CHEMISTRY REVIEW U1

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人教版英语九年级U1 单词拓展

Unit1 How can we become good learners【词汇拓展】1. textbook n.[c]. 教科书；课本eg. by reading the textbook 通过阅读课本拓展：text n.文本，正文v.（用手机）发短信eg. Tom, a student who I never saw text in class, gave the teacher his phone.我在课上从未见过汤姆发短信，但他把手机给了老师。

2. conversation n.[c]. 交谈；谈话have conversations with sb. 与某人交谈= talk to/with sb.make a conversation 会话，交谈conversational adj.非正式的；口语的3. aloud adv.大声地；出声地【辨析】aloud, loud和loudly的区别。

4. pronunciation n. [C, U]. 发音；读音poor pronunciation 糟糕的发音动词：pronounce vt.发音，读音eg. Please pronounce your words clearly. 请你把单词的音发清楚。

unpronounceable adj.难发音的mispronounce v.发错音5. sentence n.[c]. 句子make a sentence= make sentences 造句6. patient n.[c]. 病人; adj.有耐心的（1）n.[c] 病人eg. The patient is too weak to speak. 这个病人太虚弱了，不能说话。

（2）adj.有耐心的be patient with sb./sth. 对某人/某事有耐心be patient to do sth. 有耐心做某事副词：patientlyeg. She explained the word to me patiently. 她耐心地给我讲解了这个词。

化学中英双语全面Review

travel by car 乘坐汽车 cook with gas使用天然气 animal husbandry 畜牧业 farming 种植业 Carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases.Greenhouse gases keep the Earth warm enough for life.But now their increasing amounts are warming it too much. 二氧化碳和甲烷都是温室气体。温室气体能够保证地球上的生物的热度需求。但是，现在温室气体的增加太多，导致温度过高了。
7.2 metals and water
金属和水反应
metals react with water 金属与水的反应
sodium Na +H2O----NaOH +H2 ( chemical equation 化学方程式) NaOH(sodium hydrate氢氧化钠) 2Na +2H2O===2NaOH +H2(balanced equation) Only reactive metals, for example, Li Na K Ca Mg, can react with water. 只有非常活泼的金属，比如锂、钠、钾、钙、镁，能够与水发生反应。
6.5 Inside solids
What are solids like? 固体是什么样子的
A lump of solid contains millions of atoms ,all held together tightly in a regular pattern. 一小块固体通常就含有上百万个原子，所有的原子之间都以有规律的模式相互紧密结合在一起。

Coordination Chemistry Reviews

Coordination Chemistry Reviews 253 (2009) 2835–2851Contents lists available at ScienceDirectCoordination ChemistryReviewsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c crReviewPolymer/clay and polymer/carbon nanotube hybrid organic–inorganicmultilayered composites made by sequential layering of nanometer scale ﬁlmsPaul Podsiadlo a ,1,2,Bong Sup Shim a ,1,3,Nicholas A.Kotov a ,b ,c ,∗aDepartment of Chemical Engineering,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI 48109,USAbDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI 48109,USA cDepartment of Biomedical Engineering,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI 48109,USAContents 1.Introduction..........................................................................................................................................28352.LBL assemblies of clays...............................................................................................................................28362.1.Structure and properties of clay particles....................................................................................................28362.2.Structural organization in clay multilayers..................................................................................................28362.3.Clay multilayers as high-performance nanocomposites.....................................................................................28382.4.Applications of clay multilayers in biotechnology...........................................................................................28412.5.Anisotropic transport in clay multilayers....................................................................................................28422.6.Clay multilayers for optical and electronic applications.....................................................................................28432.7.3D conformal coatings .......................................................................................................................28443.LBL assemblies of carbon nanotubes.................................................................................................................28443.1.Structure and properties of CNTs ............................................................................................................28443.2.Structural organization in multilayers of carbon nanotubes ................................................................................28463.3.Electrical conductor applications ............................................................................................................28463.4.Sensor applications...........................................................................................................................28473.5.Fuel cell applications.........................................................................................................................28483.6.Nano-/micro-shell LBL coatings and biomedical applications...............................................................................28484.Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................................2849Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................................2850References . (2850)a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 12February 2009Accepted 6September 2009Available online 12 September 2009Keywords:Layer-by-layer Clay nanoparticles Carbon nanotubesMultilayered assembliesa b s t r a c tThis review article focuses on the preparation and applications of layer-by-layer (LBL)assembled organic/inorganic ﬁlms.As model systems we use incorporation of two multi-functional nanomaterials in the LBL:the clay nanosheets and carbon nanotubes.All the aspects of the composite design start-ing with the structure of the individual nano-scale building blocks and their interactions with polymer matrix,orientation of the inorganic components in the multilayer,origin of record properties,and most likely applications of the resulting materials are given.Special attention is placed on the understanding of the control parameters for key functional properties such as mechanical strength/stiffness/toughness,electrical transport,transparency,and some properties relevant for biological applications.© 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.∗Corresponding author at:Department of Chemical Engineering,University of Michigan,2300Hayward St.,Ann Arbor,MI 48109,USA.Tel.:+17347638768;fax:+17347647453.E-mail address:kotov@ (N.A.Kotov).1These authors contributed equally to this review.2Current address:Argonne National Laboratory,Center for Nanoscale Materials,9700S.Cass Ave.,Bldg.440A132C,Argonne,IL 60439,USA.3Current address:Department of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Delaware,Newark,DE 19716,USA.1.IntroductionNanotechnology has grown to be an area of research with tremendous scientiﬁc and economic potential.Just as the previ-ous century has seen an explosion in the microprocessor and later biotechnology industries,this century is clearly becoming domi-nated by nanoscience.Nanomaterials can nowadays be synthesized with great control in respect to their composition,e.g.inorganic,organic,polymeric,biological,as well as structure and function.0010-8545/$–see front matter © 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.doi:10.1016/r.2009.09.0042836P.Podsiadlo et al./Coordination Chemistry Reviews253 (2009) 2835–2851While there is still much work to be done in the basic synthesis and characterization of the building blocks,the next challenge of theﬁeld is transferring the nano-scale properties of these materials into macro-scale structures.Furthermore,multi-nano-component materials are now receiving growing attentions from diverse dis-ciplines as noble complex materials systems equipped with,e.g. electro-opto-mechanical,chemo-electro-mechanical,and thermo-electrical properties[1].Macro-scale assembly of the nanomaterials requires spe-cial techniques with molecular scale component manipulation, which is distinguished from conventional composite processing techniques like mix-and-molding and pre-preg layering.This nano-processing will intimately explore the chemical functionalities of the building blocks and enable nanometer-level control of orga-nization in the superstructures.Among the different approaches being currently explored,the layer-by-layer(LBL)assembly tech-nique stands out as one of the simplest and most versatile methods. In simplest of the cases,the technique is a method of alter-nating deposition of oppositely charged components from dilute solutions or dispersions on a suitable substrate.Since theﬁrst demonstration of LBL assembly for oppositely charged micropar-ticles by Iler[2]and later by Decher et al.in the1990s for oppositely charged polyelectrolytes[3,4],the LBLﬁeld has expe-rienced rapid growth.The technique has quickly become one of the most popular and well-established methods for the prepara-tion of multi-functional thinﬁlms not only thanks to its simplicity, but also robustness and versatility[5].Introduction of hybrid organic/inorganicﬁlms has further enriched the functionality and applicability of LBL.Nearly any type of macromolecular species, including:inorganic molecular clusters[6],nanoparticles[7],nan-otubes and nanowires[8,9],nanoplates[10],organic dyes[11], organic nanocrystals[12,13],dendrimers[14],porphyrin[15], polysaccharides[16,17],polypeptides[18],nucleic acids and DNA [19],proteins[20,21],and viruses[22]can be successfully used as assembly components[23].Remarkable versatility has further led to a number of novel designs and applications,such as superhy-drophobic surfaces[24,25],chemical sensors and semi-permeable membranes[23,26–28],drug and biomolecules delivery systems [23,29,30],memory devices[31],optically active and respon-siveﬁlms[13,32–34],cell and protein adhesion resistant coatings [23,35],fuel cells and photovoltaic materials[36],biomimetic and bio-responsive coatings[25,37],semiconductors[38,39],cata-lysts[40,41],and magnetic devices[42,43]and many more[5,23]. The technique has opened the door to an unlimited number of structural and functional combinations of colloids and macro-molecules.While the LBLﬁeld clearly covers a vast number of molec-ular species and architectures,in this review we concentrate on the state of the art in synthesis and properties of multi-layer hybridﬁlms based on two commercially available functional nanomaterials:the clay nanosheets and carbon nanotubes(CNTs). The two building blocks possess structural and physico/chemical properties unique to each,thus enabling preparation of variety of functional composites.Moreover,clay and carbon nanotubes are some of only few nanomaterials which allow evaluation of the efﬁciency of stress transfer in composites.This is because mechanical parameters of individual nanotubes and individual clay sheets are available.The review is accordingly divided into two sections covering the nanotubes and clays.Each section has subsections covering different research areas and applica-tions of the resulting multilayers:(i)structure and properties of clays and CNTs;(ii)techniques for preparation of nanoﬁlms; (iii)organization of the smectite particles in the nanoﬁlms;(iv) organization of the adsorbed molecules;(v)functionalities of theﬁlms;(vi)other layered inorganic solids;and(vii)conclu-sions.2.LBL assemblies of clays2.1.Structure and properties of clay particlesThe importance of utilization of clays in the LBL assemblies is threefold:(1)the natural abundance of this nanomaterial impart it with low cost;(2)the anisotropic,sheet-like structure is of great importance for control of transport properties through the ﬁlms;and(3)like many other nanomaterials and given the single-crystalline,defect-free structure,the individual nanosheets possess exceptional mechanical properties,with in-plane modulus of elasticity(E)calculated on the order of∼270GPa[44].Before pro-ceeding with actual overview of the clay multilayers,a few words need to be mentioned to the reader about the clays used in LBL assemblies.The clays used in the LBL assembly are primarily layered sili-cates.The individual layer(nanosheet)is composed of a single layer of edge-shared octahedra of Al3+or Mg2+,sandwiched between two layers of corner-shared tetrahedra of Si4+(Fig.1).The thickness of individual sheet is∼0.96nm and can be from tens to hundreds of nanometers in lateral dimensions.Substitutions in the tetrahedral and in the octahedral layers,i.e.partial replacement of Si4+by Al3+ in the tetrahedral layers and of Al3+by Mg2+or Mg2+by Li+in the octahedral layers,create a negative lattice charge,which is com-pensated by exchangeable cations,e.g.Na+or Ca2+.The sheets are further organized face to face into aggregates.The exchangeable cations are localized in the interlamellar space between adjacent sheets of the aggregate.In aqueous conditions,water molecules adsorb in the inter-lamellar space and disintegrate the stacks into individual sheets, which is called swelling or exfoliation.The extent of exfoliation depends on the size and charge of the cations.Extent of swelling is stronger for monovalent cations,such as Na+or Li+.For multiva-lent cations,e.g.Ca2+,the attraction is stronger and exchange with water is more difﬁcult and often incomplete.2.2.Structural organization in clay multilayersTheﬁrst demonstration of LBL assembly of clay nanosheets with polyelectrolytes(PEs)was given by Kleinfeld and Ferguson in1994 [46,47].The authors used a strongly charged PE which is common nowadays in the LBLﬁeld,the poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)(PDDA,Fig.2A)and a synthetic clay,hectorite(Laponite RD)to grow few-hundred-nanometers-thickﬁlms.In the course of study the authors used optical ellipsometry to follow growth of the multilayer deposited on a Si substrate(Fig.2).They observed linear increase in thickness with an average increment per bilayer of∼3.6nm.Additionally,they also observed highly uniform sur-face coverage of the substrate with visible Bragg diffraction colors, which were further indications of uniformity of the structure.X-ray diffraction(XRD)spectra demonstrated structural ordering in the multilayer,with clay sheets being adsorbed in a periodic multilayer with parallel orientation of the sheets with respect to the substrate. The clay nanosheets adsorbed as single lamella and there were no 3D aggregates in the structure.Thisﬁrst demonstration opened the road to the subsequent studies on clay multilayers.Several research groups have subsequently aimed at more detailed characterization of the adsorption kinetics,organization, and control of the internal structure of the clay/PEsﬁlms.The struc-ture and surface roughness of LBL assembledﬁlms was depended on several parameters including adsorption time,concentration of cationic polymer,amount of clay in the dispersion and pH.As an example,Lvov et al.extended the preparation of clay multilay-ers to PDDA/montmorillonite clay(MTM)and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI)/MTM systems[48,49].They also studied adsorption kinet-ics by quartz crystal microbalance(QCM).The adsorption of MTMP.Podsiadlo et al./Coordination Chemistry Reviews253 (2009) 2835–28512837Fig.1.Structure of layered silicates(ﬁgure was reproduced from Ref.[45],with permission of the copyright holders).clay was saturated in5–6min with formation of a monolayer of platelets,with shorter times leading to incomplete surface cover-age and longer times resulting in physisorption of extra platelets. Kotov et al.performed further detailed studies on interaction of MTM with PDDA and the self-assembly process by surface plas-mon spectroscopy,XRD,and X-ray reﬂectivity(XRR),and atomic force microscopy(AFM)[50].They gave insightful details into the self-assembly process and defect formation in theﬁlms.They also showed that surface roughness of theﬁlms was independent of the underlying substrate and that the roughness could be controlled to some extent with an application of external voltage during adsorp-tion of the PE.Negative bias produced more regular and uniform self-assembledﬁlms.Another parameter controlling the morphology of theﬁlms is the concentration of PE.van Duffel et al.observed that the surface roughness of clay-polymer LBL multilayers increases with cationic polymer concentration in solution[51].As an explanation,they suggested that at low polymer concentration the polymer chains can bind strongly clay platelets,resulting in stretched chains and a small number of unbound polymer units.Thisﬁlm has a lowsurfaceFig.2.(A)Chemical structure of PDDA.(B)Idealized view of internal architecture in polymer/clay multilayer composed of5.5bilayers.(C)Ellipsometricﬁlms thickness (nm)as a function f number of deposited layers.Inset shows linearity of growth up to60bilayes.(D)X-ray diffraction spectrum of a60-bilayer sample of PDDA/Hectorite indicating periodic internal organization(ﬁgure was reproduced from Ref.[46],with permission of the copyright holders).2838P.Podsiadlo et al./Coordination Chemistry Reviews253 (2009) 2835–2851roughness.For high PE concentrations,multiple polymer chains are only partially bonded to the substrate and are sticking out of the surface.Bundles of clay platelets can adsorb under these condi-tions,being more or less stacked on top of each other.This results in a roughﬁlm surface.Laschewsky’s group studied the inﬂuence of PE charge den-sity on the multilayer growth[52].They showed that multilayers composed of a strong polyanion,namely poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS)and cationic copolymers of PDDA with N-methyl-N-vinylformamide(NMVF),with varied charge density,had a critical linear charge density c of0.036elementary charge/Åof con-tour length in order to obtain stable multilayer growth in pure water.Above c,the increment of thickness/deposition cycle var-ied with the linear charge density of the cationic copolymers. As linear charge density increased,the system passed succes-sively through a charge-dependent“Debye-Hückel”regime and then through a charge-independent“strong-screening”regime where counterion condensation dominated the behavior.Analo-gous results were obtained by the authors for the variation of the basal spacing of internally structured hybrid multilayers(cationic copolymer/hectorite).However,by contrast with the PEs system, no critical linear charge density was observed in the hybrid sys-tem.This was explained by additional,nonelectrostatic interactions between the clay platelets and the formamide fragment.The same group further explored the potential for forming PE/clay multilayers incorporating copolymers to produceﬁlms from UV cross-linkable PEs[53].They found that the photoreaction reduced theﬁlms’roughness and promoted more regular growth. From a practical point of view,they suggested that this approach could offer additional beneﬁts for the clay multilayers,such as improving the barrier functionality of the inorganic layers as well as the control of the permeability between pure organic sublayers. Furthermore they studied preparation of multilayers from deriva-tives of PDDA[54].They synthesized a series of PDDA polymers with varying hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance and bulkiness of the cationic group,to investigate impact of the parameters on the for-mation of LBL assemblies with Laponite(Fig.3).They found that bulky and hydrophobic,as well as amphiphilic,polycations could be accommodated between the rigid exfoliated aluminosilicate platelets without disturbing the lamellar-like structure.Ellipsom-etry and XRR showed that hydrophobic and bulky substitution favored formation of thickerﬁlms,due to more coiled conforma-tion of the PEs.Films showed partial organization and coherence lengths along the normal of the plane,in the range of2.7–7.5nm. The values depended sensitively on the detailed chemical structure of the PE employed.Since the clay multilayers are prepared in aqueous condi-tions,an important parameter of interest for applications of the resulting structures is their stability in the aqueous environment. Rouse and Ferguson recently used XRD to study water sorption in PDDA/Laponite multilayers[55].Interestingly,they found that swelling occurred exclusively in X-ray amorphous regions within theﬁlm,and that the ordered PDDA/clay domains themselves were not affected by water.Clearly,one can imagine that the swelling characteristics will be dependent on the chemical structure of the PEs,the nature of interactions at the organic/inorganic interface,as well as post-assembly treatments,e.g.covalent cross-linking of the multilayer.So far we have discussed preparation of the multilayers from negatively charged clays.Recently,several groups have also inves-tigated LBL assembly from positively charged,synthetic clays called “layered double hydroxides”(LDH).The synthetic clays offer new opportunities for functional assemblies,e.g.optical,magnetic,or catalytic,since different combinations of ions can be artiﬁcially introduced into the nanosheet gallery.Li et al.for theﬁrst time showed LBL assembly of Magnesium–Aluminum LDH nanosheets with anionic polymer PSS[56].They studied assembly with UV–vis and XRD techniques.The same group has further synthesized Cobalt–Aluminum LDH in the form of hexagonal platelets and used them for LBL assembly with PSS[57].The new type of LDH showed signiﬁcant magneto-optical response in the UV–vis regime.Szekeres et al.have also demonstrated successful assem-bly of Magnesium–Aluminum LDH with PAA and PSS[58].The authors studied LBL assembly with surface plasmon resonance. Preparation of multi-LDH,transparent LBL multilayers contain-ing stratas of Magnesium–Aluminum and Cobalt–Aluminum LDH’s, as well as a new Nickel–Aluminum derivative was also recently demonstrated[59].The incorporation of transition metals into the LDH nanosheets offers new opportunities for preparation of novel catalytic membranes.In a most recent study,Altunta-soglu et al.showed preparation of an even more exotic LDH,the Nickel–Gallium[60].LBL multilayers of the Nickel–Gallium LDH exchanged with ferricyanide with PAA showed typical response of metal hexacyanoferrate,which was believed to be formed in the interlayer.Finally,in respect to the internal organization of theﬁlms, we should mention two most recent cases of PE/clay preparation which deviate from traditional dipping and/or monolayer deposi-tion and have important implications for structural organization of the clay and PE layers.Theﬁrst case is related to the prepa-ration of the multilayer using spin-assisted self-assembly.In this process,instead of dipping of the substrate into the solutions of constituents,the solutions are alternately spin-coated onto the substrate with intermediate rinsing steps with pure water.The con-sequences of large centrifugal forces,short contact times,and rapid solvent evaporation are not clear in respect to multilayer forma-tion.Recently,Lee et al.showed theﬁrst successful preparation of clay multilayers by spin-assisted self-assembly[61].The authors used poly(p-phenylene vinylene)(PPV)and Laponite clay and char-acterized the resulting structure by contact angle measurement, surface dying technique,UV–vis spectroscopy,photoluminescent (PL)spectroscopy,XRR,and model-ﬁtting.The continuous increase of UV–vis absorbance and PL intensity of theﬁlms with each bilayer demonstrated the regular and reproducible deposition of this system,and the Kiessig fringes and Bragg peaks in XRR spectra indi-cated the well-ordered internal structure.Subsequently,Vertlib et al.also showed robust and fast preparation of Laponite/PDDA LBL ﬁlms by spin-assisted self-assembly with high mechanical proper-ties.In the second case,we recently showed that MTM nanosheets can be successfully incorporated into so called“exponential”LBL assembly(e-LBL)of PEI and poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)which leads to novel architectures[62].The e-LBL mode wasﬁrst characterized by Picart et al.and it is has been associated with“in-and-out”diffusion of PEs through a swollen multilayer structure[63].Incorporation of MTM sheets was believed to hinder the diffusion process and thus prevent the e-LBL growth.In spite of this expectation,we showed that MTM nanosheets could be successfully incorporated and that the diffusing PEs can potentially help exfoliate the short stacks of MTM into single lamella.The internal ordering of the ﬁlm was substantially decreased as revealed by small-angle x-ray scattering(SAXS)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)(Fig.4), however the e-LBL mode offers new opportunities for preparation of multilayers with unique internal organization.2.3.Clay multilayers as high-performance nanocompositesOne of the unique perspectives for clay multilayers is their potential as high-performance nanocomposites.As we mentioned in the beginning of this section,clay nanosheets possess excep-tional mechanical properties.MTM nanosheets,for example,have in-plane modulus of elasticity on the order of∼270GPa[44]ifP.Podsiadlo et al./Coordination Chemistry Reviews253 (2009) 2835–28512839Fig.3.Poly(diallylammonium)salts used as organic counter-polycations of negatively charged Laponite platelets for the preparation of hybrid multilayers(ﬁgure was reproduced from Ref.[54],with permission of the copyright holders).we consider the gallery of ions,which is comparable to steel and its alloys(E=210GPa),yet at much lower density.Given the high mechanical properties,low cost,and large surface areas,clays have been extensively investigated as reinforcingﬁllers for enhanc-ing mechanical properties of commercial plastics[64].Signiﬁcant enhancements of strength,Young’s modulus(E),and toughness have been observed upon addition of just a few volume percentages of the inorganicﬁller.However,above the few percentiles(usually more than10vol.%),the mechanical properties begin to deterio-rate due to strong tendency of clay particles to phase segregate and aggregate,thus creating fatal defects.The clay multilayers show an interesting promise for overcoming these problems thanks to a number of advantages:(1)the nanocomposites are constructed by alternately depositing nanometer-thick layers of polymer and clay,thus allowing for nanometer-level control of preparation;(2) alternating the layers of clay nanosheets with few-nanometer-thick layers of polymers translates into volume fractions upwards of 50vol.%;(3)the colloidal self-assembly process restricts adsorp-tion of clay to well-exfoliated sheets;and(4)sandwiching of the nanosheets between polymer layers and strong interfacial bonding prevent phase segregation of the nanoﬁller.Kotov et al.have realized for theﬁrst time that PDDA/MTM multilayers had unusually high strength,ﬂexibility,and resistance to crack propagation[65].The authors observed that individual nanosheets possessed highﬂexibility to bending which further translated intoﬂexibility of theﬁlm itself.This was an interest-ing development,especially given the enormous tangent stiffness of individual platelet(∼270GPa).The authors realized that indi-vidual nanosheets behave more like pieces of aﬂexible fabric. High mechanical properties were of paramount importance for utilization of theseﬁlms as ultrathin separation membranes.The ﬂexibility and high strength of the PDDA/MTM multilayers was fur-ther utilized by Mamedov et al.for preparation of multi-functional free-standing membranes[43].In this work,the authorsincorpo-Fig.4.SEM images of cross-sections for free-standingﬁlms of(A)(PEI/PAA)200,(B)(PEI/PAA/PEI/MTM)100,and(C)(PEI/MTM)100.Arrows indicate span of the cross-section (ﬁgure was reproduced from Ref.[62],with permission of the copyright holders).2840P.Podsiadlo et al./Coordination Chemistry Reviews253 (2009) 2835–2851rated the MTM sheets into a LBL assembly of PDDA and magnetite nanoparticles.The clay layers were introduced by replacing every second layer of magnetite with MTM.The clay nanosheets imparted substantial improvement of strength over theﬁlms without MTM. Using a similar concept,Hua et al.,have recently developed ultra-thin cantilevers for sensing applications[66].The cantilevers were composed from six alternating monolayers of MTM,PDDA,and magnetite nanoparticles and they were170-nm thick.The two singular observations led our and other groups to further investigate the mechanical properties of PDDA/MTM compositeﬁlms.Advincula’s group for example,investigated mechanical properties of theﬁlms with nanoindentation[67]. The hardness(H)and modulus of theﬁlms was H=0.46GPa and E=9.5GPa,respectively.The thinﬁlm’s modulus was correlated to its ordering and anisotropic structure.Both hardness and modu-lus of this compositeﬁlm were higher than those of several other types of polymer thinﬁlms.Furthermore,Tang et al.prepared a series of free-standingﬁlms with50,100,and200bilayers and tested mechanical properties of theﬁlms with standard stretch-ing techniques[68].He found the ultimate strength( UTS)and modulus, UTS=100±10MPa and E=11±2GPa.The material was stronger and stiffer than some of the strongest commercial plas-tics and the enhancement of strength and stiffness over the base PDDA polymer was nearly10×and50×,respectively.Addition-ally,under low strain rates(slow stretching)theﬁlms exhibited a toughening behavior,evidenced by unusually high strain(ε)val-ues of,ε∼10%.Analysis of the differential of the stress–strain curve revealed a“saw-tooth”pattern,which was an evidence of break-ing and reforming of ionic bonds between PDDA and MTM surface (Fig.5).Similar behavior was observed in one of the toughest natural composites called“nacre”.Having analogous architecture, strength( UTS of nacre is∼110MPa),and deformation mechanics, the composite was dubbed“nanostructured artiﬁcial nacre”.The realization of exceptional potential of the PE/MTM com-posites prompted us to further investigate mechanical properties of this new class of composites.In an attempt at developing even stronger materials based on this architecture and to bet-ter understand the nano-scale and molecular mechanics of the composites,we have explored different compositions of theﬁlms and hypotheses.The well-ordered multilayer structure served as a model system for investigating nano-scale mechanics in poly-mer/clay composites.In theﬁrst attempt,we replaced PDDA with a biopolymer with nearly and order of magnitude greater strength and stiffness,the Chitosan(Fig.6)[69].Contrary to our expectations and in spite of uniform architecture,the composite showed lower UTS and E when compared to PDDA/MTM.Detailed investigation of the system led us to a conclusion that molecular rigidity of Chitosan’s chains pre-vented formation of well-interlocked structure,and thus decreased interfacial interactions with MTM.With this result in mind,we have further investigated improvement of interfacial interactions by replacing PDDA with aﬂexible poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)star polymer containing l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine(DOPA)adhe-sive groups found in mussels[70,71].This was theﬁrst exemplary structure where concepts found in two different natural materi-als were combined to produce a superior composite.An important development in this structure was utilization of a hardening mech-anism found in mussels,i.e.cross-linking of DOPA molecules to each other with Fe3+ions.The cross-linking has led to substan-tial improvement of mechanical properties,with UTS increasing to ∼200MPa.Following the discovery of enhancement of the mechanical properties upon post-assembly cross-linking,we turned our atten-tion to another polymer,poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA).PVA has a simple chemical structure with repeating hydroxyl groups attached to every other carbon atom in the polymer’s backbone(Fig.6). Important feature of the hydroxyl groups is that they can be eas-ily cross-linked covalently and ionically.The PVA chains are also uncharged;hence a question arose as to the feasibility of LBL assembly with MTM.Surprisingly,the assembly was robust and the resulting free-standingﬁlms showed record-high mechani-cal properties for clay nanocomposites,especially after covalent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde(GA).They also had nearly 90%optical transparency[72].The resulting tensile strength was, UTS=400±40MPa and stiffness of E=106±11GPa.Detailed spec-troscopic investigation revealed that PVA groups were epitaxially binding to the surface of clay sheets and GA cross-linking was also covalently binding MTM sheets with polymer,thus enhancing the transfer of mechanical properties.Furthermore,the covalent cross-linking rendered the composite water-inert.Similarly with ionic cross-linking,we found that Al3+and Cu2+gave substantial enhancements of mechanical properties,with UTS reaching as high as320MPa and E of nearly60GPa[73].These results showed tremendous promise of LBL technique for preparation of high-strength clay nanocomposites.However,slow deposition speeds are currently limiting these materials to appli-cations in coatings and thin membranes.Our group is currently investigating preparation of laminated composites from the ultra-strong sheets,but two most recent developments,which we have discussed in the previous section,are already carrying a promise for accelerating the preparation of composites.In theﬁrst,the e-LBL assembly,we found from nanoindentation that theﬁlms had high hardness and stiffness,even though the content of MTM sheets was dramatically lower when compared to linear LBL[62].The modu-lus and hardness were on the order of,E=16GPa and H=0.88GPa, and they were more than50%greater than those reportedbyFig.5.Tensile behavior of PDDA/MTM free-standingﬁlms(left)and corresponding derivatives of the stress–strain curves(right)(ﬁgure was reproduced from Ref.[68]with permission of the copyright holder).。

