than 10,000 words of annotations in neat small characters on the original book of more than 100,000 words. This reading method enabled him to have a deeper understanding of the book. When reading, you can't read without writing. Thinking with annotations is an important step in reading books.Finally, we should choose books that are suitable for us. There are many kinds of books with rich contents. We should choose books that are suitable for our age and reading level according to our interests and needs. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the quality of books, choose good books that are ideological, artistic and scientific, and avoid reading vulgar and low-quality books.In short, books are an important way for us to acquire knowledge and ideas. We should read more, read well, and read good books, so that books can become the ladder for our growth and progress. Let us pick up the books in our hands and start a journey full of wisdom and ideas!。

关于信息碎片化的英语作文

In the digital age, the way we consume information has undergone a profound transformation. The concept of information fragmentation has become increasingly prevalent, as we are constantly bombarded with snippets of news, social media updates, and quick reads. This phenomenon has both its merits and demerits, and as a high school student deeply immersed in this digital milieu, I have experienced firsthand the impact of information fragmentation on my learning and daily life.One of the most significant advantages of information fragmentation is its accessibility. With the advent of smartphones and the internet, I can access information on virtually any topic within seconds. This has been particularly beneficial for my studies, as I can quickly look up definitions, historical events, or scientific concepts without having to spend hours in the library. For instance, when preparing for a history exam, I can easily find a summary of a historical event or a brief biography of a key figure, which helps me to grasp the essential points more efficiently.Moreover, information fragmentation has also fostered a culture of continuous learning. The constant influx of new information encourages me to stay updated and informed about the world around me. Social media platforms, news apps, and educational websites provide a steady stream of content that I can consume in small doses throughout the day. This has helped me to develop a habit of learning, even when I am not in a formal educational setting.However, the downside of information fragmentation is that it can lead to a superficial understanding of complex issues. The brevity of onlinecontent often means that it lacks depth and nuance, which can result in a shallow comprehension of the subject matter. For example, when I read a news article about a political event, the article might only provide a brief overview without delving into the underlying causes or implications. This can leave me feeling as though I have a basic understanding of the issue, but without the ability to engage in a more meaningful discussion or analysis.Additionally, the constant exposure to fragmented information can be overwhelming and distracting. The sheer volume of content available online can make it difficult to focus on one topic for an extended period. As a result, I often find myself jumping from one piece of information to another, without fully absorbing or reflecting on what I have read. This can lead to a fragmented knowledge base, where I have a broad but shallow understanding of many subjects.To counteract the negative effects of information fragmentation, I have adopted several strategies. Firstly, I try to balance my consumption of online content with more indepth reading, such as books and longform articles. This helps me to develop a deeper understanding of a topic and to cultivate critical thinking skills. Secondly, I make a conscious effort to take breaks from my devices and to engage in activities that do not involve screens, such as sports or hobbies. This helps to prevent information overload and allows me to process and reflect on the information I have consumed.In conclusion, information fragmentation is a doubleedged sword. While itoffers unparalleled convenience and the opportunity for continuous learning, it also poses the risk of superficial understanding and information overload. As a high school student navigating this digital landscape, I strive to find a balance between embracing the benefits of information fragmentation and cultivating a deeper, more comprehensive knowledge base. By doing so, I hope to make the most of the opportunities presented by the digital age, while also developing the skills and understanding necessary to thrive in an increasingly complex world.。

The Footprints of Transcendence

**The Footprints of Transcendence**In the vast expanse of human history and the journey of the individual soul, the footprints of transcendence stand as markers of our most profound and inspiring achievements.As Ralph Waldo Emerson once proclaimed, "Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail." This powerful statement encapsulates the essence of transcendence – the act of going beyond the ordinary, the expected, and the conventional. Consider the story of Galileo Galilei. In a time when the geocentric model of the universe was firmly entrenched, Galileo dared to challenge the status quo through his observations and deductions. His work not only revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos but left indelible footprints that led humanity towards a more enlightened path of scientific exploration.Transcendence is not limited to the realm of science. The arts offer countless examples of individuals leaving their unique marks. Vincent van Gogh, often misunderstood during his lifetime, painted with a passion and intensity that transcended the boundaries of conventional art. His works, now celebrated as masterpieces, are footprints that continue to touch the hearts and souls of viewers, inviting them to see the world through a different lens.On a personal level, transcendence can be found in the journey of self-overcoming.A person who battles with a severe disability and yet achieves great feats, not only defies the limitations imposed by their condition but also leaves footprints of hope and inspiration for others. Take the case of Helen Keller, who, despite being blind and deaf, learned to communicate and became an advocate for the disabled, showing that the human spirit has the capacity to rise above even the most daunting obstacles.In the business world, companies like Apple have transcended traditional notions of technology and design. Through innovation and a visionary approach, they have created products that have transformed the way we live and interact. Their success is a testament to the power of transcending conventional thinking and creating new paradigms.However, the path of transcendence is not without challenges. It requires courage to step into the unknown, to face criticism and doubt. But it is in these moments of adversity that the true spirit of transcendence is forged.In contemporary society, where conformity and mediocrity often prevail, the call for transcendence is more urgent than ever. We need to look beyond the immediate and the mundane, to strive for that which is extraordinary.In conclusion, the footprints of transcendence are not only a record of pastachievements but a guiding light for future generations. They remind us of the heights that can be reached when we dare to dream, to believe, and to act beyond the boundaries of what is considered possible. Let us follow in these footsteps and leave our own marks on the sands of time, contributing to the ongoing narrative of human progress and enlightenment.。