Chemistry Unit 1 - Intro

3 –Molality (mol/kg of solvent) Avoids volume changes due to temperature and pressure
Common Units of Concentration
4 - Partial pressure or volume fraction (dimensionless, vol/vol) Fraction of specific gaseous species Use PV = nRT R = 0.082 L atm / mol K
What if 3 moles of CO were emitted instead? PV = nRT
Example 3: balancing reactions Balance the following reaction: C6H6 + O2 < --- > CO2 + H2O
Example 4: Units of Concentration (air) There is 12 mg/m3 HCA in a room at 28ºC at 720 mm Hg pressure. What is the concentration of HCA in ppm? PV = nRT MW HCA = 237 g/mol 1 atm = 760 mm Hg R = 0.082 L atm / mol K
Oxidation Numbers (“oxidation state”/valence)
Related to electronegativity and Periodic Table; in general, determined by the number of electrons that an atom can take on, give up, or share with other atoms. Fixed Element O H Ca, Mg K, Na ON -2, 0 +1, 0 +2, 0 +1, 0 Element C N Cl S Fe Cu Mn Cr Variable most common ON +4 to -4 +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -3 +7, +5, +4, +3, +1, 0, -1 +6, +4, +2, 0, -2 +3, +2, 0 +2, +1, 0 +7, +6, +4, +3, +2, 0 +6, +3, 0

九年级英语U1-8单词表(附音标)

Unit 1 How can we become good learners1.textbook /’tekstbuk/ n. 教科书；课本 p.12.conversation /kɔnvə’s eɪʃn/, n. 交谈；谈话 p.23.aloud /ə’laud/ adv. 大声地；出声地 p.24.pronunciation /prə,nʌnsi’eIʃn/ n. 发音；读音p.25.sentence /’sentəns/ n. 句子 p.26.patient /’peiʃnt/ adj. 有耐心的 n. 病人p.27.expression /i k’spreʃn/ n. 表达（方式）；表示 p.38.discover /’diskʌvə (r)/ v. 发现；发觉 p.39.secret /’si:krət/ n. 秘密；adj. 秘密的； p.310.look up (在词典、参考书中或通过电脑)查阅；抬头看 p311.fall in love with 爱上；与⋯⋯相爱 p.312.grammar /’græmə (r)/ n. 语法 p.313.repeat /ri’pi:t/ v. 重复；重做 p.414.note /nəut/ n. 笔记；记录 v. 注意；指出p.415.pal /pæl/ n. 朋友；伙伴p.416.pattern /’pætn/, /pætən/ n. 模式；方式p.417.physics /’fiziks/ n. 物理；物理学 p.418.chemistry /’kemistri/ n. 化学 p.419.memorize /’meməraiz/ 记忆；记住 p.420.pattern /’pætən/21.partner /’pa:(r)tnə (r)/ n. 搭档；同伴 p.522.pronounce /’prənauns/ v. 发音 p.523.increase /In’kri:s/ v. 增加；增长 p.524.speed /spi:d/ n. 速度 v.加速 p.525.born /bɔ:n/v. 出生；adj. 天生的26.be born with 天生具有27.ability /ə’biləti/ n. 能力；才能 p.628.brain /brein/ n. 大脑 p.629.active /’æktiv/ adj. 活跃的；积极的 p.630.attention /ə’tenʃn/ n. 注意；关注 p.631.pay attention to 注意；关注 p.632.connect /kə’nekt/ v.（使）连接；与⋯⋯有联系p.633.connect … with把⋯⋯和⋯⋯连接或联系起来 p.634.overnight /,əu və(r)’na it/adv. 一夜之间；在夜间 p.635.review /ri’vju:/ v. & n. 回顾；复习 p.636.knowledge /’nɔlidʒ/, n. 知识；学问p.637.lifelong /’laiflɔŋ/ 终身的；毕生的38.wisely /’waizli/ adv. 明智地；聪明地 p.639.Annie /æni/ 安妮（女名） p.240.Alexander Graham Bell 格雷厄姆•贝尔 p.6Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious!41.Mooncake /’mu:nkeik/ n。

化学类SCI期刊分区表及影响因子改

刊名简称刊名全称小类名称（中文）Chem Rev Chemical Reviews 化学评论美国化学综合Accounts Chem Res Accounts Of Chemical Research 化学研究述评美国化学综合Prog Polym Sci Progress In Polymer Science高分子科学Chem Soc Rev Chemical Society Reviews 化学会评论英国化学综合Aldrichim Acta Aldrichimica Acta有机化学Annu Rev Phys Chem Annual Review Of Physical Chemistry物理化学Surf Sci Rep Surface Science Reports物理化学Surf Sci Rep Surface Science Reports物理：凝聚态物理Angew Chem Int Edit Angewandte Chemie-International Edit德国应用化学化学综合Coordin Chem Rev Coordination Chemistry Reviews无机化学与核化学Nat Prod Rep Natural Product Reports医药化学Nat Prod Rep Natural Product Reports有机化学Nat Prod Rep Natural Product Reports生化与分子生物学Adv Catal Advances In Catalysis物理化学J Am Chem Soc Journal Of The American Chemical Soc美国化学会志化学综合Catal Rev Catalysis Reviews-Science And Enginee物理化学Int Rev Phys Chem International Reviews In Physical Chem物理化学J Photoch Photobio C Journal Of Photochemistry And Photob物理化学Adv Polym Sci Advances In Polymer Science高分子科学Anal Chem Analytical Chemistry分析化学Top Curr Chem Topics In Current Chemistry化学综合Trac-Trend Anal Chem Trac-Trends In Analytical Chemistry分析化学Chem-Eur J Chemistry-A European Journal 化学德国化学综合Adv Synth Catal Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis应用化学Adv Synth Catal Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis有机化学Chem Commun Chemical Communications 化学通讯英国化学综合Adv Organomet Chem Advances In Organometallic Chemistry无机化学与核化学Adv Organomet Chem Advances In Organometallic Chemistry有机金属化学进展美国有机化学Org Lett Organic Letters有机化学Curr Opin Colloid In Current Opinion In Colloid & Interface物理化学Faraday Discuss Faraday Discussions物理化学Green Chem Green Chemistry化学综合Struct Bond Structure And Bonding物理化学Struct Bond Structure And Bonding无机化学与核化学Adv Inorg Chem Advances In Inorganic Chemistry无机化学与核化学Cryst Growth Des Crystal Growth & Design晶体学Cryst Growth Des Crystal Growth & Design材料科学：综合Cryst Growth Des Crystal Growth & Design化学综合Chem-Asian J Chemistry-An Asian Journal化学综合J Comput Chem Journal Of Computational Chemistry化学综合J Phys Chem B Journal Of Physical Chemistry B物理化学J Chem Theory Comput 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Physics物理化学J Biol Inorg Chem Journal Of Biological Inorganic Chemis无机化学与核化学J Biol Inorg Chem Journal Of Biological Inorganic Chemis生化与分子生物学J Phys Chem C Journal Of Physical Chemistry C材料科学：综合J Phys Chem C Journal Of Physical Chemistry C物理化学J Phys Chem C Journal Of Physical Chemistry C纳米科技J Am Soc Mass Spectr Journal Of The American Society For M分析化学J Am Soc Mass Spectr Journal Of The American Society For M光谱学J Am Soc Mass Spectr Journal Of The American Society For M物理化学J Chem Inf Model Journal Of Chemical Information And 计算机：信息系统J Chem Inf Model Journal Of Chemical Information And 计算机：跨学科应用J Chem Inf Model Journal Of Chemical Information And 化学综合Dalton T Dalton Transactions无机化学与核化学Chem Rec Chemical Record化学综合Org Biomol Chem Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry有机化学Talanta Talanta分析化学J Comb Chem Journal Of Combinatorial Chemistry应用化学J Comb Chem Journal Of Combinatorial Chemistry化学综合J Comb Chem Journal Of Combinatorial Chemistry医药化学Anal Chim Acta Analytica Chimica Acta分析化学Polymer Polymer高分子科学Appl Catal A-Gen Applied Catalysis A-General环境科学Appl Catal A-Gen Applied Catalysis A-General物理化学J Mass Spectrom Journal Of Mass Spectrometry光谱学J Mass Spectrom Journal Of Mass Spectrometry生物物理J Mass Spectrom Journal Of Mass Spectrometry有机化学J Phys Chem Ref Data Journal Of Physical And Chemical Refe物理化学J Phys Chem Ref Data Journal Of Physical And Chemical Refe化学综合J Phys Chem Ref Data Journal Of Physical And Chemical Refe物理：综合J Phys Chem A Journal Of Physical Chemistry A物理：原子、分子和化学物理J Phys Chem A Journal Of Physical Chemistry A物理化学Anal Bioanal Chem Analytical And Bioanalytical Chemistry分析化学Anal Bioanal Chem Analytical And Bioanalytical Chemistry生化研究方法Mar Chem Marine Chemistry海洋学Mar Chem Marine Chemistry化学综合Eur J Org Chem European Journal Of Organic Chemistr有机化学Tetrahedron Tetrahedron有机化学Curr Org Synth Current Organic Synthesis有机化学Rapid Commun Mass Sp Rapid Communications In Mass Spectr分析化学Rapid Commun Mass Sp Rapid Communications In Mass Spectr光谱学Electroanal Electroanalysis分析化学Electroanal Electroanalysis电化学Synlett Synlett有机化学New J Chem New Journal Of Chemistry化学综合Crit Rev Anal Chem Critical Reviews In Analytical Chemistr分析化学Comment Inorg Chem Comments On Inorganic Chemistry无机化学与核化学Match-Communications In Mathematic数学跨学科应用Match-Commun Math CoMatch-Communications In Mathematic计算机：跨学科应用Match-Commun Math CoMatch-Communications In Mathematic化学综合Match-Commun Math CoJ Mol Catal A-Chem Journal Of Molecular Catalysis A-Chem物理化学Eur J Inorg Chem European Journal Of Inorganic Chemis无机化学与核化学Catal Today Catalysis Today工程：化工Catal Today Catalysis Today应用化学Catal Today Catalysis Today物理化学J Sep Sci Journal Of Separation Science分析化学Tetrahedron-Asymmetr Tetrahedron-Asymmetry物理化学Tetrahedron-Asymmetr Tetrahedron-Asymmetry无机化学与核化学Tetrahedron-Asymmetr Tetrahedron-Asymmetry 四面体英国有机化学Tetrahedron Lett Tetrahedron Letters 四面体通讯英国有机化学Micropor Mesopor Mat Microporous And Mesoporous Material材料科学：综合Micropor Mesopor Mat Microporous And Mesoporous Material应用化学Micropor Mesopor Mat Microporous And Mesoporous Material物理化学Micropor Mesopor Mat Microporous And Mesoporous Material纳米科技Adv Phys Org Chem Advances In Physical Organic Chemistr物理化学Adv Phys Org Chem Advances In Physical Organic Chemistr有机化学J Electroanal Chem Journal Of Electroanalytical Chemistry分析化学Eur J Med Chem European Journal Of Medicinal Chemis医药化学Theor Chem Acc Theoretical Chemistry Accounts物理化学Prog Solid State Ch Progress In Solid State Chemistry无机化学与核化学Ultrason Sonochem Ultrasonics Sonochemistry声学Ultrason Sonochem Ultrasonics Sonochemistry化学综合Catal Commun Catalysis Communications物理化学Synthesis-Stuttgart Synthesis-Stuttgart有机化学J Colloid Interf Sci Journal Of Colloid And Interface Scien物理化学Top Catal Topics In Catalysis应用化学Top Catal Topics In Catalysis物理化学Chem Phys Lett Chemical Physics Letters物理化学Chem Phys Lett Chemical Physics Letters物理：原子、分子和化学物理Adv Chromatogr Advances In Chromatography分析化学Aust J Chem Australian Journal Of Chemistry化学综合Comb Chem High T Scr C ombinatorial Chemistry & High 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Chemistry有机化学J Coord Chem Journal Of Coordination Chemistry无机化学与核化学J Theor Comput ChemJournal Of Theoretical & Computation化学综合Collect Czech Chem C Collection Of Czechoslovak Chemical C化学综合Quim Nova Quimica Nova化学综合E-Polymers E-Polymers高分子科学J Polym Res Journal Of Polymer Research高分子科学J Heterocyclic Chem Journal Of Heterocyclic Chemistry有机化学J Disper Sci Technol Journal Of Dispersion Science And Tec物理化学Acta Chromatogr Acta Chromatographica分析化学Z Naturforsch B Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section 无机化学与核化学Z Naturforsch B Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section 有机化学Int J Mol Sci International Journal Of Molecular Scie化学综合Chinese J Chem Chinese Journal Of Chemistry化学综合Acta Chim Sinica Acta Chimica Sinica化学综合J Macromol Sci A Journal Of Macromolecular Science-Pu高分子科学Nat Prod Res Natural Product Research医药化学Nat Prod Res Natural Product Research应用化学High Perform Polym High Performance Polymers高分子科学Phys Chem Liq Physics And Chemistry Of Liquids物理化学Phys Chem Liq Physics And Chemistry Of Liquids物理：凝聚态物理Org Prep Proced Int Organic Preparations And Procedures I有机化学Croat Chem Acta Croatica Chemica Acta化学综合Chinese J Org Chem Chinese Journal Of Organic Chemistry有机化学Polycycl Aromat CompPolycyclic Aromatic Compounds有机化学Des Monomers Polym Designed Monomers And Polymers高分子科学Chinese J Struc Chem Chinese Journal Of Structural Chemist晶体学Chinese J Struc Chem Chinese Journal Of Structural Chemist无机化学与核化学J Adv Oxid Technol Journal Of Advanced Oxidation Techno物理化学Cent Eur J Chem Central European Journal Of Chemistr化学综合Mendeleev Commun Mendeleev Communications化学综合J Syn Org Chem Jpn Journal Of Synthetic Organic Chemistr有机化学Iran Polym J Iranian Polymer Journal高分子科学Turk J Chem Turkish Journal Of Chemistry工程：化工Turk J Chem Turkish Journal Of Chemistry化学综合Isr J Chem Israel Journal Of Chemistry化学综合Chem J Chinese U Chemical Journal Of Chinese Universit化学综合J Chin Chem Soc-Taip Journal Of The Chinese Chemical Socie化学综合Beilstein J Org Chem Beilstein Journal Of Organic Chemistry有机化学Chinese J Polym 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Nuclea无机化学与核化学J Radioanal Nucl Ch Journal Of Radioanalytical And Nuclea分析化学J Radioanal Nucl Ch Journal Of Radioanalytical And Nuclea核科学技术Chem Anal-Warsaw Chemia Analityczna分析化学J Chil Chem Soc Journal Of The Chilean Chemical Socie化学综合Polym Sci Ser A+Polymer Science Series A高分子科学Acta Polym Sin Acta Polymerica Sinica高分子科学J Serb Chem Soc Journal Of The Serbian Chemical Socie化学综合Ionics Ionics电化学Ionics Ionics物理化学Ionics Ionics物理：凝聚态物理Russ J Org Chem+Russian Journal Of Organic Chemistry有机化学Prog Chem Progress In Chemistry化学综合High Energ Chem+High Energy Chemistry物理化学J Chem Educ Journal Of Chemical Education化学综合J Chem Educ Journal Of Chemical Education学科教育Russ Chem B+Russian Chemical Bulletin化学综合Chinese J Anal Chem Chinese Journal Of Analytical Chemistr分析化学Pol J Chem Polish Journal Of Chemistry化学综合Russ J Coord Chem+Russian Journal Of Coordination Chem无机化学与核化学Chem Pap Chemical Papers-Chemicke Zvesti化学综合Can J Anal Sci Spect Canadian Journal Of Analytical Science分析化学Can J Anal Sci Spect Canadian 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Inorganic Chemistr无机化学与核化学Chem Res Chinese U Chemical Research In Chinese Universi化学综合Chinese Chem Lett Chinese Chemical Letters化学综合Dokl Chem Doklady Chemistry化学综合Main Group Met Chem Main Group Metal Chemistry无机化学与核化学Main Group Met Chem Main Group Metal Chemistry有机化学Chem Unserer Zeit Chemie In Unserer Zeit化学综合Prog React Kinet Mec Progress In Reaction Kinetics And Mec物理化学J Indian Chem Soc Journal Of The Indian Chemical Societ化学综合Lc Gc N Am Lc Gc North America分析化学Bunseki Kagaku Bunseki Kagaku分析化学Rev Chim-Bucharest Revista De Chimie工程：化工Rev Chim-Bucharest Revista De Chimie化学综合Polym Sci Ser B+Polymer Science Series B高分子科学Indian J Heterocy Ch Indian Journal Of Heterocyclic Chemis有机化学Chem Ind-London Chemistry & Industry应用化学Oxid Commun Oxidation Communications化学综合Rev Roum Chim Revue Roumaine De Chimie化学综合Russ J Appl Chem+Russian Journal Of Applied Chemistry应用化学Asian J Chem Asian Journal Of Chemistry化学综合B Chem Soc Ethiopia Bulletin Of The Chemical Society Of Et化学综合Afinidad Afinidad化学综合J Autom Method Manag J ournal Of Automated Methods & Man分析化学J Autom Method Manag J ournal Of Automated Methods & Man仪器仪表Kobunshi Ronbunshu Kobunshi Ronbunshu高分子科学J Chem Soc Pakistan Journal Of The Chemical Society Of Pa化学综合J Chem Res-S Journal Of Chemical Research-S化学综合Actual Chimique Actualite Chimique化学综合Russ J Phys Chem B+Russian Journal Of Physical Chemistry物理：原子、分子和化学物理Chem Phys Carbon Chemistry And Physics Of Carbon物理化学Chem Phys Carbon Chemistry And Physics Of Carbon能源与燃料Chem Phys Carbon Chemistry And Physics Of Carbon工程：化工J Appl Crystallogr Journal Of Applied Crystallography晶体学Acta Crystallogr B Acta Crystallographica Section B-Struc晶体学Acta Crystallogr A Acta Crystallographica Section A晶体学J Cryst Growth Journal Of Crystal Growth晶体学Liq Cryst Liquid Crystals晶体学Cryst Res Technol Crystal Research And Technology晶体学Acta Crystallogr C Acta Crystallographica Section C-Cryst晶体学Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystal晶体学Acta Crystallogr E Acta Crystallographica Section E-Struc晶体学Crystallogr Rep+Crystallography Reports晶体学Z Krist-New Cryst St Zeitschrift Fur Kristallographie-New C晶体学小类名称（英文）小类分区大类分区2008年影响因子2007年影响因子2006年影响因子2008年平均影响因子Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 1123.59222.75726.05424.13433Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 1112.17616.21417.11315.16767Polymer Science 1116.81912.80914.81814.81533Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 1117.41913.08213.6914.73033Chemistry, Organic 1116.73311.92910.69213.118Chemistry, Physical 1114.6889.43911.2511.79233Chemistry, Physical 1112.80811.9239.30411.345Physics, Condensed Matter 1112.80811.9239.30411.345Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 1110.87910.03110.23210.38067Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear 1110.5668.5688.8159.316333Chemistry, Medicinal 117.457.6678.8898.002Chemistry, Organic 117.457.6678.8898.002Biochemistry & Molecular Biolo 217.457.6678.8898.002Chemistry, Physical 11 4.8127.66711.257.909667Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 218.0917.8857.6967.890667Chemistry, Physical 11 5.625 6.3339.2227.06Chemistry, Physical 21 6.8928.121 6.0367.016333Chemistry, Physical 21 5.36 5.7317.32 6.137Polymer Science 12 6.802 5.93 4.284 5.672Chemistry, Analytical 12 5.712 5.287 5.646 5.548333Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 5.27 6.394 4.789 5.484333Chemistry, Analytical 12 5.485 5.827 5.068 5.46Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 5.454 5.33 5.015 5.266333Chemistry, Applied 12 5.619 4.977 4.762 5.119333Chemistry, Organic 12 5.619 4.977 4.762 5.119333Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 5.34 5.141 4.521 5.000667Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear 12 3.571 4.176 6.85 4.865667Chemistry, Organic 22 3.571 4.176 6.85 4.865667Chemistry, Organic 22 5.128 4.802 4.659 4.863Chemistry, Physical 22 5.493 4.354 4.63 4.825667Chemistry, Physical 22 4.6045 4.731 4.778333Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 4.542 4.836 4.192 4.523333Chemistry, Physical 22 6.511 4.041 2.893 4.481667Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear 22 6.511 4.041 2.893 4.481667Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear 22 4.214 4.6 3.792 4.202Crystallography 12 4.215 4.046 4.339 4.2Materials Science, Multidisciplin22 4.215 4.046 4.339 4.2Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 4.215 4.046 4.339 4.2Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 4.19700 4.197Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 32 3.39 4.297 4.893 4.193333Chemistry, Physical 22 4.189 4.086 4.115 4.13Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 32 4.274 4.308 3.627 4.069667Chemistry, Physical32 5.333 3.074 3.79 4.065667 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear22 4.147 4.123 3.911 4.060333 Chemistry, Physical32 4.097 4.009 3.902 4.002667 Polymer Science22 4.146 4.169 3.664 3.993 Chemistry, Organic22 4.146 4.169 3.664 3.993 Biochemistry & Molecular Biolo32 4.146 4.169 3.664 3.993 Chemistry, Organic22 3.952 3.959 3.79 3.900333 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear22 3.815 3.833 3.632 3.76 Chemistry, Organic22 3.815 3.833 3.632 3.76 Chemistry, Analytical22 3.756 3.641 3.554 3.650333 Biochemical Research Methods22 3.756 3.641 3.554 3.650333 Chemistry, Analytical22 4.028 3.269 3.63 3.642333 Spectroscopy22 4.028 3.269 3.63 3.642333 Polymer Science22 3.821 3.529 3.405 3.585 Crystallography22 3.535 3.468 3.729 3.577333 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary32 3.535 3.468 3.729 3.577333 Physics, Atomic, Molecular & C12 3.636 3.502 3.449 3.529 Chemistry, Physical32 3.636 3.502 3.449 3.529 Chemistry, Analytical22 3.761 3.553 3.198 3.504 Chemistry, Organic22 3.184 3.961 3.232 3.459 Physics, Atomic, Molecular & C22 4.064 3.343 2.892 3.433 Chemistry, Physical32 4.064 3.343 2.892 3.433 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear22 3.6 3.325 3.303 3.409333 Biochemistry & Molecular Biolo32 3.6 3.325 3.303 3.409333 Materials Science, Multidisciplin22 3.39600 3.396 Chemistry, Physical32 3.39600 3.396 Nanoscience & Nanotechnology32 3.39600 3.396 Chemistry, Analytical22 3.181 3.664 3.307 3.384 Spectroscopy22 3.181 3.664 3.307 3.384 Chemistry, Physical32 3.181 3.664 3.307 3.384 Computer Science, Information 12 3.643 2.986 3.423 3.350667 Computer Science, Interdisciplin22 3.643 2.986 3.423 3.350667 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary32 3.643 2.986 3.423 3.350667 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear22 3.58 3.212 3.012 3.268 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 3.477 2.641 3.583 3.233667 Chemistry, Organic23 3.55 3.167 2.874 3.197 Chemistry, Analytical23 3.206 3.374 2.81 3.13 Chemistry, Applied13 3.011 3.154 3.153 3.106 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 3.011 3.154 3.153 3.106 Chemistry, Medicinal33 3.011 3.154 3.153 3.106 Chemistry, Analytical23 3.146 3.186 2.894 3.075333 Polymer Science23 3.331 3.065 2.773 3.056333 Environmental Sciences23 3.19 3.166 2.63 2.995333Chemistry, Physical33 3.19 3.166 2.63 2.995333 Spectroscopy23 2.94 3.062 2.945 2.982333 Biophysics33 2.94 3.062 2.945 2.982333 Chemistry, Organic33 2.94 3.062 2.945 2.982333 Chemistry, Physical33 2.424 3.333 3.083 2.946667 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 2.424 3.333 3.083 2.946667 Physics, Multidisciplinary33 2.424 3.333 3.083 2.946667 Physics, Atomic, Molecular & C23 2.871 2.918 3.047 2.945333 Chemistry, Physical33 2.871 2.918 3.047 2.945333 Chemistry, Analytical23 3.328 2.867 2.591 2.928667 Biochemical Research Methods33 3.328 2.867 2.591 2.928667 Oceanography23 2.977 3.085 2.663 2.908333 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 2.977 3.085 2.663 2.908333 Chemistry, Organic33 3.016 2.914 2.769 2.899667 Chemistry, Organic33 2.897 2.869 2.817 2.861 Chemistry, Organic33 2.61 2.8443 2.818 Chemistry, Analytical23 2.772 2.971 2.68 2.807667 Spectroscopy33 2.772 2.971 2.68 2.807667 Chemistry, Analytical23 2.901 2.949 2.444 2.764667 Electrochemistry33 2.901 2.949 2.444 2.764667 Chemistry, Organic33 2.659 2.763 2.838 2.753333 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 2.942 2.651 2.647 2.746667 Chemistry, Analytical33 3.5 2.973 1.656 2.709667 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear332 2.1184 2.706 Mathematics, Interdisciplinary A13 3.5 2.582 2.693333 Computer Science, Interdisciplin23 3.5 2.582 2.693333 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 3.5 2.582 2.693333 Chemistry, Physical33 2.814 2.707 2.511 2.677333 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear33 2.694 2.597 2.704 2.665 Engineering, Chemical13 3.004 2.764 2.148 2.638667 Chemistry, Applied23 3.004 2.764 2.148 2.638667 Chemistry, Physical33 3.004 2.764 2.148 2.638667 Chemistry, Analytical33 2.746 2.632 2.535 2.637667 Chemistry, Physical33 2.796 2.634 2.468 2.632667 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear33 2.796 2.634 2.468 2.632667 Chemistry, Organic33 2.796 2.634 2.468 2.632667 Chemistry, Organic33 2.538 2.615 2.509 2.554 Materials Science, Multidisciplin23 2.555 2.21 2.796 2.520333 Chemistry, Applied23 2.555 2.21 2.796 2.520333 Chemistry, Physical33 2.555 2.21 2.796 2.520333 Nanoscience & Nanotechnology33 2.555 2.21 2.796 2.520333 Chemistry, Physical33 1.833 2.6673 2.5 Chemistry, Organic33 1.833 2.6673 2.5。