2022高三一模静安区英语

静安.202.学年第一学期教学质量检测高三年级英语试.2021.12prehensionSection ADirections.I.Sectio.A.yo.wil.hea.te.shor.conversation.betwee.tw.speakers.A.th.en.o.eac.conversation..questio.wil.b.ask e.abou.wha.wa.said.Th.conversation.an.th.question.wil.b.spoke.onl.once.Afte.yo.hea..conversatio.an.th.questio.abou.i t.rea.th.fou.possibl.answer.o.you.paper.an.decid.whic.on.i.th.bes.answe.t.th.questio.yo.hav.heard.B.A.Th.campu.wil.b.cleane.fo.th.festival.C.The festival is to be definitely held.D.It’s difficult to decide the theme of the festival.E.It’s against the principle’s will to hold the festival.F.A.Tr.t.fin..sho.tha.doesn’.accep.reservations.G.Wait to buy the ticket when someone cancels the reservation.H.Go with people who have extra tickets.I.Pay more money to buy the ticket from someone else.A.T.th.airport.B.T..paintin.shop.2. C.T.th.garage. D.T.th.hospital.B.A.Th.ma.i.afrai.tha.th.coa.colo.i.no.coo.enough.C.The man hasn’t received the coat he bought the other day.D.The man has worn the coat during the previous season.E.It’s not suitable to wear the coat in the warm weather.B.A.Sor.th.note.ou.fo.Mr.Anderson.C.Borro.th.noteboo.fro.Mr.Anderson.D.Wai.fo.Mr.Anderson’.notes.E.Note down key points on the textbook..th.runnin.machin.often.C.The exercise bike is more useful than running machine.D.Her second choice is an exercise bike.E.There’s not enough space for the running machine.3. A..boo.writer. B..sho.assistant. C..librarian. D..tou.guide.B.A.Davi.i.th.stronges.i.hi.class.C.The current class is not suitable for David.D.Some old sayings mislead.E.David will finally catch up in physics.B.A.Th.woma.shouldn’puter.C.The woman should get a good deal for the new computer.D.The library computer is rarely used.E.The man will lend his computer to the woman.B.A.Sh.ha.becom..professiona.chef.C.Her parents didn’t agree with h er on becoming a chef.D.She doesn’t have interest in becoming a chef now.E.She threw things around when learning cooking.Section BDirections.I.Sectio.B.yo.wil.hea.tw.passage.an.on.longe.conversation.Afte.eac.passag.o.conversation.yo.wil.b.a ske.severa.questions.Th.passage.an.th.conversatio.wil.b.rea.twice.bu.th.question.wil.b.spoke.onl.once.Whe.yo. hea..question.rea.th.fou.possibl.answer.o.you.pape.an.decid.whic.on.i.th.bes.answe.t.th.questio.yo.hav.heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.B.A.I.ca.onl.b.washe.i.th.dishwasher.C.It has some smell of coffee.D.It is made of a mixture of coffee grounds and sugar.E.It is first used to contain fertilizer.A.Ho.t.preven.suga.fro.dissolving.B.How to have the coffee grounds recycled fully.C.How to collect large quantities of coffee grounds.D.How to use coffee grounds to produce the solid material.B.A.I.i.successfu.becaus.o.advertisements.C.It is well-received by the public.D.It is oversupplied on the market.E.It’s more popular among individuals than cafes.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.merciall.busy.C.There are too many temporary residents.D.Few services are offered during off seasons.E.The winter is too cold for them.B.A.Spen..wee.i.th.destination.C.Find a “snowbird” destination.D.Remain in the city where he currently lives.E.Research the destination for roughly a full year.B.A.Safet.o.th.destination.C.Tax system of the destination.D.Healthcare system of the destination.E.The support to get as one ages.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.B.A.T.se.ho.fas.th.tes.take.ca.sca.th.book.C.To see how well the test taker finds and processes the information.D.To see how well the test taker can handle pressure.E.To see whether the test taker can find a particular statement to summarize a topic.rmation.C.To evaluate the importance of the open book test.D.To adequately manage test time.E.To read the whole chapter for one question.rmation.C.To design easy removable tags.D.To compare different ideas.E.To get the permission to make marks.B.A.People’.attitud.towar.geograph.tests.C.The features and preparations of open book tests.D.The differences between open book and closed book tests.E.The measures to handle pressures from tests.II.Grammar and Vocabulary Section ADirections.Afte.readin.th.passag.below.fil.i.th.blank.t.mak.th.passag.coheren.an.grammaticall.correct.Fo.th.blank.wi .on.wor.tha.bes.fit.eac.blank.Rereadin.i..guilt.pleasur.fo.man.readers.Ho.ca..kee.reade.abando.hi.to-be.rea.lis.an.wast.tim.wit..boo.h.alread.knows.A.th.sam.time.accordin.t.man.experts.th.ac.o.rereadin.(21...... ...(regard).witho u.doubt.a.th.onl.wa.t.trul.understan..text.ple.text.an.o.th.self.Teacher.o.earl.re ading-ag.childre.agre.tha.rereadin.improve.understandin.beyon.basi.words.Fo.adults.rereadin.i.necessar.t.understandin..tex.wel.s.th a.goo.critica.argument.(22......... b.made.Rereadin.help.t.buil..bette.understandin.o..book.. (23......... rereading.man.reader.fin.i.impossibl.t.appreciat..writer’prehen..text’.inne.idea.an.themes.Rereadin.i.als.a.ac.o.self-reflection.Th.practic.o.purposefu.rereadin.i.(24..........create..kin.o.self-consciousness.Sinc.th.boo.neve.changes.i.function.a..constant(恒量.(25......... e.t.measur.th.reader’.growth.I.i..wa.t.re-examin.th.reade.himsel.an.th.change.h.(26......... (undergo.sinc.th.initia.reading.O.course. ther. ar. possibl. drawback. t. rereadin. a. well. Rereadin. take. time.(27..... .. (draw.th.reader.awa.fro.thei.to-be-rea.list..An.it’.har.t.imagin.(28..........frustratin.i.ca.b.i..belove.boo.fall.shor.o.you.ros.memorie.i.rereading. Accordin.t.Davi.Galef，plexit.(29....... ...(app reciate.i.re-readings.an.ye.the.ar.als.importan.element.tha.ma.b.dulle.b.thos.repeate.readings.Furthermore.(30....... ...you.rereadin.i .focuse.an.intentiona.abou.gainin.ne.thoughts.i.ma.no.resul.i.improve.understanding.Section Be.once.Not.tha.ther.i.on.wor.mor.th a.yo.need.Thoug.i.i.no.unusua.t.fin.marin.animal.unde.th.Antarctic.seafloor.researcher.ha.alway.assume.tha.ther.woul.b.f e... 3...o.lif.farthe.awa.fro.ope.wate.an.sunlight.However.th.discover.o.filter-feeding（滤食的e.awa.fro.th.ope.ocean.wit.temperature.o.−2.2°plet.darknes..suggest.tha.lif.i.th.world'.harshes.environmen.ma.b.mor...3...tha.previousl.thought.I.2017.BA.geologis.Jame.Smit.an.hi.colleague.conducte..three-mont.expeditio.t.th.middl.o.Antarctica'.Filchner-Ronn.Ic.Shelf.t.collec....3...o.th.seafloo.deposits.Th.tea.drille.throug.th.half-mil.o.ic.b.pumpin.almos.20,00.liter.o.ho.wate.throug..pipe.Afte.abou.2.hour.o.painstakin.work.the.wer.finall.abl.t.re ac.th.seabe.underneath.However.whe.th.scientist.lowere.th.instrument.alon.wit..camera.t.collec.th.soil.i.cam.u.empty.Afte.multipl.faile ...3....eac.roun.tri.takin.abou.a.hou..th.researcher.too..close.loo.a.th.footag.an.notice..massiv.ston.sittin.ami.th....3... fla.seabed.Eve.mor.surprisingly.th.roc.wa.covere.wit.stationar.animals.lik.sponges.海绵.an.potentiall.unknow.species.Th.findin.ha... 3... anisms.suc.a.sponge.an. cora.polyps（珊瑚虫）,whic.liv.thei.entir.live...3...t.rocks.o.othe.har.surfaces.nee.foo. supplies. I. th. ope. water. th."marin..snow,e. fro....3... organi.matter.whic.drift.dow.fro.th.uppe.water.t.th.dee.ocean.However.th.specie.i.suc.dept.ar.to.fa.fro.th.ope.se.t.recei v.. 3...supplie.o.nutrients.T.mak.matter.worse.du.t.th.area'e.t.ge.t.them.“Thi.i.b.fa.th.furthes.unde.a.ic.shel.tha.we’v.see.an.o.thes.filter-feedin.animals,.sai.Smith.“e. 4. along.”III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections.Fo.eac.blan.i.th.followin.passag.ther.ar.fou.word.o.phrase.marke.A.B..an.D.Fil.i.eac.blan.wit.th.wor.o.phras.tha.bes.fit.th.context.Mos.o.u.hav.n.difficult.recognizin.luc.whe.it’.o.apparen.display.a.whe.someon.win.th.lottery.Bu.. 4.. ofte.play.ou.i.delicat.way.an.it’.eas.t.construc.narrative.tha.portra.succes.a.ou.o.everythin.bu.luck.Thes.misleadin. storie.hav.surprisin.implication.fo.huma.mindset.downplayin.th.powe.o.chances.Conside.th.histor.o.th.Mon.Lisa..Afte.havin.staye.i.th.. 4.. fo.mos.o.it. earl.existence.th.paintin.wa.pushe.int.th.spotligh.i.191.whe.i.wa.stole.fro.Louvre.Th.famou.thef.remaine. ..4..fo.tw.year.unti..maintenanc.worke.wa.arreste.afte.tryin.t.sel.th.painting.Hi.arres.cause..secon.wav.o...4... .wit.th.paintin.o. everyone’.lips.A.i.th.ar.world.i.i.s.to.i.th.worl.o.work.Almos.ever.caree.pat.consist.o..sequenc.o.steps.eac.o.whic.d epend.o.forme.ones.Inevitably.som.o.thos.. ..4....step.ca.b.influence.b.chanc.factors.which.a..result.ar.sur.t.affec.th. followin.process.S.i.i.reasonabl.t.conclud.tha.. 4.. al.successfu.career.involv.a..leas..certai.degre.o.luck.One’.dat.o.birt.4..fo.example. Accordin.t..study. mos.childre.bor.i.th. summe.ten.t.b.amon.th.younges.member.o.thei.class.whic.explain.wh.the.ar.les.likel.t.hol...4..te.i.life.T.acknowledg.th.powe.o.chanc.event.i.no.t.sugges.tha.succes.i.independen.o....4.... .Charli.Munge.ha.said.“Th.safes.wa.t.ge.wha.yo.wan.i.t... 5... wha.yo.want.”catio.syste.i..kin.o.luc.w.ca.contro..tha.is.a.leas.w.ca.decid.ho.luck.ou.childre.wil.be.Bu.i.America.we’catio.ha.. 5....Th.huma.tendenc.t...5...luck’cation.th.stron.syste.o.whic.ca.produc.5.fo.th.nex.generation.Luckily. ther.i..solution..Guidin.peopl.t.. 5.. thei.goo.fortun.tend.t.mak..the.mor.willin.t.contribut.t.th. 5. .accordin.t..study. S.tr.t.engag.you.successfu.friend.i.review.abou.thei.experience.wit.luck.I.th.process.th.nex.generation’.odd.o.succes.ma.wel.increas.an. meanwhile.al.th.socia.member.ar.mor.likel.t.enjo.th.improve.publi.service.41..randomness B.potential C.masterpiece D.success42.A.emergency B.maintenance C.review D.shade43.A.accidental B.unsolved C.official D.objective44.A.protest B.suspicion C.publicity D.investigation45.A.previous B.negative C.realistic D.entire46.A.virtually B.sustainably C.adequately D.negatively47.A.occurs B.contracts C.matters D.approaches48.A.accessible B.original C.superior D.secure49.A.effort B.logic C.relationship D.investment50.A.deserve B.evaluate C.modify D.exploit51.A.shone B.shrunk C.ballooned D.flown52.A.preserve B.popularize C.underestimate D.revolutionize53.A.challenge B.luck C.motivation D.experience54.A.reflec.on B.sav.on C.adjus.to D.liv.on55.A.mutua.understanding B.menta.fitness C.famil.value mo.goodSection BDirections.Rea.th.followin.thre.passages.Eac.passag.i.followe.b.severa.question.o.unfinishe.statements.Fo.eac.o.t rmatio.give.i.th.passag.yo.hav.jus.read.