5.CHEMICAL REVIEW

Hydrogen Production Reactions from Carbon Feedstocks:Fossil Fuels and BiomassR.M.Navarro,M.A.Pen˜a,and J.L.G.Fierro*Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica,CSIC,Cantoblanco,28049Madrid,SpainReceived December1,2006Contents1.Introduction39522.Reactions with Carbon Dioxide and CarbonMonoxide Coproduction39542.1.Steam Re-forming39542.1.1.Methane39542.1.2.Liquid Hydrocarbons39582.1.3.Methanol39602.2.Catalytic Partial Oxidation39612.2.1.Methane39612.2.2.Liquid Hydrocarbons39642.2.3.Methanol39642.3.Autothermal Re-forming39662.3.1.Methane39662.3.2.Liquid Hydrocarbons39672.3.3.Methanol39672.4.Gasification of Coal and Heavy Hydrocarbons39682.4.1.Chemistry39682.4.2.Gasification with Simultaneous CO2Capture3968mercialization Status of Fuel Re-formers39692.5.1.Steam Methane Re-formers39692.5.2.Partial Oxidation,Autothermal,andMethanol Re-formers39702.5.3.Novel Re-former Technologies39713.Carbon Dioxide-free Reactions39713.1.Methane Decomposition39713.1.1.Catalysts39723.1.2.Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration39723.2.Theoretical Analysis of MethaneDecomposition on Metal Surfaces39733.3.Methane Aromatization39743.3.1.Catalysts39743.3.2.Reaction Mechanism39753.3.3.Coke Formation39754.Carbon Dioxide Neutral Alternatives39764.1.Biomass Conversion39764.1.1.Steam/Oxygen Gasification39764.1.2.Gasification in Supercritical Water39774.1.3.Gasification with Simultaneous CO2Capture39794.2.Re-forming of Biomass-Derived Products39794.2.1.Ethanol39794.2.2.Sugars39815.Secondary Reactions in Hydrogen ProductionSchemes39825.1.Hydrogen Production from CO39825.1.1.Water Gas Shift Reaction39825.2.CO Removal Reactions39845.2.1.Preferential CO Oxidation39856.Future Opportunities39857.Acknowledgments39878.References3987 1.IntroductionHydrogen is one of the most common elements in Earth’s crust,but it does not occur to a significant extent in elemental form.It is mostly present in water,biomass,and fossil hydrocarbons.Hydrogen is considered as a nonpolluting, inexhaustible,efficient,and cost-attractive energy carrier for the future.Hydrogen gas is a versatile energy carrier that is currently produced from a variety of primary sources such as natural gas,naphtha,heavy oil,methanol,biomass,wastes, coal,solar,wind,and nuclear.1-4It is a clean energy carrier because the chemical energy stored in the H-H bond is released when it combines with oxygen,yielding only water as the reaction product,althought nitrogen oxides(NO x)can also form during high-temperature combustion in air.Ac-cordingly,a future energy infrastructure based on hydrogen has been perceived as an ideal long-term solution to energy-related environmental problems.5,6It is generally understood that the renewable energy-based processes of hydrogen production(solar photochemical and photobiological water decomposition,electrolysis of water coupled with photovoltaic cells or wind turbines,etc.)would be unlikely to yield significant reductions in hydrogen costs in the next few years.Industry generates some48million metric tons of hydrogen globally each year from fossil fuels. Almost half of this hydrogen goes into making ammonia,7a major component of fertilizers and a familiar ingredient in household cleaners.Refineries use the second largest amount of hydrogen for chemical processes such as removing sulfur from gasoline and converting heavy hydrocarbons into gasoline or diesel fuel.Food producers use a small percentage of hydrogen to add to some edible oils through a catalytic hydrogenation process.8,9The demand for hydrogen in the next decade,both for traditional uses,such as making ammonia,and for running fuel cells,is expected to grow.10,11In fact,many car manufacturers already have produced prototype vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells.At least in the near future, this thirst for hydrogen will be quenched primarily through*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed(fax+34915854760;e-mail jlgfierro@icp.csic.es).3952Chem.Rev.2007,107,3952−399110.1021/cr0501994CCC:$65.00©2007American Chemical SocietyPublished on Web08/23/2007the use of fossil fuels.To make hydrogen,industry uses steam methane re-forming(SMR),which is the most widely used and most economical process.12Although SMR is a complex process involving many different catalytic steps, as long as natural gas(or CH4)remains at low or even moderate cost,including the advent of a carbon tax,SMR will continue to be the technology of choice for massive production of H2.Over several decades of developments in catalyst technology,substantial improvements have been introduced.The SMR process also gives off carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide,the primary greenhouse gas.Although this approach generates pollution,these gases are released in a potentially more manageable way rather than in the case of billions of automobile engines.A novel re-forming technology,the membrane reactor(MR),is currently being developed13and promises economic small-scale hydrogen production combined with inexpensive CO2capture because of the high concentration and pressure of the exiting gas stream.14This could avoid a dedicated hydrogen infrastruc-ture,facilitate CO2capture at small scale,and thus,possibly, contribute to a more rapid cut in greenhouse gas emissions. Because it is expected that significant development of a hydrogen transportation infrastructure will not occur within the next decade,15the time frame of this study is the medium-term future(2015-2025).Nonetheless,shedding the habit of fossil fuel entirely is the only way a wholesale shift to hydrogen will work in the long term.One approach to this goal is to apply steam re-forming methods to alternative renewable materials.Such materials might be derived from plant crops,agricultural residues,woody biomass,etc.Not only do these biomass conversion schemes turn low-value feedstocks into a valuable product,but carbon dioxide released in the processes is slowly recycled by the planting of new crops to provide the needed biomass,even though time constants of the carbonRufino M.Navarro received his bachelor’s degree in industrial chemistry at the Complutense University of Madrid,Spain,in1992.He started his research in applied catalysis at the Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry in1994.He obtained his doctor of chemistry degree from the Autonomous University of Madrid in1998with a dissertation on the development of catalysts for deep hydrodesulfurization of diesel fuels under the direction of Prof.J.L.G.Fierro and Dr.B.Garcia Pawelec.After receiving his Ph.D.degree,he was recruited as a postdoctoral fellow in the Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie(CNRS,Caen,France,1998−1999)with Dr. J.Leglise.At the end of this period he was appointed as a postdoctoral associate of the Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry,where he focused on hydrogen production from hydrocarbons and low molecular alcohols using traditional technologies.He assumed his current position of tenure scientist at the Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemisty in2006.His research activities focus on heterogeneous catalysis applied to clean energy production:fuel hydrotreatments,hydrodesulfurization,hydrogena-tion of aromatics,hydrogen production,re-forming of hydrocarbons and alcohols,water gas shift,and preferential oxidation of CO.Miguel A.Pen˜a received his M.Sc.in chemistry in1985from the Complutense University of Madrid,Spain.He obtained his Ph.D.in chemistry in1990at the same university,working under the supervision of Dr.L.Gonza´lez Tejuca and Prof.J.L.G.Fierro at the Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry(CSIC).From1990to1993,he was working under contract in a project of oxidative coupling of methane funded by REPSOL(the largest Spanish oil and petrochemistry company).At the end of this period,he took a staff position of researcher at the Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry,which is his current status.In1996−1997he was a Visiting Scholar in the group of Prof.A.Varma,at the University of Notre Dame(USA).Currently,he is secretary of the Hydrogen Spanish Association.His research interests are focused mainly in catalytic processes for clean energy production,specifically in catalytic applications of perovskite oxides(Ph.D.dissertation),natural gas conversion,catalytic combustion,C1chemistry,catalytic membrane reactors,hydrogen produc-tion,and fuel cell catalysts.He has published50papers,is the co-inventor of five patents,and has made30presentations at symposia and conferences.Jose L.G.Fierro was graduated in chemistry from the University of Oviedo (Spain)in1973and received his Ph.D.degree in chemistry from the Complutense University of Madrid(Spain)in1976.He developed postdoctoral positions in the Department of Surface Chemistry at the Universite´Pierre et Marie Curie,Paris(France),and in the Department of Chemistry of Cork University,Cork(Ireland),and took a sabbatical leave in the Groupe of Physico-Chimie Mine´rale et de Catalyse of the Universite´Catholique de Louvain,Louvain-la-Neuve(Belgium).In1988 he reached the position of professor in the Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry(CSIC).His activities cover different fields of catalysis such as natural gas conversion,selective oxidations of paraffins and olefins, synfuels,environmental catalysis,catalytic combustion,surface chemistry, heteroatom removal and dearomatization of petroleum feedstocks,catalyst preparation,hydrogen production,high-temperature chemistry,and chemi-cal and physical characterization of solid catalysts.His scientific achieve-ments are compiled in730papers spread in prestigious refereed journals, 12reviews,8books(editor and/or coauthor),and20patents.He has been invited to more than200plenary lectures,seminars,and conferences in refining and petrochemical companies,specialized symposia,and public and private organizations all around the world.Hydrogen Production Reactions from Carbon Feedstocks Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.103953cycle are different.A biomass strategy of hydrogen genera-tion could be a useful intermediate step between the current fossil fuel method and the dream of efficient water splitting. Still,any realistic contender for hydrogen generation must first suppress the re-forming of fossil fuel as the cheapest and most efficient process.Despite the compelling attractiveness of hydrogen,the realization of a hydrogen economy faces many challenges. Perhaps the most important one is the near absence of large-scale supporting infrastructure for hydrogen distribution. Interest in hydrogen grew after World War I,but it was in 1970that General Motors engineers coined the term“hy-drogen economy”.16Recently,many worldwide agencies have described hydrogen as the future fuel of choice.17The International Energy Agency described a Hydrogen Program with detailed development activities.The report describes technical options for small-scale production of hydrogen via steam re-forming of natural gas or liquid fuels.Its focus is on small stationary systems that produce pure hydrogen at refueling stations for hydrogen-fueled vehicles.18,19 Although hydrogen production and storage/distribution infrastructures are commercially available in chemical and refining industries around the world,existing conversion and storage technologies are too expensive for widespread use in energy schemes.Finally,as a general rule,the existing energy policies do not promote consideration of environ-mental and security costs of energy that would facilitate wider use of hydrogen.Developing hydrogen as a realistic, viable energy option will require an unprecedented level of sustained and coordinated activities at different levels.This area remains a fertile ground for improvements.As can be seen in the sections below,recent important approaches to hydrogen production involve methane decomposition,partial oxidation,and CO2re-forming of methane,together with the re-forming of low molecular weight alcohols such as methanol and ethanol.There are a few relatively complete reviews covering this field.1-3A review in2002by Rostrup-Nielsen et al.20provided a coherent description of the catalysis of the re-forming reactions.More recently,Ross21 summarized the steam re-forming and CO2re-forming reactions,discussing some catalysts developed for these reactions.2.Reactions with Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide Coproduction2.1.Steam Re-formingThe steam re-forming of hydrocarbon feedstocks(eq1) has for many decades been the preferred method used industrially for the production of hydrogen either as a pure gas or as a reactant for the production of ammonia or methanol.20,22Generally,the steam re-forming process in-volves two reactions,namely,the splitting of hydrocarbons with steam(eq1)and the water gas shift(WGS)(eq2):23The steam re-forming process has been practiced since1930. The first plant using light alkanes as feed began operation in1930at Standard Oil Co.in the United States and6years later at ICI in Billingham,England.22In the United States,where natural gas was available,methane steam re-forming had been performed.By contrast,in Europe during the1950s, light naphtha became the most economic ter, however,the discovery of natural gas reserves in The Netherlands and under the North Sea changed the feedstock situation.Due to its importance,substantial improvements have been introduced over the years,and research on catalysts,reactor materials,fluidodynamics,and heat trans-port continues.2.1.1.Methane2.1.1.1.Reaction and Mechanisms.The transformation of methane to hydrogen has been a challenging task because methane is extremely difficult to activate.Among hydro-carbons,the methane molecule has the largest H/C ratio(H/C )4),substantially higher than that of n-heptane(H/C)2.3),the boiling point of which falls in the range of gasoline hydrocarbons,and much higher than that of a highly condensed polyaromatic structure such as coronene(H/C)0.5)(Figure1).The methane molecule is very stable,witha C-H bond energy of439kJ/mol;hence,methane is resistant to many reactants.In the methane molecule the sp3 hybridization of the atomic orbitals of carbon makes the carbon-hydrogen bonds very strong.Methane is readily activated by group8,9,and10metals and is oxidized to give syngas(CO+H2)first and then hydrogen after WGS and CO2removal.Syngas is cooled and then shifted in the WGS reactor.In older plants,CO2is subsequently removed by means of a chemical absorption unit.Modern hydrogen plants apply pressure swing adsorption(PSA)to separate hydrogen from the other components,which produces higher quality hydrogen(99.999%against95-98%for scrubbing systems)at feedstock pressure(ca.25bar).24The integration of ceramic ion transport membranes with re-formers opens new possibilities for highly efficient and low-cost hydrogen production with CO2capture in the long term.25The SMR reaction(eq1)is highly endothermic and favored at lower pressures.The steam re-forming catalystsC n H m+n H2O f n CO+(n+m/2)H2for n)1:∆H°298K)+206.2kJ/mol(1) CO+H2O f CO2+H2∆H°298K)-41.2kJ/mol(2)Figure1.H/C atomic ratios in different hydrogen-containing molecules.3954Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.10Navarro etal.usually contain nickel as the major metallic component.The noble metal catalysts were first used for steam re-forming,but the cost makes their use prohibitive.For these systems,the catalytic activity depends on the metal area,and their properties are dictated by the severe operating conditions such as temperatures in the range of 700-1250K and steam partial pressures of up to 30bar.The actual activity of the catalyst is not,in general,a limiting factor.Thus,a typical nickel catalyst is characterized by a turnover frequency (TOF)of ca.0.5s -1at 723K under conditions approaching industrial practice,which corresponds to CH 4conversions around 10%.The main barrier of the steam re-forming reaction is thermodynamics,which determines very high conversions only at temperatures above 1170K.In practice,a significant part of the catalyst loaded into the tubes of the re-former is poorly utilized.The catalyst activity is important but not decisive,with the heat transfer coefficient of the internal tube wall being the rate-limiting parameter.22Kinetics of methane steam re-forming catalysis are re-ported and summarized by Rostrup-Nielsen et al.22and Wei and Iglesia,26who concluded that CH 4reaction rates are limited solely by C -H bond activation steps and unaffected by the identity or concentration of co-reactants.According to these studies the following mechanism was proposed:In eqs 3a -3g *denotes a Ni surface atom.According to this