(A)te.fro.th.se.bottom.Na sser.on.o.th.divers.climbe.ove.th.railin.o.th.shi.an.hi.Sai.emptie.hi.baske.ful.o.shell.ont.th.deck.“Get me something to fill my stomach with, boy.” I knew he was teasing as he is my father’s good friend.“Bu.I’.n.longe.a.erran.boy.I’..diver.lik.m.fathe.was..“,ughed.Th.salt.Arabia.Gul.produce.th.fines.pearl.i.th.worl.whil.th.salt.wate.als.mad.diver.los.thei.hair.Le.alon.th.hig.pressur.whic.cos.the.thei.hearing. .ha.shave..m.head.i.whic.wa..fel.mor.lik..rea.diver.O.course.there’.n.nee.fo.m.t.worr.abou.th.hai.problem.“I’ve dived the shallow seas before, and I can hold my breath for a whole minute.”“Just pull your rope before you feel breathless.” He then disappeared into the water again..tie..heav.ston.t.m.foo.wit..rope.Takin.on.mor.dee.breath..plugge.m.nos.an.jumped.Wit.th.ston.finall.hittin.th.s eabe.wit..thump..free.m.foo.fro.th.rope..scratche.a.th.rock.ridge..).whe.thre.oyster.droppe.int.m.hands..eve.didn’.hav.enoug.tim.t.fee.surprise.a.ho.eas.th.jo.wa.befor..fel.breathless.Ou.o.horror..dragge.th.rope.Knowin.that.fa.above.th.Saib’.stron.arm.straine.t.pul.m.towar.th.surface..reminde.mysel.t.endur.fo..littl.mor.time.Jus.whe..though.m.lung.woul.burst.m.ear.poppe.an.ther.wa.light.56.Nasse.burs.throug.th.water.H.remove.hi.nos.plu.an.grinne.a.m.lookin.a.th.thre.pitifu.shell.o.th.deck.“No.ba.fo.a.erran.boy.. 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D.Div.fo.shells.59.Why did the author have his hair cut?A.Because he tried to avoid losing hair.B.Because all divers had shaved hair.C.Because high pressure made him bald.D.Because he wanted to look professional.60.Why did the author get little harvest?A.Because there were not many pearls in the area.B.Because he still lacked experience in the job.C.Because the Saib pulled him up too early without permission.D.Because the rocky ridge was too rough.(B)These summer festivals in New Orleans are few of the hottest happenings the City has to offer for holiday seekers.Oyster(牡蛎) FestivalThere’.a.ol.sayin.tha.it’.onl.saf.t.ea.oyster.i.month.endin.i.'R'.whic.wa.goo.advic.i.th.ag.befor.refrigeratio.becam..fashion.An.that’.exactl.wh.originall.th.Ne.Orlean.Oyste.Festiva.wa.hel.i.June.t.brea.u.th.myt.a.local.neve.bothere.t.preserv.th.creature.wit.thei.habi.o.directl.eatin.th.seafood.fres.fro.th.sea.Today.featurin.oyster.harveste.fro.th.Gul.o.Mexico.Oyste.Fes.i..celebratio.o.th.world’.favorit.food.I.you’v.eve.wante.t.enjo.th.legendar.oyster.a.Drago’.wher.th.recip.originate.o.tak..bit.ou.o.a.oyste.th.siz.o..hamburger.Oyste.Fes.i.fo.you.When to Go: June 3-4 Essence FestivalNe.Orlean.hold..specia.plac.i.African-America.lif.an.history.s.i.shoul.b.n.surpris.th.cit.host..festiva.celebratin.African-America.musi.an.cultur.i.th.Unite.States.Wit.fre.admissionanize.b.th.African-America.women’binatio.o.fou.day.o.dynami.speeche.an..showcas.o.African.America.artists.When to Go: June 29-July 2, Cajun-Zydeco FestivalSouther.Louisian.i.hom.t..variet.o.rich.uniqu.cultures.an.o..weeken.i.Jun.i.Ne.Orleans.on.o.them—Cajun—i.o.ful.display.Th.hear.o.Caju.countr.i.i.south-centra.Louisiana..stron.showcas.o.Caju.culture.fo.whic.th.Cajun-Zydec.Festiva.emerged.O.th.particula.weekend.yo.ge.read.t.che.dow.o.traditiona.foo.lik.Caju.gumb.a.eateries.bu.Caju.crafts.an.purchas..Caju.T-shirt.When to Go: June 24-25 Running of the BullsDu.t.it.history.th.Spanis.influenc.stil.show.itsel.i.Ne.Orleans.Th.architectura.styl.o.th.Frenc.Quarte.i.actuall.fr o.Spain.an.Ne.Orleans’.annua.Runnin.o.th.Bull.is.i.part..no.t.th.city’.Spanis.heritage.Unlik.th.Spanis.festiva.i.Pamplona.th.“bulls.i.th.Fes.ar.no.actua.bull.bu.th.wome.o.th.Bi.Rolle.derb.team.Howeve.the.d.chas.dow.white-and-red-clothe.festival-goers.i.infuriated.Therefor.behav.yoursel.o.b.prepare.t.ru.fo.life.When to Go: July 7-9,61.Why was New Orleans Oyster Festival held in June in the first place?A.Because refrigerator could be used to store oysters.B.Because it was not easy for oysters to go bad in summer.C.Because oysters could be cooked in various ways to extend storage period.uall.serve.raw.60.The underlined word “infuriated” is closest in meaning to .A.exhibitedB.color-blindedC.angeredD.cheate.61.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.Oyster Festival nowadays is designed for people seeking the history of oyster harvest.B.Essence Festival celebrates the freedom of African-American women.C.Cajun-Zydeco Festival is mainly celebrated through dining and shopping.D.New Orleans has been stripped of Spanish influence.62.In which magazine does the passage most probably appear?A.Vacatio.Guide.B.Genuin.Recipe.C.Architectur.Vision.D.Musi.Billboard.(C)Yo.ma.b.familia.wit.th.statisti.tha.90.o.th.world’s.fe.years.Th.bigges.setbac.wit.suc..rat.o.i rge.tha.th.past.Short-sightednes.i.buil.int.th.structure.i.th.for.o.a.overwhelmin.tendenc.t.over-estimat.near-ter.message.a.th.expens.o.history.T.understan.wh.thi.matters.conside.th.finding.fro.socia.scienc.abou.‘recenc.bias(倾向)’.whic.describe.th.tendenc.t.assum.tha.futur.event.wil.closel.resembl.recen.experience.Peopl.ten.t.bas.thinkin.disp e.mos.easil.t.mind.It’.als.wort.rememberin.tha.novelt.tend.t.b..dominan.consideratio.whe.decidin.wha.dat.t.kee.o.delete.Ou.wit.th.o l.an.i.wit.th.new.That’.th.digita.tren.i..worl.wher.searc.algorithms.算法.ar.systematicall.biase.toward.freshness.The.ar.designe.i.lin.wit.huma.preference.Suc..bia.toward.th.presen.i.structur all.roote.i.th.huma.weaknes.tha.w.kee.desertin.thing.w.onc.cherishe.simpl.becaus.w.gro.tire.o.them.What’.reall.neede.i.somethin.though.o.a.“intelligen.forgetting”rge.continuitie.i.view.It’ani sin.alio.photograph.les.valuabl.tha.tw.thousand?plete.gen.sequences.demographic.....data.th.raw.har.knowledg. o.geograph.an.physics.Th.softe.th.science.however.th.mor.likel.tha.scal.i.reversel.connecte.wit.quality.I.thes.cases.tim. itsel.i.rathe.importan.a..touc.ston.t.judg.th.valu.o.data.Eithe.w.choos.carefull.wha.endures.matter.an.meaningfull.captu re.ou.pas..o.it.foo.prin.i.silentl.replace.b.th.present’.growin.noise.Mer.gatherin.i.n.cure-al.answer.I.a.er.o.bigge.an.bigge.data.th.leadin.warnin.fo.thos.wh.hav.t.mak.decision.i.tha.wha.yo.choos.no.t.kno.matt er.jus.a.muc.a.wha.yo.do.63.What is the major problem with the explosion of recent information?A.Trends are too quickly produced.B.People have poor eyesight after viewing too much information.C.Present information is given too much emphasis.rmation.64, What causes widespread preference for newness?A.That algorithms require the latest information to make accurate prediction.B.That humans are accustomed to losing interest in old things.C.That short renewed period is the feature of modern data.D.That search algorithms keep uncovering the value of the newness.65.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.Recent experience is rarely used to provide reference for future events.B.The quality of geographic knowledge depends on photo sorting rather than full data.C.Intelligent forgetting refers to replacing the immediate past with far-back data.D.Time helps us to evaluate data when the quality isn’t in line with quantity.66.What is the passage mainly about?A.The side effects of digital innovation.B.The values of complete data in softer subjects.C.The data discrimination caused by algorithms.D.The faulty preference for fresh data and ways out.Section Ce.onl.once.Not.th a.ther.ar.tw.mor.sentence.tha.yo.need.A.And one could come up with any number of theories for why the current tea making and drinkinghabits are inevitable.B.Though regarded as a form of simple act, tea making can vary widely between cultures.C.The tea is, above all, credited with the ability to represent different individual personalities.D.Food choices are driven by one’s environment – the context.E.Tea making is the perfect replacement activity.F.Even one spoonful is a bit suspicious unless other details clearly show otherwise.Te.ha.becom.roote.i.th.Britis.wa.o.life.fro.th.humbl.te.brea.t.th.afternoo.te.t.b.enjoyed.i..jacke.an.tie.o.course. 6. Boilin.wate.t.mak.tea.fo.instance.make.i.les.likel.t.giv.yo..stomac.bug.But what are the secrets or even cruel realities behind the taste of this beloved beverage? Anthropologist KateFox writes in her book Watching the English that there are several clear messages sent whenever a Brit makes a cup.rges.dose.o.flavou.factor..ar.typicall.drun.b.th.workin.class.dder.Mil.an.sweetene.hav.thei.ow.codes.Accordin.t.her.takin.suga.i.you.te.i.Britai. i. regarde.b.man.a. . definit. lower-clas.psan.Souchong(正山小种红茶.ca.b..sig.o.clas.anxiet.i.th.middl.class.Fo.suggests.It’.a.fa.a.possibl.a.on.ca.ge.fro.sweet.strong. milk.cup.o.th.no.nonsens.‘builder’.tea’..foo.scientis.pointe.ou.somethin.tha.seem.t.appl.here.. 6.. 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Wheneve.th..Englis.fee.awkwar.o.uncomfortabl.i..socia.situation.the.coo.tea.IV.Summary WritingDirections.Rea.th.followin.passage.Summariz.th.mai.ide.an.th.mai.point(.you.ow.word.a.fa.a.possible.You still need a better reason to plant a tree?Polic.aren’ parison.ar..rea.bargain.an.the.prov.t.b.effectiv.i.fightin.crimes.unc.program.t.plan.vegetatio.alon.roadway.t.hel.absor.rainwater.Afte.trackin.1.type.o.crim.i.nearb.are as.Michell.Kondo..socia.scientis.foun.tha..variet.o.crime.includin.propert.crime.suc.a.thef.an.burglary.an.violen.crime.suc.a. arme.fight.an.mayhe.i.thos.area.decrease.t.2.percent..stunnin.1.percen.fall.Kond.believe.th.appearanc.o.cit.truck.an.van.i.th.l andscape.area..fo.plantin.an.maintenanc..wa.enoug.t.scar.awa.potentia.criminals.Kondo'.stud.als.worke.o.th.lin.betwee.grasslan.car.an.decreas.o.th.crim.i.downtow.areas.It'.incom.a.th.con wn.yo.probabl.liv.i..neighborhoo.tha.see.les.crime.Bu.actually.peopl.ar .les.likel.t.han.i.thos.area.wher.th.street.ar.maintaine.o.cleaned.“Yo.wil.se.les.kid.hangin.o.th.corners,anize.greener.helpe.t.fri ghte.awa.ill-intentione.guys.b.announcin.t.would-b.criminal.tha.ther.ar."eye.o.th.street.tha.car.fo.thei.neighborhoo.an.woul.b.mor.likel.t.repor..crime.W.alread.kno.greener.i.beautifu.t.loo.a.an.ca.hel.improv.moo.an.healt.whil.reducin.pollution.No.w.ca.ad.crime-fightin.t.th.lis.o.vegetation'.man.benefits.Therefore.ar.yo.read.t.plan..tree?第II 卷（共40 分）V.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.为防止病人走错, 墙上贴了箭头。

fragmentation词组

fragmentation词组概述f r ag m e n t a t i o n词组在语言学中，是指由多个独立的词语组合而成的固定搭配。

这些搭配通常具有一定的固定的语义和语法功能，并且在不同的语境中表达相同或相近的含义。

本文将介绍一些常见的f r ag me nt at io n词组，并解释其含义及在句子中的使用方法。

常见的frag mentatio n词组1.t o m a k e m a t t e r s w o r s e恶化事态该片语常用于句子开头或中间，表示在某种不利的情况下，进一步加剧了问题或糟糕的状况。

例如："T om ak em at te rs wor s e,it st ar te dr ain i ng wh en If or go tto b ri ng a n u mb re ll a."翻译：更糟糕的是，我忘记带伞的时候开始下雨了。

2.a s a m a t t e r o f f a c t事实上这个fr ag me nt at ion词组用于引出一个事实，表明接下来的陈述是正确的、真实的。

例如："I th ou gh tI wa sn'tg o od en ou gh,b ut asa m at te ro ff ac t,Ipa s se dt h e e xa mw it hf ly in gco l or s."翻译：我一度认为自己不够好，但事实上，我以优异的成绩通过了考试。

3.o n t h e c o n t r a r y相反当与前面的观点相反的观点或情况相对比时，可以使用这个f r ag me nt at io n词组。

例如："S he ex pe ct ed hi mto b ea ng ry,b ut on the c on tr ar y,he wa sve r yu nd e r s ta nd in g."翻译：她原以为他会生气，但事实上他非常理解。

碎片化英文作文总结范文

In today's digital age, the concept of fragmentation has become increasingly prevalent in our daily lives. The rapid development of technology and the internet has brought about numerous changes, and one of the most significant changes is the fragmentation of our lives. This essay aims to explore the reasons behind this phenomenon and its impact on our lives.Firstly, the fragmentation of life is largely due to the excessive useof digital devices. With the advent of smartphones, tablets, and laptops, we are constantly connected to the virtual world. This has led to a significant reduction in face-to-face interactions, which are essential for building strong relationships and maintaining mental health. People are more likely to spend their time scrolling through social media or browsing the internet than engaging in meaningful conversations with others. As a result, our lives become fragmented into isolated bubbles, where we are disconnected from the real world.Secondly, the碎片化 also stems from the rapid pace of life in thedigital age. With the internet, information is readily available at our fingertips. This has led to a culture of multitasking, where people are expected to juggle numerous tasks simultaneously. As a result, our attention spans have become shorter, and we struggle to focus on asingle task for an extended period. This fragmented way of living not only hinders our productivity but also contributes to stress and anxiety.Moreover, the fragmentation of life has a profound impact on our mental health. With the constant exposure to social media, we are bombardedwith unrealistic images and expectations. This can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. Additionally, the lack of face-to-face interactions can lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation. These mental health issues are further exacerbated by the fact that we are unable to disconnect from our digital devices, even during our leisure time.To mitigate the negative effects of fragmentation, it is essential to cultivate mindfulness and digital literacy. Mindfulness involves being present in the moment and fully engaging with our surroundings. By practicing mindfulness, we can reduce the amount of time we spend ondigital devices and focus on building meaningful relationships with others. Digital literacy, on the other hand, involves understanding the impact of digital technology on our lives and making informed decisions about its use. By being aware of the potential dangers of excessive digital consumption, we can take steps to protect our mental health and well-being.In conclusion, the fragmentation of life in the digital age is a significant concern that requires our attention. By understanding the reasons behind this phenomenon and its impact on our lives, we can take steps to mitigate its negative effects. Cultivating mindfulness and digital literacy can help us navigate the complexities of the digital world and build a more fulfilling and meaningful life.。

小熊猫与大熊猫的区别英语作文

小熊猫与大熊猫的区别英语作文Here is an English essay on the differences between red pandas and giant pandas, with a word count of over 1000 words.Red pandas and giant pandas are both fascinating creatures that belong to the bear family, but they have several key differences that set them apart. While they may share some physical similarities, their habitats, diets, and behaviors are quite distinct. Understanding these differences can provide valuable insights into the unique adaptations and ecological roles of these two panda species.One of the most striking differences between red pandas and giant pandas is their size and appearance. Giant pandas are much larger, weighing between 75 to 300 pounds, while red pandas typically weigh only 7 to 15 pounds. Giant pandas have a distinctive black and white fur coat, while red pandas have a reddish-brown coat with a bushy tail. Red pandas also have a more slender and agile build, with a longer, more flexible body and smaller, rounded ears compared to the larger, stockier frame of the giant panda.Another key difference lies in their habitats and geographical distributions. Giant pandas are found exclusively in the mountainousbamboo forests of central China, primarily in the provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu. In contrast, red pandas have a much broader range, inhabiting the temperate coniferous and mixed forests of the Himalayas, spanning across parts of China, India, Bhutan, Nepal, and Myanmar.The dietary preferences of these two panda species also differ significantly. Giant pandas are almost entirely herbivorous, with bamboo making up over 99% of their diet. They have specialized adaptations, such as enlarged wrist bones that act as opposable thumbs, allowing them to grasp and consume large quantities of bamboo. Red pandas, on the other hand, have a more varied diet, feeding on a wider range of plant matter, including leaves, fruits, and occasionally small mammals and birds.In terms of behavior, red pandas and giant pandas exhibit distinct patterns. Giant pandas are generally solitary animals, with adults only coming together to mate. They are primarily active during the day, spending most of their time foraging and resting in the bamboo thickets. Red pandas, on the other hand, are more active at night and during the early morning and late afternoon hours. They are also more social, often seen in small family groups or pairs, and are known to be skilled climbers, using their long, prehensile tails for balance and agility.Another notable difference is their conservation status. Both species are considered threatened, but the giant panda is listed as "Vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List, while the red panda is classified as "Endangered." The primary threats to giant pandas include habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as low breeding rates in the wild. Red pandas face similar threats, but they also face additional challenges, such as poaching for the illegal wildlife trade and conflicts with local communities due to crop raiding.Conservation efforts for both species have been ongoing, with significant progress made in recent years. The establishment of protected areas, such as national parks and nature reserves, has been crucial in safeguarding the habitats of these pandas. Additionally, captive breeding programs have played a vital role in boosting population numbers and reintroducing individuals to the wild.In conclusion, while red pandas and giant pandas may share a similar name and some physical characteristics, they are distinct species with unique adaptations, behaviors, and ecological roles. Understanding the differences between these two pandas is not only fascinating from a scientific perspective but also crucial for their effective conservation and protection. By recognizing and appreciating the unique qualities of each species, we can better understand the complexity and diversity of the natural world and work towards ensuring the long-term survival of these remarkable creatures.。