mechanism,H 2O reacts with surface Ni atoms,providing adsorbed oxygen and gaseous hydrogen;methane adsorbs dissociatively on the Ni surface,forming a methyl group that undergoes further stepwise dehydrogenation steps.CH -species formed in this way react with adsorbed oxygen and finally yield gaseous CO and H 2.2.1.1.2.Carbon Formation.In the production of H 2from methane,carbon formation usually takes place in the form of fibers or filaments with a small Ni particle at the top of each fiber.3,27Carbon formation may lead to breakdown of the catalyst together with carbon deposits and degradation of the catalysts.There are two major reactions for carbon formation:The tendency to form carbon on the catalyst surface depends on reaction kinetics,process conditions,and re-former design.3,22These C-forming reactions are carefully balanced by C-consuming reactions (C +CO 2f 2CO and C +H 2O f CO +H 2),which in turn also depend on the kinetic process conditions and reactor design (Figure 2).At low temperatures,the activated Ni catalyst is covered by ahydrocarbon layer,which slowly degrades into a polymeric film,blocking the nickel surface.At high temperatures,ethylene from the pyrolysis of higher hydrocarbons produces pyrolytic coke,which encapsulates the catalyst particles.Whisker carbon is the most common form of carbon produced during the steam re-forming.22Nickel carbide is not stable under SMR conditions.As a consequence,carbon nucleates in the form of filaments after an induction period,and then the carbon filament grows at a constant rate (Figure 3).The importance of step sites on the catalyst surface for the nucleation of carbon was recently confirmed by in situ investigations by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM).These indicate the segregation of carbon when the formation of filaments takes place at specific sites on the nickel surface.20The size of Ni particles has a direct implication on the nucleation of carbon.The initiation of carbon formation is retarded on the smaller nickel crystallites,as demonstrated by thermogravimetric experiments with two Ni catalysts having the same activity but different metal dispersions.28The rate of carbon formation was lower on noble metals than on nickel,29and this behavior appears to be related to the difficulty of noble metals to dissolve carbon in the bulk.30The carbon formed on the surface of noble metals is almost indistinguishable from the catalyst particles.High-resolution TEM images taken from a ruthenium catalyst employed in the SMR reaction reveal a structure in which a few carbon layers are deposited on the surface of the Ru particles.29Several approaches can be followed to minimize coke formation on Ni or other metal surfaces.The first rests on the ensemble size control.31The formation of carbon s either dissolved in or deposited on the nickel s must require the polymerization of monoatomic carbon species (C R ),whereas gasification involves only one of such species.The formation of more than one species demands more surface sites.Because the SMR requires the dissociation of methane toH 2O(g)+*f O*(a)+H 2(g)(3a)CH 4(g)+2*f CH 3*(a)+H*(a)(3b)CH 3*(a)+*f CH 2*(a)+H*(a)(3c)CH 2*(a)+*f CH*(a)+H*(a)(3d)CH*(a)+O*(a)f CO*(a)+H*(a)(3e)CO*(a)f CO(g)+*(3f)2H*(a)f H 2(g)+2*(3g)2CO f C +CO 2∆H °298K )-172.5kJ/mol (4)CH 4f C +2H 2∆H °298K )+74.9kJ/mol(5)Figure 2.Carbon formation and gasification routes during the steam re-forming of methane.Adapted with permission from ref 23.Copyright 1997ElsevierB.V.Figure3.Schematic illustration of the process by which carbon whiskers are formed at the nickel particle during steam re-forming.Hydrogen Production Reactions from Carbon Feedstocks Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.103955form a carbonaceous intermediate,coke formation would require an ensemble of surface sites that would be larger than that required for the re-forming reaction.Following this reasoning,it was inferred that by controlling the number of sites in a given ensemble it may be possible to minimize coke formation while maintaining the re-forming reaction. The basis of the ensemble size control lies in the work of Alstrup and Andersen32on sulfur adsorption on nickel.Those authors found that the grid sulfur did not coincide with the nickel atoms placed in the topmost layer of nickel crystallites. Adsorption of sulfur on the catalyst surface thus delineates ensembles of sites,with the critical size being reached at sulfur coverage above0.7.Under these conditions,the rate of the steam re-forming reaction was decreased but coke formation was almost eliminated.Although sulfur adsorption is strong,it is diminished during reaction.As a result,it is necessary to add small amounts of a sulfur-producing gas to the feed.The second approach to the control of coke formation is to prevent carbide formation.33The electronic structure of carbon is similar to that of sulfur and the tetra-and pentavalent p metals(Ge,Sn,and Pb or As,Sb,and Bi). The tetra-or pentavalent metals could also interact with Ni 3d electrons,thereby limiting the possibility of nickel carbide formation.33Alloy formation reduces carbide formation but is undesirable as active sites on the surface of nickel crystallites are lost.However,carbide formation can be developed only on the surface layer,and as a result an alloy formed at the surface layer should be preferred.On the basis of these ideas,Trimm33studied the effect of small amounts of dopants on the catalytic and coking behavior of nickel catalysts.The effect of tin on steam re-forming was small for Sn levels below1.75%,whereas coke formation was significantly reduced even by the addition of0.5%Sn.It is clear that the addition of small amounts of dopant does substantially reduce coking while having little influence on the rate of the steam re-forming reaction.Alloying nickel with copper can also reduce carbon formation,34but it is not feasible to reach the required high surface coverage of copper atoms,as occurs with sulfur atoms,to remove carbon deposition.The formation of a stable alloy between nickel and tin,35or nickel and rhenium,36also appears to be responsible for the reduction in carbon formation.All of these studies have shed some light on the improvement of catalyst performance in the steam re-forming reactions.However, additional work is required to understand the promoting effects of various oxides and to discern whether or not the promoters decorate the surface of nickel crystallites.2.1.1.3.Promoter Effects.The catalysts are promoted to reduce the risk of carbon formation.Several recent investiga-tions have reported the effect of catalyst composition on the activation of methane.Upon looking at the degree of dehydrogenation of CH x species(measured by the number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom)on several metals,it was observed that x was larger for nickel than for cobalt catalysts and also larger for magnesia-supported than for silica-supported catalysts.37Kinetics experiments revealed that MgO and alkali dissociate steam,which then transfers to the nickel particles through a spillover mechanism.22A similar conclusion was reached from isotope-exchange experiments,38which demonstrated that the enhanced adsorp-tion of water on magnesia support leading to improved resistance to carbon formation is by nature a dynamic effect. The spillover of water probably takes place through OH groups instead of molecular water.In favor of this possibility, in a recent study on Ni/MgO and Ni/TiO2catalysts Bradford and Vannice39concluded that surface hydroxyl groups, located on the support surface,react with the CH x fragments adsorbed on the nickel surface to yield a formate-type intermediate which decomposes into H2and CO.These authors also suggested that the support may serve as a sink for surface hydroxyl groups and that the active site for CH x O formation and subsequent decomposition may be at the metal-support interface.Activation barriers were found to be higher on Ni/TiO2after significant time on-stream,and this was attributed to a geometric site blockage mechanism whereby migrating TiO x moieties or inactive carbon deposits break up the large site ensembles on the nickel surface needed for CH4dissociation.The use of supports able to release bulk oxygen such as yttria-stabilized zirconia indi-cates that a spillover of lattice oxygen may be involved in the re-forming reaction.402.1.1.4.CO2(Dry)Re-forming.At the beginning of the past decade interest arose in so-called“dry re-forming”,the re-forming of methane to syngas using CO2as a reactant41 (eq6).Carbon dioxide re-forming is typically influenced by the simultaneous occurrence of the reverse water gas shift (RWGS)reaction(eq7),which results in H2/CO ratios of less than unity.This reaction had been first studied by Fischer and Tropsch in1928.42In a series of papers in the1960s,Bodrov et al.43 had also demonstrated that the steam re-forming and CO2 re-forming reactions over Ni materials had very similar kinetics and mechanisms.The reaction is notoriously prone to giving carbon deposition,the chemical potential for carbon deposition for the stoichiometric dry re-forming reaction being significantly higher than that in the equivalent steam re-forming reaction.44The renewed interest in the early1990s arose because several catalysts(e.g.,noble metals supported on alumina45)were reported to be effective for the reaction without exhibiting the serious problems of carbon deposition found with the more conventional catalysts such as Ni supported on alumina.Most of the papers related to CO2 re-forming were introduced with the argument that the discovery of an effective catalyst would lead to a solution to the greenhouse effect.This is untrue because at the end, after the shift reaction,1mol of CO2consumed yields2 mol of CO2(eq6).Nevertheless,the research led to a new understanding both of the conditions under which dry re-forming or a combination of dry re-forming and steam re-forming could be carried out and of the catalysts to be used. The active catalysts,the reaction mechanisms,and the deactivation processes are similar for steam re-forming and dry re-forming reactions of methane.41,46The conversion of methane is restricted by the thermodynamics of re-forming reaction.The calculated thermodynamic conversion of methane for various CO2/CH4ratios as a function of temperature is shown in Figure4.21Assuming that the ratio chosen for operation will be close to unity,it can be seen that reasonable conversions will be achieved only at high temperatures(above ca.1120K).The reaction is more endothermic than steam re-forming and must be carried out at high temperature and low pressure to achieve maximum CH4+CO2f2CO+2H2∆H°298K)+247.4kJ/mol(6)CO2+H2f CO+H2O∆H°298K)+41.2kJ/mol(7)3956Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.10Navarro et al.conversion.Nickel30,47and noble metals30,48,49are active for the dry re-forming.In addition,perovskite oxides50,51and transition metal carbides(especially Mo)have been con-sidered for CO2re-forming,52-54although under reaction conditions the later systems seem to be stable only at high pressure.Several attempts have been made to understand the mechanism of CH4re-forming with CO2on group8,9,and 10metals.Most of these employ supported platinum catalysts because Pt appears to be one of the most active and stable metals for these reactions.55-57Platinum supported on zirconia,for instance,has been used for the dry re-forming of CH4for500h without detectable deactivation.57,58 Recently,Wei and Iglesia59reported an isotopic tracer and kinetic study aimed at probing the identity and reversibility of the elementary steps required for H2O and CO2re-forming of CH4on supported Pt clusters and to demonstrate the mechanistic equivalence for H2O and CO2re-forming and CH4decomposition reactions.Re-forming rates were limited by C-H bond activation of CH4molecule on essentially uncovered Pt crystallite surface unaffected by the concentra-tion or reactivity of CO2co-reactant.Kinetic isotopic effects appeared to be consistent with the sole kinetic relevance of C-H bond activation(k H/k D)1.58-1.77at873K).These isotope effects and measured activation energies were similar for H2O re-forming,CO2re-forming,and CH4decomposition reactions.CH4/CD4cross-exchange rates are much smaller than the rate of methane conversion in the CO2and H2O re-forming reactions,and thus C-H bond activation steps are irreversible.For the supported platinum catalysts,turnover frequencies (TOF)for H2O and CO2re-forming and CH4decomposition increase with increasing platinum dispersion,suggesting that coordinative unsaturated surface Pt atoms,present in small crystallites,are more reactive than Pt atoms in a low index surface for C-H bond activation.Platinum dispersion,but not TOF,is influenced by the type of support(Al2O3,ZrO2, Zr1-x Ce x O).59This indicates that co-reactant activation on supports,if it occurs,is not kinetically relevant.The rates of structure-insensitive CO oxidation reaction are found to be similar before and after CH4re-forming,and hence this latter reaction does not influence the number of exposed Pt atoms via coverage or sintering by unreactive chemisorbed species.These mechanistic conclusions and metal dispersion effects appear to apply generally to CH4reactions on group 8,9,and10metals,59but the reactivity of surface Pt atoms in C-H bond activation reactions is greater than for similar crystallite size of other metals.Others have proposed that in the mechanism for CO2re-forming,CH4and CO2are activated in different ways, depending on active metal.60-62Schuurman et al.60studied Ni and Ru supported on SiO2and Al2O3by temporal analysis of products(TAP).CH4is activated by decomposition in both metals,producing H2and adsorbed carbon.However, the behavior of CO2is different on each metal.CO2is adsorbed on Ni,yielding CO and adsorbed oxygen;O ads and C ads react later via a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism to form CO:this is the rate-determining step.Nevertheless, on Ru,CO2reacts directly with C ads(Eley-Rideal mecha-nism)to produce CO.No adsorbed oxygen is present in this case,and the rate-determining step is the adsorption of methane.Other authors61-63also postulated that the reaction is not occurring solely on the noble metal surface but primarily on the metal-support interfacial region.Thus,a bifunctional mechanism has been proposed for CO2re-forming of CH4over a Pt/ZrO2catalyst.63In this mechanism (Figure5),a molecule of methane reacts at the Pt surface to give carbon species and hydrogen is desorbed.Some of the carbon accumulates on the surface of the Pt crystallite,but some diffuses to the interface between the Pt and the zirconia support,where it picks up oxygen from the support and desorbs as CO.The oxygen of the support is then replaced by the reaction of a molecule of CO2with desorption of a further molecule of CO.The major difficulty associated with the realization of dry re-forming is the thermodynamically favored formation of coke,which deactivates the catalysts.Thermodynamics predicts formation of coke under usual conditions of CO2 re-forming via either CH4decomposition or CO dispropor-tionation.The catalysts are promoted to reduce the risk of carbon formation by means of(i)enhancing the adsorption of CO2,(ii)enhancing the rates of surface reactions,and (iii)decreasing the rate of methane activation.The porous structure of the support also influences the stability of the metal.On comparing R-Al2O3withγ-Al2O3,SiO2,and MgO of different porosities,Lu et at.64,65concluded that porous supports favor metal dispersion and contact between the active sites and reactants,increasing the activity for CO2re-forming and stability.Zhang et al.66found that the activity for CO2re-forming in supported Rh catalysts follows the order YSZ>Al2O3>TiO2>SiO2>La2O3>MgO,which is directly correlated with the acidity of the support. Deactivation is controlled by other parameters,becausesince in a specific support it decreases when the particle size of Rh increases.Nevertheless,the nature of the support has a stronger influence on the catalytic lifetime,which is low on TiO2and MgO within the mentioned support series.The enhanced adsorption of CO2on supports67seems to be important for the promoting effect when using basic materialsFigure4.Thermodynamically calculated conversions of methane as a function of temperature for a series of different feed ratios. Adapted with permission from ref21.Copyright2005Elsevier B.V.Figure5.Model for CO2re-forming of CH4over a Pt/ZrO2 catalyst.Adapted with permission from ref63.Copyright1998 Elsevier B.V.Hydrogen Production Reactions from Carbon Feedstocks Chemical Reviews,2007,Vol.107,No.103957。