野生熊猫濒危英文作文

野生熊猫濒危英文作文英文：As a wildlife enthusiast, I am deeply concerned about the endangered status of the giant panda. The giant panda, also known as the panda bear, is a beloved symbol of China and one of the most recognizable animals in the world. However, their population has been declining due to habitat loss, poaching, and low reproductive rates.One of the main reasons for the decline in the giant panda population is habitat loss. As human populations grow and expand into natural habitats, pandas lose their homes and food sources. This has led to fragmentation of their habitats, making it difficult for pandas to move between different areas. In addition, climate change has also affected the bamboo forests where pandas live, causing a decrease in the availability of bamboo, which is their primary food source.Another factor that has contributed to the decline in the giant panda population is poaching. Although it is illegal to hunt pandas, there is still a demand for their fur and body parts in the black market. This has led to the killing of pandas and the destruction of their habitats.Lastly, giant pandas have a low reproductive rate, which makes it difficult for their populations to recover. Female pandas only ovulate once a year and have a short window of time to conceive. In addition, pandas have a high rate of infant mortality, with only about half of panda cubs surviving past their first year.It is important to take action to protect the giant panda and their habitats. Conservation efforts, such as habitat restoration and protection, anti-poaching measures, and captive breeding programs, have helped to increase the panda population. However, more needs to be done to ensure the survival of this beloved species.中文：作为一名野生动物爱好者，我深切关注大熊猫的濒危状态。

熊猫为什么灭绝的作文英语

熊猫为什么灭绝的作文英语英文回答：The extinction of pandas is a tragic event that has occurred in recent history. There are several factors that have contributed to the decline in panda population.One of the main reasons for the extinction of pandas is habitat loss. As human populations continue to grow, more land is needed for agriculture, infrastructure, and urban development. This has resulted in the destruction and fragmentation of the panda's natural habitat, making it difficult for them to find suitable areas to live and reproduce.Another factor is poaching. Pandas are highly sought after for their fur and body parts, which are used in traditional medicine. Despite efforts to crack down on illegal wildlife trade, poaching still remains asignificant threat to the survival of pandas.Furthermore, the low birth rate of pandas has also contributed to their extinction. Female pandas are onlyable to reproduce for a very short period of time each year, and even then, the chances of successful mating and pregnancy are low. This, combined with the loss of suitable habitat, has led to a decline in the panda population.中文回答：熊猫灭绝是近代历史上发生的一场悲剧。

介绍大熊猫濒危原因英语作文

The Endangered Giant Panda: Reasons for Its Decline The giant panda, a beloved symbol of China and a global conservation icon, is unfortunately classified as an endangered species. Its charming appearance and peaceful demeanor have captured the hearts of people worldwide, yet despite its popularity, the giant panda faces numerous threats that have contributed to its declining population.One of the primary reasons for the panda's endangerment is the loss of habitat. Pandas rely heavily on bamboo forests for food and shelter, and the destruction of these habitats due to human activities such as logging, agricultural expansion, and urban development has significantly reduced the available space for pandas to survive. Additionally, the fragmentation of habitats has made it difficult for pandas to mate and reproduce, further threatening their survival.Another major threat to pandas is the loss of genetic diversity. Pandas have a very low reproductive rate, and in the wild, females typically only give birth to one cub every two to three years. This low birth rate and the limitednumber of pandas in the wild have led to a decrease in genetic diversity, making the species more vulnerable to diseases and other threats.Climate change is also having increasingly serious effects on pandas. Rising temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are affecting the growth and availability of bamboo, which is the primary food source for pandas. This can lead to food shortages and an increased risk of starvation for pandas.Finally, human activities such as poaching and illegal wildlife trade are also threats to pandas. Although the Chinese government has taken measures to protect pandas and combat these illegal activities, they continue to pose a significant risk to the species.In conclusion, the giant panda faces numerous threats that have contributed to its declining population. To ensure the survival of this beloved species, it is crucial that we take action to protect its habitats, increase genetic diversity, address the effects of climate change, and combat illegal wildlife trade.。

友谊破碎的英语作文

友谊破碎的英语作文Title: The Fragmentation of Friendship。

Friendship, a bond woven with trust, shared experiences, and understanding, is a cornerstone of human connection. However, like fragile glass, it can shatter unexpectedly, leaving behind shards of memories and unanswered questions. In this essay, we delve into the intricate dynamics of friendship, exploring the facets that contribute to its rupture.First and foremost, the erosion of communication often serves as the harbinger of fractured friendships. Misunderstandings left unaddressed can fester into resentment, gradually chipping away at the foundation of trust. Whether it's a failure to express one's feelings or an unwillingness to listen empathetically, the lack of effective communication breeds distance and alienation.Moreover, diverging paths and evolving priorities canpropel friends onto separate trajectories, leading to the gradual dissolution of the bond they once shared. As individuals undergo personal growth and pursue distinct aspirations, their values and interests may no longer align. Consequently, the shared experiences that once fortified their friendship may become relics of the past, unable to withstand the currents of change.Betrayal, a jagged edge capable of inflictingirreparable damage, is another catalyst for the fragmentation of friendship. Whether it's a breach of confidentiality, deceitful actions, or a blatant disregard for loyalty, betrayal shatters the very essence of trust upon which friendships thrive. The wounds inflicted by betrayal run deep, leaving scars that serve as constant reminders of the fractured bond.Furthermore, unresolved conflicts linger like dark clouds, casting a shadow over the once bright horizon of friendship. Stubbornness and ego often obstruct the path to reconciliation, as both parties remain entrenched in their positions, unwilling to extend the olive branch offorgiveness. Consequently, the rift widens, engulfing the possibility of reconciliation in its turbulent wake.In addition, the passage of time can serve as both a healer and a destroyer of friendships. Distance, whether physical or emotional, can erode the ties that bind, as friends drift apart amidst the hustle and bustle of life. As priorities shift and obligations multiply, maintaining the connection becomes increasingly challenging, ultimately leading to the estrangement of once inseparable companions.Despite the myriad factors that contribute to the fragmentation of friendship, it's essential to acknowledge that not all ruptures are irreparable. Just as a broken vase can be meticulously reconstructed, so too canfractured friendships be salvaged through introspection, empathy, and a willingness to extend forgiveness. By addressing underlying grievances, fostering open communication, and rekindling the flame of shared experiences, friends can embark on a journey towards reconciliation and renewal.In conclusion, the fragmentation of friendship is a complex phenomenon fueled by a myriad of factors, including communication breakdowns, diverging paths, betrayal, unresolved conflicts, and the passage of time. While some ruptures may seem insurmountable, it's imperative to recognize the potential for healing and restoration. By nurturing the bonds of trust, empathy, and understanding, friends can navigate the tumultuous waters of friendship, emerging stronger and more resilient than before.。

导致熊猫濒临灭绝的原因英语作文

导致熊猫濒临灭绝的原因英语作文The Causes of Endangerment of Giant PandasGiant pandas, known for their iconic black and white appearance, have long been a symbol of wildlife conservation efforts around the world. Unfortunately, these beloved creatures are currently facing the threat of extinction. There are several factors that have contributed to the endangerment of giant pandas, and it is important for us to understand these causes in order to take the necessary steps to protect them.Habitat LossOne of the primary reasons for the decline in giant panda populations is habitat loss. The rapid expansion of human activity, such as agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development, has led to the destruction and fragmentation of the pandas' natural habitat. As a result, pandas are finding it increasingly difficult to find adequate food sources and suitable living conditions. Without sufficient habitat, giant pandas are vulnerable to starvation, predation, and other dangers.Climate ChangeAnother significant factor that is threatening the survival of giant pandas is climate change. Rising global temperatures andchanging weather patterns are altering the pandas' bamboo forests, which are crucial for their survival. Changes in temperature and rainfall can affect the availability of bamboo, which is the primary food source for giant pandas. As a result, pandas may struggle to find enough food to sustain themselves, leading to malnutrition and decreased reproductive rates.Poaching and Illegal Wildlife TradePoaching and illegal wildlife trade also pose a major threat to giant pandas. Despite being a protected species, pandas are still targeted by poachers who seek to profit from their fur, meat, and body parts. The demand for panda products on the black market continues to drive illegal activities, putting additional pressure on already vulnerable populations. Unless strong measures are taken to crack down on poaching and enforce wildlife protection laws, giant pandas will remain at risk of extinction.Low Reproductive RatesGiant pandas have notoriously low reproductive rates, which further exacerbate their endangered status. Female pandas are only fertile for a short period each year, and successful mating and pregnancy are not guaranteed. Additionally, infant pandas are highly vulnerable and have a high mortality rate. As a result,it can be challenging for panda populations to grow and thrive in the wild. Conservation efforts, such as captive breeding programs, are crucial for increasing panda populations and ensuring their genetic diversity.Inadequate Conservation MeasuresDespite decades of conservation efforts, giant pandas are still facing the threat of extinction. In some cases, conservation measures have been inadequate or ineffective in addressing the underlying causes of endangerment. More resources and support are needed to protect panda habitats, combat illegal wildlife trade, and promote sustainable coexistence between humans and pandas. Public awareness and education are also key to raising the profile of conservation issues and encouraging individual actions to help save giant pandas.In conclusion, the endangerment of giant pandas is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach to address. By understanding the underlying causes of their decline, we can work together to implement effective conservation strategies and protect these iconic animals for future generations. It is up to all of us to take action and ensure the survival of giant pandas in the wild.。