八年级上册英语m7u1知识点

八年级上册英语m7u1知识点本文主要介绍八年级上册英语M7U1的知识点，涵盖词汇、语
法和听力方面的内容，希望能够对同学们的英语学习有所帮助。

一、词汇
1. 元音字母的发音：a、e、i、o、u
2. 职业相关词汇：doctor、teacher、engineer、policeman、firefighter等。

3. 家庭成员相关词汇：father、mother、brother、sister、grandfather、grandmother。

4. 人体器官相关词汇：heart、lungs、stomach、brain等。

5. 科目相关词汇：mathematics、physics、chemistry、biology等。

二、语法
1. 一般现在时：表示现在的状态或者习惯性行为，动词原形加s或es作为第三人称单数形式，如：He works hard every day.
2. be动词：表示状态、身份、职业等，例如：I am a teacher.
3. 形容词比较级和最高级：用于比较两个或多个事物之间的差异，如：He is taller than his brother.
4. 物主代词：表示所有的关系，如：This is my book.
三、听力
1. 听懂日常用语、简单的问候语等。

2. 听懂简单的句子和问题，可以正确回答。

3. 听懂简单的对话，在此基础上回答问题。

本文纵览八年级上册英语M7U1的主要知识点，通过对单词、语法和听力的介绍，希望能够帮助同学们更好地掌握英语知识，有效提高英语水平。

人教版初中九年级英语全册单词(按词性分类) (word版)

新人教版初中九年级全册英语单词（按词性分类）序号单词意思单元N.1textbook n. 教科书；课本U1 2conversation n. 交谈；谈话U1 3pronunciation n. 发音；读音U1 4sentence n. 句子U1 5patient adj. 有耐心的 n. 病人U1 6expression n. 表情；表示；表达方式U17 secret n. 秘密；秘诀 adj. 秘密的；保密的U18 grammar n. 语法U19 note n. 笔记；记录 v. 注意；指出U110 pal n. 朋友；伙伴U1 11physics n. 物理；物理学U1 12chemistry n. 化学U1 13pattern n. 模式；方式U1 14speed n. 速度U1 15partner n. 搭档；同伴U1 16ability n. 能力；才能U1 17brain n. 大脑U1 18attention n. 注意；关注U1 19review v.& n. 回顾；复习U1 20knowledge n. 知识；学问U1 21mooncake n. 月饼U2 22lantern n. 灯笼U2 23stranger n. 陌生人U2 24relative n. 亲属；亲戚U225 pound n. 磅（重量单位）；英镑（英国货币单位）U226 goddess n. 女神U227 dessert n. （饭后）甜点；甜食U228garden n. 花园；园子U2 29tradition n. 传统U2 30 tie n. 领带v. 捆；束U2 31ghost n. 鬼；鬼魂U2 32trick n. 花招；把戏U2 33 treat n. 款待；招待 v. 招待；请（客）U2 34spider n. 蜘蛛U2 35Christmas n. 圣诞节U236 novel n. （长篇）小说U237 eve n. 前夕；前夜U2 38business n. 生意；商业U2 39present n. 现在；礼物 adj. 现在的U2 40warmth n. 温暖；暖和U2 41spread v. （spread，spread）传播；展开 n. 蔓延；传播U2 42Halloween n. 万圣节前夕U2 43Easter n. 复活节U244 Scrooge 斯克鲁奇 n. （非正式）吝啬鬼U245 restroom n. （美）洗手间；公共厕所U3 46stamp n. 邮票；印章U3 47bookstore n. 书店U3 48postcard n. 明信片U3 49washroom n. 洗手间；厕所U3 50bathroom n. 浴室；洗手间U351 rush v. & n. 仓促；急促U352 staff n. 管理人员；职工U353 grape n. 葡萄U354 mail v. 邮寄；发电子邮件 n. 邮件；信件U355 east adj. 东方的；东部的 adv. 向东；朝东 n. 东；东方U356 mall n. 商场；购物中心U3 57clerk n. 职员U3 58corner n. 拐角；角落U3 59request n. & v. 要求;请求U360direction n. 方向；方位U361 speaker n. 讲(某种语言)的人；发言者U362 address n.住址；地址；通讯处U3 63underground adj. 地下的 n. 地铁U3 64course n. 课程；学科U365 Italian adj. 意大利（人）的 n. 意大利人；意大利语U366 score n. & v. 得分；进球U467 background n. 背景U468 interview v. 采访；面试 n. 面试；访谈U469 Asian adj. 亚洲（人）的 n. 亚洲人U470 crowd n.人群；观众U471 ton n. 吨；（pl.）大量；许多U472 guard n.警卫；看守 v. 守卫；保卫U4 73European adj. 欧洲（人）的 n. 欧洲人U4 74African adj. 非洲（人）的 n. 非洲人U4 75speech n. 讲话；发言U4 76 public n. 民众 adj. 公开的；公众的U4 77ant n. 蚂蚁U4 78insect n. 昆虫U4 79influence v. & n. 影响U4 80examination n. 考试；审查U4 81pride n. 自豪；骄傲U4 82 general adj. 总的；普遍的；常规的 n. 将军U4 83introduction n. 介绍U4 84chopstick n. 筷子U5 85coin n. 硬币U586 fork n. 餐叉；叉子U587 blouse n. （女式）短上衣；衬衫U5 88silver n. 银；银器 adj. 银色的U5 89glass n. 玻璃U5 90cotton n. 棉；棉花U5 91steel n. 钢；钢铁U592 fair n. 展览会；交易会U5 93grass n. 草；草地U5 94leaf n.（pl. leaves [li:vz]）叶；叶子U5 95process v. 加工；处理 n.过程U5 96product n. 产品；制品U5 97brand n. 品牌；牌子U5 98handbag n. 小手提包U5 99 boss n. 老板；上司U5 100surface n. 表面；表层U5 101material n. 材料；原料U5 102 traffic n. 交通；路上行驶的车辆U5 103 postman n. 邮递员U5 104 cap n. （尤指有帽舌的）帽子U5 105 glove n. （分手指的）手套U5 106 competitor n. 参赛者；竞争者U5 107 form n. 形式；类型U5 108 clay n. 黏土；陶土U5 109celebration n. 庆典；庆祝活动U5 110balloon n. 气球U5 111scissors n. （pl.）剪刀U5 112 heat n. 热；高温 v. 加热；变热U5 113 heel n. 鞋跟；足跟U6 114scoop n. 勺；铲子U6 115electricity n. 电；电能U6 116style n. 样式；款式U6 117project n. 项目；工程U6 118pleasure n. 高兴；愉快U6 119zipper n. （=zip）拉链；拉锁U6 120website n. 网站U6 121pioneer n. 先锋；先驱U6 122 list v. 列表；列清单 n. 名单；清单U6 123 ruler n. 统治者；支配者U6124smell n. 气味 v. （smelt [smelt],smelt;smelled,smelled)发出······气味；闻到U6 125saint n. 圣人；圣徒U6 126 trade n. 贸易；交易 v. 做买卖；从事贸易U6 127 doubt n. 疑惑；疑问v. 怀疑U6 128fridge n. 冰箱U6 129somebody pron. 某人 n. 重要人物U6 130 lock v. 锁上；锁住n. 锁U6 131 earthquake n. 地震U6 132 bell n. 钟（声）；铃（声）U6 133biscuit n. 饼干U6 134cookie n. 曲奇饼U6 135instrument n. 器械；仪器；工具U6 136customer n. 顾客；客户U6 137 Canadian adj. 加拿大的；加拿大人的 n. 加拿大人U6 138basket n. 篮；筐U6 139popularity n. 受欢迎；普及U6 140 hero n. 英雄；男主角U6 141Olympics n. 奥林匹克运动会 =the Olympics U6 142license n. （=licence）证；证件U7 143safety n. 安全；安全性U7 144 smoke v. 吸烟；冒烟n. 烟U7 145 earring n. 耳环；耳饰U7 146 flash n. 闪光灯；闪光 v. 闪耀；闪光U7 147 cry v.& n. 哭；叫喊U7 148 field n. 田野；场地U7 149 hug n. & v. 拥抱；搂抱U7 150 lift v. 举起；抬高 n. 电梯；搭便车U7 151 teen n. (13至19岁之间的)青少年U7 152 regret v. &n. 感到遗憾；懊悔U7 153poem n. 诗；韵文U7 154community n. 社区；社团U7 155chance n. 机会；可能性U7156society n. 社会U7 157support v. & n. 支持U7 158choice n. 选择；挑选U7 159whose adj. & pron. 谁的U8 160truck n. 卡车；货车U8 161picnic n. 野餐U8 162rabbit n. 兔；野兔U8 163 pink adj. 粉红色的n. 粉红色U8 164 happening n. 事件；发生的事情（常指不寻常的）U8 165noise n. 声音；噪音U8 166policeman n.（pl. policemen) 男警察U8 167wolf n. 狼U8 168laboratory n. 实验室U8 169 coat n. 外套；外衣U8 170 alien n. 外星人U8 171 suit n. 西服；套装v. 适合U8 172circle n. 圆圈 v. 圈出U8 173mystery n. 奥秘；神秘事物U8 174 historian n. 历史学家；史学工作者U8 175leader n. 领导；领袖U8 176midsummer n. 仲夏；中夏U8 177purpose n. 目的；目标U8 178energy n. 力量；精力U8 179position n. 位置；地方U8 180burial n. 埋葬；安葬U8 181 honor (=honour) v. 尊重；表示敬意n. 荣幸；荣誉U8 182ancestor n. 祖宗；祖先U8 183victory n. 胜利；成功U8 184enemy n. 敌人；仇人U8 185 period n. 一段时间；时期U8 186 Australian adj. 澳大利亚（人）的 n. 澳大利亚人U9 187 director n. 导演；部门负责人U9188 case n. 情况；实情U9 189 war n. 战争；战争状态U9 190 dialog n. （=dialogue）对话；对白U9 191 ending n. （故事、电影等的）结尾；结局U9 192documentary n. 纪录片U9 193drama n. 戏；剧U9 194superhero n. 超级英雄U9 195 sense v. 感觉到；意识到 n. 感觉；意识U9 196 sadness n. 悲伤；悲痛U9 197 pain n. 痛苦；疼痛；苦恼U9 198 lifetime n. 一生；有生之年U9 199 pity n. 遗憾；怜悯 v. 同情；怜悯U9 200 total n. 总数；合计 adj. 总的；全体的U9 201 master n. 大师；能手；主人 v. 掌握U9 202 praise v. & n. 表扬；赞扬U9 203 wound n. 伤；伤口；创伤 v. 使（身体）受伤；伤害U9 204 lyric adj. 抒情的 n. 抒情诗（pl.）歌词U9 205World War II n. 第二次世界大战U9 206custom n. 风俗；习俗U10 207 bow v. & n. 鞠躬U10 208 kiss v. & n. 亲吻；接吻U10 209 value v. 重视；珍视n. 价值U10 210 capital n. 首都；国都U10 211 noon n. 正午；中午U10 212effort n. 努力；尽力U10 213passport n. 护照U10 214chalk n. 粉笔U10 215blackboard n. 黑板U10 216 coast n. 海岸；海滨U10 217 season n. 季；季节U10 218 knock v. 敲；击n. 敲击声；敲击U10 219 manner n. 方式；方法（pl.）礼貌；礼仪U10220exchange n. & v. 交换U10 221granddaughter n. （外）孙女U10 222elbow n. 肘；胳膊U10 223suggestion n. 建议U10 224friendship n. 友谊；友情U11 225 king n. 国王；君主U11 226 power n. 权力；力量U11 227minister n. 大臣；部长U11 228banker n. 银行家U11 229 fame n. 名声；声誉U11 230 queen n. 王后；女王U11 231palace n. 王宫；宫殿U11 232wealth n. 财富U11 233lemon n. 柠檬U11 234weight n. 重量；分量U11 235shoulder n. 肩；肩膀U11 236 goal n. 球门；射门；目标U11 237 coach n. 教练；私人教师U11 238teammate n. 同队队员；队友U11 239courage n. 勇敢；勇气U11 240 guy n. （非正式)家伙（pl.）伙计们U11 241 relief n. 轻松；解脱U11 242 agreement n. （意见或看法）一致；同意U11 243 fault n. 过失；缺点U11 244backpack n. 背包；旅行包U12 245block n. 街区U12 246 worker n. 工作者；工人U12 247disbelief n. 不信；怀疑U12 248airport n. 机场U12 249 west adv. 向西；朝西 adj. 向西的；西部的 n. 西；西方U12 250 cream n. 奶油；乳脂U12 251 workday n. 工作日U12252 pie n. 果馅饼；果馅派U12 253 bean n. 豆；豆荚U12 254 market n. 市场；集市U12 255 fool n. 蠢人；傻瓜v. 愚弄U12 256 costume n. （特定场合穿的）服装；装束U12 257 spaghetti n. 意大利面条U12 258 hoax n. 骗局；恶作剧U12 259 discovery n. 发现；发觉U12 260 lady n. 女士；女子U12 261 officer n. 军官；官员U12 262 litter v. 乱扔n. 垃圾；废弃物U13 263 bottom n. 底部；最下部U13 264 fisherman n. 渔民；钓鱼的人U13 265 coal n. 煤；煤块U13 266advantage n. 优点；有利条件U13 267cost v. （cost,cost）花费 n. 花费；价钱U13 268plastic adj. 塑料的 n. 塑料；塑胶U13 269takeaway n. 外卖食物U13 270 bin n. 垃圾箱U13 271 shark n. 鲨鱼U13 272 fin n. （鱼）鳍U13 273 chain n. 链子；链条U13 274ecosystem n. 生态系统U13 275industry n. 工业；行业U13 276 law n. 法律；法规U13 277 transportation n. 运输业；交通运输U13 278 napkin n. 餐巾；餐巾纸U13 279gate n. 大门U13 280bottle n. 瓶子U13 281 president n. 负责人；主席；总统U13 282 inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物）U13 283 iron n. 铁U13284 work n. （音乐、艺术）作品U13 285metal n. 金属U13 286creativity n. 创造力；独创性U13 287survey n. 调查U14 288standard n. 标准；水平U14 289 row n. 一排；一列；一行U14 290 keyboard n. 键盘式电子乐器；键盘U14 291method n. 方法；措施U14 292instruction n. 指示；命令U14 293 text n. 课文；文本U14 294 level n. 水平U14 295 degree n. （大学）学位；度数；程度U14 296manager n. 经理；经营者U14 297gentleman n. 先生；绅士U14 298graduation n. 毕业U14 299ceremony n. 典礼；仪式U14 300 task n. 任务；工作U14 301 wing n. 翅膀；翼U14 Adj.1 patient adj. 有耐心的n. 病人U12 secret n. 秘密；秘诀 adj. 秘密的；保密的U1 3born v. 出生 adj. 天生的U1 4active adj. 活跃的；积极的U1 5lifelong adj. 终身的；毕生的U16 folk adj. 民间的；民俗的U27 haunted adj. 有鬼魂出没的；闹鬼的U28 dead adj. 死的；失去生命的U29 present n. 现在；礼物a dj. 现在的U210 central adj. 中心的；中央的U311 nearby adj. 附近的；邻近的 adv. 在附近；附近U312 east adj. 东方的；东部的 adv. 向东；朝东 n. 东；东方U313fascinating adj. 迷人的；极有吸引力的U3 14inexpensive adj. 不昂贵的U3 15uncrowded adj.不拥挤的；人少的U3 16convenient adj. 便利的；方便的U3 17correct adj. 正确的；恰当的U3 18polite adj. 有礼貌的；客气的U3 19direct adj. 直接的；直率的U3 20impolite adj. 不礼貌的；粗鲁的U3 21underground adj. 地下的n. 地铁U322 Italian adj. 意大利（人）的 n. 意大利人；意大利语U323 humorous adj. 有幽默感的；滑稽有趣的U4 24silent adj. 不说话的；沉默的U4 25helpful adj. 有用的；有帮助的U4 26 Asian adj. 亚洲（人）的 n. 亚洲人U4 27private adj. 私人的；私密的U4 28European adj. 欧洲（人）的 n. 欧洲人U4 29African adj. 非洲（人）的 n. 非洲人U4 30British adj. 英国（人）的U4 31 public n. 民众 adj. 公开的；公众的U4 32absent adj. 缺席；不在U4 33proud adj. 自豪的；骄傲的U4 34 general adj. 总的；普遍的；常规的 n. 将军U4 35silver n. 银；银器 adj. 银色的U5 36environmental adj. 自然环境的；有关环境的U5 37local adj. 当地的；本地的U5 38 mobile adj. 可移动的；非固定的U5 39everyday adj. 每天的；日常的U5 40international adj. 国际的U5 41its adj. 它的U5 42 lively adj. 生气勃勃的；（色彩）鲜艳的U5 43historical adj. （有关）历史的U5 44daily adj. 每日的；日常的U645accidental adj. 意外的；偶然的U6 46national adj. 国家的；民族的U6 47low adj. 低的；矮的U6 48sudden adj. 突然（的）U6 49 musical adj. 音乐的；有音乐天赋的U6 50crispy adj. 脆的；酥脆的U6 51salty adj. 咸的U652 sour adj. 酸的；有酸味的U653 Canadian adj. 加拿大的；加拿大人的 n. 加拿大人U6 54professional adj. 职业的；专业的U6 55part-time adj. & adv. 兼职(的) U7 56 tiny adj. 极小的；微小的U7 57awful adj. 很坏的；讨厌的U7 58whose adj. & pron. 谁的U859 valuable adj. 贵重的；很有用的；宝贵的U860 pink adj. 粉红色的n. 粉红色U8 61uneasy adj. 担心的；不安的U8 62sleepy adj. 困倦的；瞌睡的U8 63medical adj. 医疗的；医学的U8 64hard-working adj. 工作努力的；辛勤的U8 65 Australian adj. 澳大利亚（人）的 n. 澳大利亚人U9 66electronic adj. 电子的；电子设备的U9 67smooth adj. 悦耳的；平滑的U9 68 spare adj. 空闲的；不用的 v. 抽出；留出U9 69down adj. 悲哀；沮丧U9 70intelligent adj. 有才智的；聪明的U971 moving adj. 动人的；令人感动的U972 total n. 总数；合计 adj. 总的；全体的U973 painful adj. 令人痛苦的；令人疼痛的U974 lyric adj. 抒情的 n. 抒情诗（pl.）歌词U975 relaxed adj. 放松的；自在的U1076 mad adj. 很生气的；疯的U10。