Synopsis

Title: Fragmentation vs Integration---- A Study on Lessing’s The Golden NotebookSynopsisDoris Lessing (1919-), English novelist, short story writer, essayist, dramatist, poet, and travel writer, has been ranked among the most powerful contemporary literary figures. Lessing was born in Persia of English parents and moved to Rhodesia when she was very young. She emigrated to England in 1949, and has lived in London ever since. She started her literary career in early 1950s, writing fiction in the realistic mode that focused on the theme of African injustice. These works reveal Lessing’s early commitment to communism, which she later renounced. All through her life, Lessing underwent a winding intellectual development from Marxism to Sufism. She is very active in the intellectual movement of the 20th century. As a result, her works display a broad range of subjects, such as racism, Communism, women’s issues, mysticism, psychology, etc. As a prolific writer, she has published totally 12 novels, beside a lot of short stories, poems, and essays from 1950s to 1990s. Artistically, her novels trace a circular path that begins and ends with realism, taking a detour through the terrain of psychoanalytic fiction, apocalypse and space fantasy .The Golden Notebook (hereinafter The Notebook for short) is Lessing’s masterpiece, a landmark in her career. This book projects Lessing’s self-examination of her previous understanding of the relationship between life and art. Thematically, in The Notebook, Lessing’s attempt to evoke contemporary society panoramically in a totaling, unifying vision — the typical historical realistic literary belief —has been given the way to the honest record of fragmentation, psychological breakdown and cultural collapse of the time. Consequently, her faith in realism began to unravel in The Notebook . This novel is Lessing’s first step out of the realistic confines to create a kind of unique novel form, which has enabled her to express an enlarged theme — a 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库psychological adventure from fragmentation to integration of the protagonist. Hence, theme and narrative structure and their interrelationship are Lessing’s major interests in The Notebook.This thesis is an attempt to give a relatively whole picture of Lessing’s masterpiece The Notebook , with emphasis on the depth and scope of its themes and the uniqueness of its structure . The whole thesis consists of six parts, including introduction, four chapters and conclusion.In Chapter One, the author gives a brief account of Lessing’s life from her parents, childhood education to her career in London, and her main works. Lessing’s ideological and artistic developments are briefly summarized alongside the introduction of her major works.Chapter Two is The Synopsis of Notebook . Set in London just after World War II, The Notebook tells the story of a woman writer Anna Freeman Wulf’s mental breakdown, fragmentation and healing into unity. Anna is suffering from a writing block, which is caused by her mental problem. Through ou t the novel, her struggle to overcome the writer’s block serves as the main plot, as well as a her way to achieve the mental integration. Two parts are included: Anna’s notebooks, which record her split vision about her self and her life; and Free Women , another novel set in The Notebook . It is an autobiographic novel written by Anna Wulf on the basis of accounts in her notebooks. Notebooks are the raw material, while Free Women is the finished product. These two parts make the book— The Notebook .Chapter Three is devoted to the thematic study of The Notebook . It is divided into three parts: Anna as a Communist; Anna as a “Free Woman”; Anna as a Neurotic. These are the three dimensions of Anna’s intellectual evolvement, through which Lessing develops the overall theme of the novel: fragmentation to integration.Chapter Four is the study of the form of The Notebook , consisting of two parts: Form, the Demonstration of the theme; Form, the Critique of Realism. In The Notebook , form has become Lessing’s major concern. She experimentally interweaves the finished traditional realistic novel (Free Women ) with the raw material for making it (the notebooks) in the forming of The Notebook , in order to achieve an effect that the form of The Notebook itself is meaningful. Form is a wordless statement about the theme and about Lessing’s dissatisfaction with the conventional realistic novel.厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库The thesis finally concludes that the significance of the novel lies in the fact of its thematic extensiveness, its narrative accuracy and its artistic uniqueness.库要摘文论士硕博学大门厦IntroductionDoris Lessing (1919-) is highly acclaimed as one of the greatest novelists of the 20th century. Her books have been translated into more than twenty languages and are read the world over, and she i s recognized internationally as a committed novelist dealing with serious issues. She received the French Prix Medici for foreign literature in 1976, and both the German Shakespeare Prize and the Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 1982. The Modern Language Association of America has devoted an annual seminar to Lessing since 1971. Critics handed laurels to her on the grounds of the immensity of her conception, extensiveness of her concerns, and the historical accuracy of her narrative.Doris Lessing’s literary career spans nearly 40 years from 1950s to 1990s. As a prolific writer, Lessing has altogether published 12 novels, and a lot of short stories, drama scripts, poems and other non -fictional works, including her famous essay collection A Small Personal Voice (1974).Born in Africa, immigrated to England at the age of 30 after two marriages, Lessing was for a time a member of British Communist Party. But a decade later, she transformed from an active Leftist to a serious and enthusiastic follower of Sufi mysticism. Her subtle shifting of loyalty to communism was caused by many profound social and personal reasons, which have been best illustrated in her masterpiece The Notebook through the protagonist Anna Wulf. This is not only because of the later date of composition of the novel, but also because of the fuller character portrayal we have of Anna than of earlier characters.As a woman, an artist, an ex-colonial, ex-communist and a present admirer of Sufism, Lessing’s broad life experience is always the inexhaustible source for her literary creativity. Her works have explored many of the most important ideas, ideologies and social issues of the 20th century, including such topics as racism, communism, feminism and mysticism. This is the natural result of her life-long involvement with all the important intellectual and political movements of the 20th century. Although critics always attempt to pin her down and label her as “Marxist”, 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库“feminist” or more recently a “mystic”, Lessing herself resists all these attempts to categorize what she has written. She prefers that her works be viewed as a whole and asserts that her themes have remained unchanged since she wrote The Grass Is Singing (1950) at the very beginning of her career. Actually, despite the broad range of interests displayed in her works, the varied narrative forms and the evolution of her ideas from Marxism to Sufism, there is always a unifying concern that strings all her works together. And this concern is Lessing’s belief in th e social responsibility of writers.Once a writer has a feeling of responsibility, as a humanbeing, for the other human beings he influences, it seems to me he mustbecome a humanist, and must feel himself as an instrument of change forgood or for bad. That image of the pretty singer in the ivory tower hasalways seemed to me a dishonest one. Logically he should be content tosing to his image in the mirror. The act of getting a story or a novelpublished is an act of communication, an attempt to impose one’spersonality and beliefs on other people. If a writer accepts thisresponsibility, he must see himself…as an architect of the soul…But ifone is going to be an architect, one must have a vision to build towards,and that vision must spring from the nature of the world we live in.iLessing has been following this artistic motto all through her life. She strives to write honestly about life, particularly about women’s life, and to write for her humanistic belief in “the warmth and humanity and love of people”ii . This is no small task for any writer, and Mrs. Lessing has generally succeeded in doing it in all her major works. Her masterpiece, The Notebook , is a particularly representative statement of Lessing’s literary belief. The second chapter of the thesis is a systematic introduction of Lessing’s literary career and her major works.The Notebook is regarded as the “ most considerable single work by an English author in the 1960s”iii . Doris Lessing’s aim in The Notebook is to give readers an idea of the intellectual and moral climate of Britain after World War II, where, Lessing believes, the society has become so chaotic that there is no sustainable values or beliefs any more.Set in London in the 1950s, with long recollections of Rhodesia during World War II, The Notebook tells the story of a woman writer’s breakdown, fragmentation and healing into unity. However, it is not her story alone, for the chaos Anna Wulf 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库slides into is both the result and image of a general breakdown in Western society. Hence, the social chaos and individual fragmentation became the major concerns of this book. Like Lessing herself, Anna Wulf, the protagonist of the book, suffers from the fragmented post-war world. “My life has always been crude, unfinished, raw, tentative, and so have the people I have known.”iv But she has never taken patterns of fragmentation for granted. Instead, she strives to derive some enlightening order from chaos through her persistent search for her own personal and political identity . The whole book is the detailed accounts of the process of her ideological search. In the preface of The Notebook, Lessing summarized two overall themes of the book —breakdown and triumph of unity. Three major subjects of Lessing —politics, the role of women and madness have been included with in the overall themes of breakdown and re-unity. The third chapter of the thesis is devoted to the detailed and systematic study of the themes of The Notebook . Published in the middle of her career, with its depth and extensive scope, The Notebook tells the story of Anna Wulf’s transformation of personal and political consciousness, and it marks as well a transformation in Lessing’s artistic identity. The Notebook was a radical examination of novel form, and Mrs. Lessing’s subsequent novels incorporate the lessons she learnt from it, namely the inadequacy of realism to convey non -rational non-logical modes of thought and experience. v Artistically, The Notebook is regarded as the crucial turning point in Lessing career. In the earlier stage of her career — before 1960s — as Communist writer, Lessing considered politics and aesthetics to be inextricable: literature is a way to fight against social evils. she “described the nineteenth -century realists as her literary masters but situated herself in the socialist tradition, emphasizing her faith in class analysis and political art. Realism was indispensable to this committed conception of literature.”vi Despite their political differences, she used to share the same artistic outlook with the 19th century realistic novelists , “to see society as a whole and to portray its diverse features in totalizing works of art.”vii In her early manifesto, The Small Personal Voice , Lessing showed the greatest esteem for realist novels, and had proudly identified her writing with the novels of the 19th century.For me the highest point of literature was the novel of the nineteenth century, the work of Tolstoy, Stendhal, Dostoevsky, Balzac, Turgenev, 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库Cheknov; the work of the great realists. I define realism as art, whichsprings so vigorously and naturally from a strongly held, though notnecessarily intellectually defined, view of life that it absorbs symbolism.I hold the view that the realist novel, the realist story, is the highest formof prose writing; higher than and out of the reach of any comparison withexpressionism, impressionism, symbolism, naturalism, or any otherism.viiiHer novels written in the first stage, like The Grass is Singing and the first three volumes of Children of Violence Series , are marked with realistic conventionalities, including omniscient narrators, chronological narrative and representational portrait of characters.But the post-war British literature was confronted with “a time which is so dangerous, violent, explosive, and precarious that it is in question whether soon there will be people left alive to write books and to read them.”ix Realism with its prescribed and neat patterns in narrative and characterization, seemed inadequate to portray the intellectual and moral climate of Britain in the mid-century.With her political disillusionment with Communism and her gradually involved belief in Laingism and Sufism, Lessing’s writing concerned more and more about the individual psychic evolution as a way to the spiritual wholeness and freedom. She found the conventional realistic novel is no longer able to encompass all her concerns, especially, her concern for the human beings’ unconsciousness. Lessing needed a new method to project her multivalent vision of both “the reality of everyday life and with the complementary aspects of the unconscious mind”.x Her search for a more malleable and three-dimensional form to convey her observation of both outside and inner world led Lessing to the innovation of the form of The Notebook.The Notebook is Lessing’s first attempt to enlarge “ her technical range to cope with her expanded consciousness of what constitutes reality .”xi Hence, in The Notebook , Lessing developed a kind of experimental realism she felt w as needed to convey experiences beyond the range of everyday life. However, Lessing’s artistic innovations in The Notebook are mainly about the narrative structure, rather than the language or characterization. In the fourth chapter of the thesis, the innovative structure is discussed.厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库However, it would be a mistake to infer from the above statement that Lessing rejected realism altogether since The Notebook . Actually, at the same time with the publication of The Notebook (1962), Lessing continued to write conventional novels or short stories. The innovative novels such as A Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971), Memoirs of a Survivor (1974), and Canopus in Argos (1979-1983) should be set alongside the realistic works as The Diaries of Jane Somers (1983) and The Good Terrorist (1985). Lessing never deliberately or provocatively departed from the old style in order to create the new. To Lessing, form is not her aim. In fact, Lessing is not obsessed with form but with content, and she does not care whether the form she finds is new or old, fashionable or unfashionable, as long as it serves her purpose. So her artistic experiment in 1960s and 70s didn’t bring her closer to Modernism or Postmodernism. “Instead of the preciosity of much modernist or postmodernist writing, Lessing believes in simplicity and directness, which she associates with accuracy and truth .”xii Her discontent with the traditional novels, as expressed in The Notebook is not with its nature of being honest with the reality of life, but rather with its conventional ingredients. She is dissatisfied with it because she can’t get enough into it. It is too simple for the enormous number of things that she has to say. Lessing once explain herself that if she used a conventional style, which she nev er thinks dead by any means, she would not have been able to play with time, memory and people as she had done in The Notebook. Thematic richness and artistic uniqueness ensure The Notebook to be one of the greatest works of the 20th century. The significance and strength of the novel are summarized in the last chapter of the thesis.Key Words: Doris Lessing, The Notebook, breakdown, unity.厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库Chapter One: Family Background, Life Experience and CareerI, Family BackgroundDoris Lessing was born on 22 Oct. 1919 in Kermanshah, Persia (now Iran), the first child of British Parents then living in Iran. Her father, Alfred Tayler, had fought in World War I, which brought him both physical and psychological traumas. One of his legs was wounded in combat and subsequently amputated. He was nursed in the Royal Free Hospital by Sister Emily Maude McVeagh, of Irish and Scottish descent, whom he married in 1919. After the war, unable to face the restrictions of a bank clerk’s life in England, he went to work for the Imperial Bank of Persia in Tehran, where Maude Tayler savored the social life of British Embassy circles. But Tayler himself was unhappy in Persia. His freedom was not substantially greater than it had been in England. During a vacation in London in 1924, he was attracted by British propaganda promising instant wealth to prospective immigrants to Southern Rhodesia, where maize seemed equal to gold. On impulse he went to Africa the same year, taking his wife and two young children, and bought three thousand acres of land with a government loan.The Taylers settled near the small town of Banket, an isolated area 100 miles west of the Mozambique border. The region had never been farmed before by the white people, whose number was accordingly small. The Taylers were quickly victimized by the lack of experience and bad luck. Far from the fortunes promised by the Empire Exhibition in London, he was to scrape from one poor harvest to another. Having found his dreams finally shattered, this extremely sensitive man gradually lost his health as well as his will to overcome seemingly insurmountable circumstance. He retreated into fantasy, superstition, and diversions such as gold prospecting (described later by his daughter in Eldorado )Lessing’s mother, m ore resilient than her husband, but uprooted and lonely, met considerable difficulties trying to keep the farm going. During the miserable twenty years she spent on the farm, she had been waiting for the opportunity to return to England. She became bitter and querulous and was most often at odds with her children.During World War II, the health of Lessing’s father became so poor that the Taylers finally gave up the farm and moved to Salisbury, Rhodesia’s capital, in 1945. 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库Three years later, he died at the age of 61.Doris Lessing’s parents have been a powerful influence on her fiction.Her parents have made their mark on her works, not only in hercharacterization of them in her novels, but also in that the clash of theirpersonalities seems to have been a motivating force behind hercompulsion to become a writer in the first place… It is as if their poverty,their unconventionality, their resigned irritation with their lot, acted as anabrasive stimulus for their daughter to continue the struggle to makesense of, or vindicate, her father’s unworldliness, to ratify the worth ofhis dreams .xiiiLessing herself once described her parents in A Small Personal Voice , “We use our parents like recurring dreams, to be entered into when needed; they are always there for love or for hate.”xivShe considers her father as not living in the real world and her mother as brave and resourceful, but her sympathies clearly go with her father. Lessing’s relationship with her father is much closer and on an equal basis. Alfred Tayler’s wild ideas blazed recurrently throughout Doris’ youth. Doris absorbed her father’s idealism, his gift for fantasy and his sense of justice. She had at the same time to witness his painful loss of contact with reality. Nevertheless she sympathized with his turn of mind, and her work has from the start combined practicality and sense with dreams and imaginations, and ultimately it is the non-rational, which is seen as a source of hope and salvation.II, Formative Age in Africa (1919-1949)Rhodesia, the last frontier for Maude and Michael Tayler, turned out to be the decisive first frontier for their daughter. Despite chronic conflicts with her mother, certain aspects of Doris’ childhood appeared almost Utopian. She spent a good part of her adolescent years roving the primeval veld, observing the clash between nature and incipient civilization firsthand. Even the enforced isolation of farm life so often spawns exceptional gifts of imagination in children. As Lessing herself comments once, “i t was sometimes hellishly lonely, but now I realize how extraordinary it was, and how very lucky I was.”xv This early freedom from the confinements of the female role in the compressive civilization gave her lifelong independence of mind.厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库Within her family, Doris was a “rebellion”. Her mother drew up great plans for her children’s education, trying to save them for the “real life” in England to which she hoped to return herself. But formal education soon became Lessing’s enemy. She was sent to school at th e Roman Catholic Convent in Salisbury when she was seven, an experience she remembers as damaging. At 13, she transferred to the Girls’ High School in the same city. There she remained for only one year during which, as she claims, she not only learned nothing important but was also plagued by psychosomatic illnesses. She left school at 14, ostensibly because of an eye infection.During the following three years after she left school, she pursued an autodidactic education by reading extensively, particula rly the great 19th century European novelists such as Balzac, Tolstoi, Dostoevski, as well as books of contemporary political or social interest such as Hitler’s Mein Kampf and the sex studies of Havelock Ellis. Moreover, rigid school education was replaced by her own observations of life and society. In fact, her observation of highly charged racial, political, and social situation led not only to her compassion for the black Rhodesians, but also to her incisive analysis of white colonialist mentality in her later writing.Due to the chronic discord with her mother, Doris Tayler left the farm in 1938 to work as a telephone operator in Salisbury. The next year she married Frank Wisdom, a civil servant. They have two children. Three years later she joined a Marxist group, and finding herself unsuited to suburban married life, divorced Wisdom in 1943, the year she published her first poems and short fiction in local journals. She later worked as a dictation typist for a lawyer and then for a law firm.Between 1942 and 1948, Lessing was active in a Marxist group, through which she met Gorrfried Lessing, a refugee from Hitler’s Germany, whom she married in 1945. A son, Peter, her third child, was born in 1947. The Lessings served as a focal point for the activities of the local political group, but Doris Lessing realized quickly that the marriage, like the attempt at political enlightenment in racist Africa, was a mistake. So she divorced for the second time in 1949, which preceded her departure to England, where she has been living ever since as a professional writer. Comparing with the stifling Africa in apartheid, England after World War II, marked by breathtaking productivity in all literary genres, appeared as a heaven for serious writing. Lessing regards Lon don as her second hometown, where she has obtained the fame as one of the most prolific and greatest writers in the 20th century.厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库III, Literary Career in London (1949—)Although as the title suggested, Lessing’s literary career started in England since the publishing of her first novel The Grass Is Singing in 1950, Lessing actually began writing at the age of nine. At 17, Lessing had written and destroyed two entire novels and many other fragments. In 1943, for the first time, she published some poems and short stories in the local journals in Rhodesia’s capital city Salisbury. But Lessing disclaims any literary worth of her writings prior to her first successful novel The Grass Is Singing . While still in Africa, she had submitted this novel without success to half dozen English publishing houses. After her arrival in London, she was then advised to submit it to Michael Joseph Publishers. They accepted the manuscript at once. This novel was an immediate success —seven printings within five months--which enabled Lessing to become a professional writer after that.Her first novel The Grass Is Singing (1950), which is set in Rhodesia, was praised as one of the first books to confront the issue of apartheid. This novel established two of Lessing’s early major concerns: racism, or “the color bar”, and the fate of women in a world of men. In the 1950s, The Grass Is Singing is the first extraordinary novel in its treatment of an unusual subject: a white woman’s desire for a black servant. In writing it, Lessing questions the entire values of Rhodesian white colonial society. The more praiseworthy point about it is that Lessing is not didactic in this novel. All the massages are sufficiently conveyed by its plot and characterization. This novel, rooted in colonialism, lays the foundation for much of Doris Lessing’s later works.In the early stage of her career, Lessing also established a strong reputation as a short story writer. Among her most acclaimed volumes of short stories are Five: Short Novels (1954), The H abit of Loving (1957), and African Stories (1964), all of which deal with racial concerns in African settings and with the emancipation of modern women. All these early works reveals Lessing’s early commitment to communism, which she later renounced.Lessing’s growing reputation was secured with her highly acclaimed Children of Violence Series , which she published at intervals from 1952 to 1969. Five novels are included in this series : Martha Quest (1952), A Proper Marriage (1954), A Ripple from the Storm (1958), Landlocked (1965), and The Four Gated City (1969). In these 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库series, Lessing traces the intellectual development of the heroine —Martha Quest, who resembles Lessing in several ways. Martha, like Lessing, is born at the end of World War I, raised in a bleak postwar era of social struggle, and faced with the great shocks of World War II. Martha Quest (1952) is a bildungsroman in which Martha attempts to escape her restricted upbringing and her domineering mother. A proper Marriage (1954) and A Ripple fr om the Storm (1958) recount Martha’s two unsuccessful marriages to politically oriented men and her involvement in left-wing, anti-apartheid, and communist activities. The earlier three volumes of Children of Violence Series stress Martha’s spiritual growth through separation from constricting collectives such as the family, motherhood, political parties, group minds of all kinds, which demand the loss of identity to meet the roles, leading to what the Sufis call the false self. Landlocked (1965) marks Martha’s change in direction from an outward to an inward search for her true self. Written chronologically after Lessing’s masterpiece The Notebook , Landlocked reflects the same strong influence of Sufism as in The Notebook . The Four Gated City (1969) demonstrates Lessing’s apocalyptic vision of political and social mood of the 50s and 60s in Britain, which is characterized by the Cold War and the shortage of consumer goods after World War II, and a popular concern on drugs.Although the first three volumes of Series were well received, it was the publication of The Notebook (1962) that really brought Lessing’s international prominence. The Notebook is widely considered as Lessing’s masterpiece. On one hand, it is because of its intricacy, the exclusiveness of its concerns, and its historical accuracy. On the other hand, it is because this novel chronologically marks a milestone in Lessing’s career. Her works from The Notebook onwards are considered by many critics to be a crucial departure from the realistic c oncerns of her works written before it, and reflect Lessing’s increasing interest in the extrasensory perception and Sufism. In The Notebook , Lessing’s interest in social reform has been transmuted into a concern for integration of the individual personality.This conversion in style started from The Notebook , and continued in her next two novels Landlocked and The Four-Gated City .After The Notebook , which is a watershed, Mrs. Lessing felt free toabandon realism as and when she needed to. Subsequent novelsencompass both the world that can be described realistically, and theother world that defies realistic description, that is, those areas ofexperience which are spiritual or transcendental.xvi厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库。