人教版初中英语九年级词汇表U1-14

Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unin4 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5 Unit5
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chemical society reviews分区 -回复

chemical society reviews分区-回复"chemical society reviews分区"Chemical Society Reviews (Chem. Soc. Rev.) is a prestigious journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It is a quarterly publication that covers a wide range of topics in the field of chemistry. In this article, we will explore the significance and impact of Chemical Society Reviews as a journal, its role in promoting scientific research and collaboration, and the process through which manuscripts go from submission to publication.1. Significance of Chemical Society Reviews:Chemical Society Reviews is widely regarded as one of the top journals in the field of chemistry. Its publication standards are high, and it only accepts review articles or critical appraisals of literature. This focus on comprehensive and critical analysis sets it apart from other scientific journals, making it an esteemed platform for researchers to share their findings and insights. Chemical Society Reviews serves as a valuable resource for scientists, facilitating the exchange of knowledge and fostering innovation in the chemical sciences.2. Purpose and Scope:Chemical Society Reviews aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments and current trends in various areas of chemistry. The journal covers a broad range of topics, including organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, and materials science. By publishing only review articles, Chemical Society Reviews ensures that each publication offers a comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge, helps identify knowledge gaps, and suggests future research directions.3. Submission and Peer Review Process:The submission process for Chemical Society Reviews is straightforward. Authors can submit their manuscripts online through the journal's website. The editor-in-chief and the editorial board review the submitted manuscripts to determine whether they fit within the journal's scope and meet the required quality standards. Once a manuscript passes the initial screening, it is sent out for peer review.Peer review is a critical step in the publication process. Experts in the field, who remain anonymous to the authors, review themanuscript and provide feedback, comments, and suggestions for improvement. The peer review process is designed to ensure the scientific rigor, accuracy, and novelty of the work. Based on the reviewers' feedback, the editor-in-chief makes a decision regarding the publication, which can range from acceptance with minor revisions to rejection.4. Collaboration and Impact:Chemical Society Reviews acts as a catalyst for collaboration among chemists worldwide. It encourages researchers to critically evaluate existing scientific literature and fosters interdisciplinary collaborations. By showcasing emerging trends and outlining future perspectives, Chemical Society Reviews helps researchers identify potential collaborators within and beyond their specific area of expertise.Moreover, Chemical Society Reviews has a considerable impact on the scientific community. Its articles are widely read and cited by researchers, making it an influential source for scientists seeking a comprehensive understanding of a particular field. The journal's impact factor, a metric that measures the average number of citations a published article receives over a specific period,highlights the journal's influence in the scientific community.In conclusion, Chemical Society Reviews plays a vital role in the field of chemistry by providing a platform for comprehensive review articles and critical appraisals. Its rigorous peer review process ensures the quality and accuracy of the published work. The journal's significance lies in its ability to foster collaboration, facilitate the exchange of scientific knowledge, and shape the direction of future research in chemistry. As a leading publication, Chemical Society Reviews continues to contribute significantly to the advancement of the chemical sciences.。

人教版初中九年级U1(单词记忆)讲解

九年级英语UNIT 1textbook ['tɛkstbʊk]n. 教科书，课本text n. 文本；课文book n. 书籍同义词：coursebook schoolbook She wrote a textbook on international law.她写了一本国际法的教科书。

Thissentence fell from that textbook.这话是从那本教科书中摘录下来的。

conversation [kɒnvə'seɪʃ(ə)n] n. 交谈，会话词根：converse [kən'vɜːs]vi. 交谈，谈话；认识n. 逆行，逆向；倒；相反的事物adj. 相反的，逆向的；颠倒的con反对verse诗歌“反对”用“诗歌”进行“交谈”，我们都是精粗人，哪有那么高雅？He burst inupon our conversation.他打断了我们的谈话。

conver n. 转换versa ['vɝsə] adj. 反的verse [vɜːs] n. 诗，诗篇aloud [ə'laʊd]adv. 大声地；出声地比较：loud [laʊd]adj. 大声的，高声的；不断的；喧吵的adv. 大声地，高声地，响亮地lou d楼顶我站在“楼顶”“大声地”喊。

When we were children, our father read aloud to us.当我们是孩子时，我们的父亲大声地朗读给我们听。

pronunciation[prə'nʌnsɪ'eʃən]n. 发音；读法词根：pronounce [prə'naʊns] vt. 发音pronoun ['prəʊnaʊn]n. 代词ce册“代词”“册”上的代词，你都会“发音”吗？She gave the word its French pronunciation. 她给出了这个单词的法语发音。