不恰当的态度英语作文

不恰当的态度英语作文Title: The Impact of Inappropriate Attitudes on Society。

In today's interconnected world, attitudes play a significant role in shaping individual behaviors andsocietal norms. However, when these attitudes veer into the realm of inappropriateness, they can have detrimentaleffects on both individuals and the community at large.This essay delves into the repercussions of inappropriate attitudes and explores potential remedies to mitigate their impact.To begin with, inappropriate attitudes breed negativity and toxicity within society. Whether it manifests as racism, sexism, or any form of discrimination, such attitudes sow seeds of division and alienation among people. They create barriers to understanding and empathy, fostering an environment where individuals are judged based onsuperficial characteristics rather than their intrinsic worth. Consequently, this fosters a culture of intoleranceand hostility, inhibiting the growth of a harmonious and inclusive society.Moreover, inappropriate attitudes perpetuate harmful stereotypes and reinforce systemic inequalities. For instance, when individuals harbor prejudiced beliefs about certain groups, they are more likely to discriminateagainst them in various spheres of life, such as employment, education, and healthcare. This not only deprives marginalized communities of opportunities but also entrenches existing power imbalances, perpetuating a cycleof oppression and marginalization.Furthermore, inappropriate attitudes can have profound psychological effects on both the perpetrators and the victims. Those who espouse discriminatory beliefs may experience cognitive dissonance as their attitudes clashwith societal norms of equality and fairness. This internal conflict can lead to feelings of guilt, shame, andcognitive distortions, further exacerbating their negative attitudes. On the other hand, individuals who are subjected to discrimination may suffer from low self-esteem, anxiety,and depression, as they internalize the negative messages conveyed by society.In addition to their interpersonal ramifications, inappropriate attitudes also have broader societal implications. They undermine social cohesion and trust, eroding the fabric of community bonds and solidarity. This fragmentation of society can impede collective efforts to address pressing issues such as poverty, inequality, and climate change, as it fosters a culture of apathy and indifference towards the plight of others.Nevertheless, addressing inappropriate attitudesrequires a multifaceted approach encompassing education, legislation, and grassroots activism. Firstly, education plays a pivotal role in challenging stereotypes and promoting diversity and inclusion. By incorporatingcurricula that celebrate cultural diversity, foster empathy, and cultivate critical thinking skills, schools can empower future generations to reject prejudice and embrace equality.Secondly, legislation can serve as a deterrent againstdiscriminatory behavior and provide recourse for victims of prejudice. Enacting and enforcing anti-discrimination laws ensures that individuals are held accountable for their actions and that marginalized groups are afforded legal protection against discrimination. Moreover, initiatives such as affirmative action programs can help level the playing field and address systemic inequalities in areas such as employment and education.Lastly, grassroots activism plays a crucial role in challenging societal norms and advocating for social change. Through protests, awareness campaigns, and community organizing, activists can mobilize public opinion and pressure institutions to address issues of inequality and injustice. By amplifying the voices of marginalized communities and demanding accountability from those in power, grassroots movements can catalyze systemic changeand pave the way for a more equitable society.In conclusion, inappropriate attitudes pose asignificant threat to the fabric of society, perpetuating discrimination, inequality, and division. However, byrecognizing the detrimental effects of such attitudes and taking proactive measures to address them, we can foster a more inclusive and compassionate world for future generations to thrive in. It is incumbent upon each of us to challenge prejudice wherever we encounter it and strive towards a society where every individual is treated with dignity and respect, regardless of their race, gender, or background.。