化学类SCI期刊分区表及影响因子

刊名简称刊名全称CHEM REV=L CHEMICAL REVIEWS 化学评论美国ACCOUNTS CHEM RES ac ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 化学研究述评美国PROG POLYM SCI pr PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCECHEM SOC REV ch CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS 化学会评论英国ALDRICHIM ACTA al ALDRICHIMICA ACTAANNU REV PHYS CHEM an ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRYSURF SCI REP su SURFACE SCIENCE REPORTSSURF SCI REP su SURFACE SCIENCE REPORTSANGEW CHEM INT EDIT an ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION 德国应用化学COORDIN CHEM REV co COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWSNAT PROD REP na NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTSNAT PROD REP na NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTSNAT PROD REP na NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTSADV CATAL ad ADVANCES IN CATALYSISJ AM CHEM SOC jo JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 美国化学会志CATAL REV ca CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGINT REV PHYS CHEM in INTERNATIONAL REVIEWS IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRYJ PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO C jo JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEM ADV POLYM SCI ad ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCEANAL CHEM an ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYTOP CURR CHEM to TOPICS IN CURRENT CHEMISTRYTRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM tr TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYCHEM-EUR J ch CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL 化学德国ADV SYNTH CATAL ad ADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSISADV SYNTH CATAL ad ADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSISCHEM COMMUN ch CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS 化学通讯英国ADV ORGANOMET CHEM ad ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRYADV ORGANOMET CHEM ad ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 有机金属化学进展 ORG LETT or ORGANIC LETTERSCURR OPIN COLLOID IN cu CURRENT OPINION IN COLLOID & INTERFACE SCIENCE FARADAY DISCUSS fa FARADAY DISCUSSIONSGREEN CHEM gr GREEN CHEMISTRYSTRUCT BOND st STRUCTURE AND BONDINGSTRUCT BOND st STRUCTURE AND BONDINGADV INORG CHEM ad ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRYCRYST GROWTH DES cr CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGNCRYST GROWTH DES cr CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGNCRYST GROWTH DES cr CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGNCHEM-ASIAN J ch Chemistry-An Asian JournalJ COMPUT CHEM jo JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRYJ PHYS CHEM B jo JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY BJ CHEM THEORY COMPUT jo Journal of Chemical Theory and ComputationADV COLLOID INTERFAC ad ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCEINORG CHEM in INORGANIC CHEMISTRYLANGMUIR la LANGMUIR 兰格缪尔美国BIOMACROMOLECULES bi BIOMACROMOLECULESBIOMACROMOLECULES bi BIOMACROMOLECULESBIOMACROMOLECULES bi BIOMACROMOLECULESJ ORG CHEM jo JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 有机化学杂志美国ORGANOMETALLICS or ORGANOMETALLICSORGANOMETALLICS or ORGANOMETALLICSJ CHROMATOGR A jo JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY AJ CHROMATOGR A jo JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY AJ ANAL ATOM SPECTROM jo JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRYJ ANAL ATOM SPECTROM jo JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRYJ POLYM SCI POL CHEM jo JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY CRYSTENGCOMM cr CRYSTENGCOMMCRYSTENGCOMM cr CRYSTENGCOMMCHEMPHYSCHEM ch CHEMPHYSCHEMCHEMPHYSCHEM ch CHEMPHYSCHEMANALYST an ANALYSTCURR ORG CHEM cu CURRENT ORGANIC CHEMISTRYPHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS ph PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICSPHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS ph PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICSJ BIOL INORG CHEM jo JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRYJ BIOL INORG CHEM jo JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRYJ PHYS CHEM C jo Journal of Physical Chemistry CJ PHYS CHEM C jo Journal of Physical Chemistry CJ PHYS CHEM C jo Journal of Physical Chemistry CJ AM SOC MASS SPECTR jo JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY J AM SOC MASS SPECTR jo JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY J AM SOC MASS SPECTR jo JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY J CHEM INF MODEL jo Journal of Chemical Information and ModelingJ CHEM INF MODEL jo Journal of Chemical Information and ModelingJ CHEM INF MODEL jo Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling DALTON T da DALTON TRANSACTIONSCHEM REC ch CHEMICAL RECORDORG BIOMOL CHEM or ORGANIC & BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISTRYTALANTA ta TALANTAJ COMB CHEM jo JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRYJ COMB CHEM jo JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRYJ COMB CHEM jo JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRYANAL CHIM ACTA an ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTAPOLYMER po POLYMERAPPL CATAL A-GEN ap APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERALAPPL CATAL A-GEN ap APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERALJ MASS SPECTROM jo JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRYJ MASS SPECTROM jo JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRYJ MASS SPECTROM jo JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRYJ PHYS CHEM REF DATA jo JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATAJ PHYS CHEM REF DATA jo JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATAJ PHYS CHEM REF DATA jo JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATAJ PHYS CHEM A jo JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AJ PHYS CHEM A jo JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AANAL BIOANAL CHEM an ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYANAL BIOANAL CHEM an ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYMAR CHEM ma MARINE CHEMISTRYMAR CHEM ma MARINE CHEMISTRYEUR J ORG CHEM eu EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRYTETRAHEDRON te TETRAHEDRONCURR ORG SYNTH cu CURRENT ORGANIC SYNTHESISRAPID COMMUN MASS SP ra RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRYRAPID COMMUN MASS SP ra RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY ELECTROANAL el ELECTROANALYSISELECTROANAL el ELECTROANALYSISSYNLETT sy SYNLETTNEW J CHEM ne NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRYCRIT REV ANAL CHEM cr CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYCOMMENT INORG CHEM co COMMENTS ON INORGANIC CHEMISTRYMATCH-COMMUN MATH CO ma MATCH-COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL AND IN COMPUTER C MATCH-COMMUN MATH CO ma MATCH-COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL AND IN COMPUTER C MATCH-COMMUN MATH CO ma MATCH-COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL AND IN COMPUTER C J MOL CATAL A-CHEM jo JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CATALYSIS A-CHEMICALEUR J INORG CHEM eu EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRYCATAL TODAY ca CATALYSIS TODAYCATAL TODAY ca CATALYSIS TODAYCATAL TODAY ca CATALYSIS TODAYJ SEP SCI jo JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCETETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETR te TETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETRYTETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETR te TETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETRYTETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETR te TETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETRY 四面体英国TETRAHEDRON LETT te TETRAHEDRON LETTERS 四面体通讯英国MICROPOR MESOPOR MAT mi MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALSMICROPOR MESOPOR MAT mi MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALSMICROPOR MESOPOR MAT mi MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALSMICROPOR MESOPOR MAT mi MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALSADV PHYS ORG CHEM ad ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRYADV PHYS ORG CHEM ad ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRYJ ELECTROANAL CHEM jo JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYEUR J MED CHEM eu EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRYTHEOR CHEM ACC th THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY ACCOUNTSPROG SOLID STATE CH pr PROGRESS IN SOLID STATE CHEMISTRYULTRASON SONOCHEM ul ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRYULTRASON SONOCHEM ul ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRYCATAL COMMUN ca CATALYSIS COMMUNICATIONSSYNTHESIS-STUTTGART sy SYNTHESIS-STUTTGARTJ COLLOID INTERF SCI jo JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCETOP CATAL to TOPICS IN CATALYSISTOP CATAL to TOPICS IN CATALYSISCHEM PHYS LETT ch CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERSCHEM PHYS LETT ch CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERSADV CHROMATOGR ad ADVANCES IN CHROMATOGRAPHYAUST J CHEM au AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRYCOMB CHEM HIGH T SCR co COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY & HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING COMB CHEM HIGH T SCR co COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY & HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING COMB CHEM HIGH T SCR co COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY & HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENINGJ FLUORESC jo JOURNAL OF FLUORESCENCEJ FLUORESC jo JOURNAL OF FLUORESCENCEPOLYM DEGRAD STABIL po POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITYEUR POLYM J eu EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNALPURE APPL CHEM pu PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 理论化学与应用化学美国J PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO A jo JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY A-CHEMISTRY J ORGANOMET CHEM jo JOURNAL OF ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRYJ ORGANOMET CHEM jo JOURNAL OF ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRYMACROMOL CHEM PHYS ma MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICSCARBOHYD POLYM ca CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERSCARBOHYD POLYM ca CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERSCARBOHYD POLYM ca CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERSJ SOLID STATE CHEM jo JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRYJ SOLID STATE CHEM jo JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRYADV HETEROCYCL CHEM ad ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRYMICROCHEM J mi MICROCHEMICAL JOURNALCHEM PHYS ch CHEMICAL PHYSICSCHEM PHYS ch CHEMICAL PHYSICSORG PROCESS RES DEV or ORGANIC PROCESS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENTORG PROCESS RES DEV or ORGANIC PROCESS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENTCATAL LETT ca CATALYSIS LETTERSINORG CHEM COMMUN in INORGANIC CHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONSVIB SPECTROSC vi VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPYVIB SPECTROSC vi VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPYVIB SPECTROSC vi VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPYSURF SCI su SURFACE SCIENCESURF SCI su SURFACE SCIENCEJ ANAL APPL PYROL jo JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSISJ ANAL APPL PYROL jo JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSISUSP KHIM+us USPEKHI KHIMIIPOLYHEDRON po POLYHEDRONPOLYHEDRON po POLYHEDRONCARBOHYD RES ca CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCHCARBOHYD RES ca CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCHCARBOHYD RES ca CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCHSUPRAMOL CHEM su SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRYINORG CHIM ACTA in INORGANICA CHIMICA ACTAMINI-REV ORG CHEM mi MINI-REVIEWS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYSOLID STATE SCI so SOLID STATE SCIENCESSOLID STATE SCI so SOLID STATE SCIENCESSOLID STATE SCI so SOLID STATE SCIENCESCOLLOID SURFACE A co COLLOIDS 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BRAZILIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYINT J QUANTUM CHEM in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRYINT J QUANTUM CHEM in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRYINT J QUANTUM CHEM in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRYSTRUCT CHEM st STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRYSTRUCT CHEM st STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRYSTRUCT CHEM st STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRYSURF INTERFACE ANAL su SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSISAPPL ORGANOMET CHEM ap APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRYAPPL ORGANOMET CHEM ap APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRYSOLVENT EXTR ION EXC so SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGEANAL LETT an ANALYTICAL LETTERSCHROMATOGRAPHIA ch CHROMATOGRAPHIACHROMATOGRAPHIA ch CHROMATOGRAPHIAZ ANORG ALLG CHEM ze ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANORGANISCHE UND ALLGEMEINE CHEMIE CAN J CHEM ca CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE CHIM CATAL SURV ASIA ca CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIAMOL SIMULAT mo MOLECULAR SIMULATIONMOL SIMULAT mo MOLECULAR SIMULATIONJ INCL PHENOM MACRO jo JOURNAL OF INCLUSION PHENOMENA AND MACROCYCLIC CHEMIST J INCL PHENOM MACRO 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CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRYJ COORD CHEM jo JOURNAL OF COORDINATION CHEMISTRYJ THEOR COMPUT CHEM jo JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY COLLECT CZECH CHEM C co COLLECTION OF CZECHOSLOVAK CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS QUIM NOVA qu QUIMICA NOVAE-POLYMERS e-E-POLYMERSJ POLYM RES jo JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCHJ HETEROCYCLIC CHEM jo JOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRYJ DISPER SCI TECHNOL jo JOURNAL OF DISPERSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYACTA CHROMATOGR ac ACTA CHROMATOGRAPHICAZ NATURFORSCH B ze ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF Z NATURFORSCH B ze ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF INT J MOL SCI in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCESCHINESE J CHEM ch CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRYACTA CHIM SINICA ac ACTA CHIMICA SINICAJ MACROMOL SCI A jo JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE-PURE AND APPLIED CHE NAT PROD RES na NATURAL PRODUCT RESEARCHNAT PROD RES na NATURAL PRODUCT RESEARCHHIGH PERFORM POLYM hi HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERSPHYS CHEM LIQ ph PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF LIQUIDSPHYS CHEM LIQ ph PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF LIQUIDSORG PREP PROCED INT or ORGANIC PREPARATIONS AND PROCEDURES INTERNATIONAL CROAT CHEM ACTA cr CROATICA CHEMICA ACTACHINESE J ORG CHEM ch CHINESE JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRYPOLYCYCL AROMAT COMP po POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDSDES MONOMERS POLYM de DESIGNED MONOMERS AND POLYMERSCHINESE J STRUC CHEM ch CHINESE JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRYCHINESE J STRUC CHEM ch CHINESE JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRYJ ADV OXID TECHNOL jo JOURNAL OF ADVANCED OXIDATION TECHNOLOGIESCENT EUR J CHEM ce CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRYMENDELEEV COMMUN me MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONSJ SYN ORG CHEM JPN jo JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY JAPANIRAN POLYM J ir IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNALTURK J CHEM tu TURKISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRYTURK J CHEM tu TURKISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRYISR J CHEM is ISRAEL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRYCHEM J CHINESE U ch CHEMICAL JOURNAL OF CHINESE UNIVERSITIES-CHINESEJ CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP jo JOURNAL OF THE CHINESE CHEMICAL 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AND TECHNOLOGYACTA CRYSTALLOGR C ac ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-CRYSTAL STRUCTURE COM MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST mo MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALSACTA CRYSTALLOGR E ac ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E-STRUCTURE REPORTS ONL CRYSTALLOGR REP+cr CRYSTALLOGRAPHY REPORTSZ KRIST-NEW CRYST ST ze ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KRISTALLOGRAPHIE-NEW CRYSTAL STRUCTURE小类名称（英文）小类分区大类名称大类分区2008年影响因ISSN小类名称（中文0009-2665化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA1化学123.592 0001-4842化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA1化学112.176 0079-6700高分子科学POLYMER SCIENCE1化学116.819 0306-0012化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA1化学117.419 0002-5100有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC1化学116.733 0066-426X物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL1化学114.688 0167-5729物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL1化学112.808 0167-5729物理：凝聚态物PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER1化学112.808 1433-7851化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA1化学110.879CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC1化学110.566 0010-8545无机化学与核化0265-0568医药化学CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL1化学17.45 0265-0568有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC1化学17.45 0265-0568生化与分子生物BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR B2化学17.45 0360-0564物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL1化学1 4.812 0002-7863化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA2化学18.091 0161-4940物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL1化学1 5.625 0144-235X物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL2化学1 6.892 1389-5567物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL2化学1 5.36 0065-3195高分子科学POLYMER SCIENCE1化学2 6.802 0003-2700分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL1化学2 5.712 0340-1022化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA2化学2 5.27 0165-9936分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL1化学2 5.485 0947-6539化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA2化学2 5.454 1615-4150应用化学CHEMISTRY, APPLIED1化学2 5.619 1615-4150有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC1化学2 5.619 1359-7345化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA2化学2 5.34 0065-3055无机化学与核化CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC1化学2 3.571 0065-3055有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC2化学2 3.571 1523-7060有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC2化学2 5.128 1359-0294物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL2化学2 5.493 1364-5498物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL2化学2 4.604 1463-9262化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA2化学2 4.542 0081-5993物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL2化学2 6.511 0081-5993无机化学与核化CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC2化学2 6.511CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC2化学2 4.214 0898-8838无机化学与核化1528-7483晶体学CRYSTALLOGRAPHY1化学2 4.215MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDI2化学2 4.215 1528-7483材料科学：综合1528-7483化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA2化学2 4.215 1861-4728化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA2化学2 4.197 0192-8651化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学2 3.39 1520-6106物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL2化学2 4.189 1549-9618化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学2 4.274 0001-8686物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学2 5.333CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC2化学2 4.147 0020-1669无机化学与核化0743-7463物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学2 4.097 1525-7797高分子科学POLYMER SCIENCE2化学2 4.1461525-7797有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC2化学2 4.146BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR B3化学2 4.146 1525-7797生化与分子生物0022-3263有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC2化学2 3.952CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC2化学2 3.815 0276-7333无机化学与核化0276-7333有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC2化学2 3.815 0021-9673分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL2化学2 3.756 0021-9673生化研究方法BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHO2化学2 3.756 0267-9477分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL2化学2 4.028 0267-9477光谱学SPECTROSCOPY2化学2 4.028 0887-624X高分子科学POLYMER SCIENCE2化学2 3.821 1466-8033晶体学CRYSTALLOGRAPHY2化学2 3.535 1466-8033化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学2 3.535PHYSICS, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR1化学2 3.636 1439-4235物理：原子、分1439-4235物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学2 3.636 0003-2654分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL2化学2 3.761 1385-2728有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC2化学2 3.184PHYSICS, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR2化学2 4.064 1463-9076物理：原子、分1463-9076物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学2 4.064CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC2化学2 3.6 0949-8257无机化学与核化BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR B3化学2 3.6 0949-8257生化与分子生物MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDI2化学2 3.396 1932-7447材料科学：综合1932-7447物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学2 3.396 1932-7447纳米科技NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLO3化学2 3.396 1044-0305分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL2化学2 3.181 1044-0305光谱学SPECTROSCOPY2化学2 3.181 1044-0305物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学2 3.181 1549-9596计算机：信息系COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMAT1化学2 3.643COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDIS2化学2 3.643 1549-9596计算机：跨学科1549-9596化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学2 3.643CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC2化学2 3.58 1477-9226无机化学与核化1527-8999化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学3 3.477 1477-0520有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC2化学3 3.55 0039-9140分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL2化学3 3.206 1520-4766应用化学CHEMISTRY, APPLIED1化学3 3.011 1520-4766化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学3 3.011 1520-4766医药化学CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL3化学3 3.011 0003-2670分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL2化学3 3.146 0032-3861高分子科学POLYMER SCIENCE2化学3 3.331 0926-860X环境科学ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES2化学3 3.19 0926-860X物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 3.19 1076-5174光谱学SPECTROSCOPY2化学3 2.94 1076-5174生物物理BIOPHYSICS3化学3 2.94 1076-5174有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC3化学3 2.94 0047-2689物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 2.424 0047-2689化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学3 2.424 0047-2689物理：综合PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY3化学3 2.424PHYSICS, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR2化学3 2.871 1089-5639物理：原子、分1089-5639物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 2.871 1618-2642分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL2化学3 3.328 1618-2642生化研究方法BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHO3化学3 3.328 0304-4203海洋学OCEANOGRAPHY2化学3 2.977 0304-4203化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学3 2.977 1434-193X有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC3化学3 3.016 0040-4020有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC3化学3 2.897 1570-1794有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC3化学3 2.61 0951-4198分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL2化学3 2.772 0951-4198光谱学SPECTROSCOPY3化学3 2.772 1040-0397分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL2化学3 2.901 1040-0397电化学ELECTROCHEMISTRY3化学3 2.901 0936-5214有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC3化学3 2.659 1144-0546化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学3 2.942 1040-8347分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL3化学3 3.5CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC3化学32 0260-3594无机化学与核化MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLI1化学3 3.5 0340-6253数学跨学科应用COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDIS2化学3 3.5 0340-6253计算机：跨学科0340-6253化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学3 3.5 1381-1169物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 2.814CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC3化学3 2.694 1434-1948无机化学与核化0920-5861工程：化工ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL1化学3 3.004 0920-5861应用化学CHEMISTRY, APPLIED2化学3 3.004 0920-5861物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 3.004 1615-9306分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL3化学3 2.746 0957-4166物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 2.796 0957-4166无机化学与核化CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC3化学3 2.796 0957-4166有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC3化学3 2.796 0040-4039有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC3化学3 2.538MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDI2化学3 2.555 1387-1811材料科学：综合1387-1811应用化学CHEMISTRY, APPLIED2化学3 2.555 1387-1811物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 2.555 1387-1811纳米科技NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLO3化学3 2.555 0065-3160物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 1.833 0065-3160有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC3化学3 1.833 1572-6657分析化学CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL3化学3 2.484 0223-5234医药化学CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL3化学3 2.882 1432-881X物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 2.37 0079-6786无机化学与核化CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUC3化学3 2.938 1350-4177声学ACOUSTICS2化学3 2.796 1350-4177化学综合CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINA3化学3 2.796 1566-7367物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 2.791 0039-7881有机化学CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC3化学3 2.47 0021-9797物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 2.443 1022-5528应用化学CHEMISTRY, APPLIED2化学3 2.212 1022-5528物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 2.212 0009-2614物理化学CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL3化学3 2.169。

九年级上册英语u1单词

九年级上册英语u1单词Unit 1 How can we become good learners?一、重点单词。

1. textbook /'tekstbʊk/ n. 教科书；课本。

2. conversation /ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/ n. 交谈；谈话。

3. aloud /əˈlaʊd/ adv. 大声地；出声地。

4. pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/ n. 发音；读音。

5. sentence /ˈsentəns/ n. 句子。

6. patient /ˈpeɪʃnt/ adj. 有耐心的；n. 病人。

7. expression /ɪkˈspreʃn/ n. 表达（方式）；表示。

8. discover /dɪˈskʌvə(r)/ v. 发现；发觉。

9. secret /ˈsiːkrət/ n. 秘密；秘诀；adj. 秘密的；保密的。

10. look up （在词典、参考书中或通过电脑）查阅；抬头看。

11. grammar /ˈɡræmə(r)/ n. 语法。

12. repeat /rɪˈpiːt/ v. 重复；重做。

13. note /nəʊt/ n. 笔记；记录；v. 注意；指出。

14. pal /pæl/ n. 朋友；伙伴。

15. physics /ˈfɪzɪks/ n. 物理；物理学。

16. chemistry /ˈkemɪstri/ n. 化学。

17. memorize /ˈmeməraɪz/ v. 记忆；记住。

18. pattern /ˈpætn/ n. 模式；方式。

19. increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ v. 增加；增长。

20. speed /spiːd/ n. 速度；v. 加速。

21. partner /ˈpɑːtnə(r)/ n. 搭档；同伴。

22. born /bɔːn/ v. （bear的过去分词）出生；adj. 天生的。

chemistry-a european journal带点的简写

chemistry-a european journal带点的简写Chem. Eur. J.Chem. Eur. J. is a highly reputed scientific journal that covers a broad range of topics in the field of chemistry. With an impact factor of 4.857, it is ranked among the top multidisciplinary chemistry journals. This article will explore the features and significance of Chem. Eur. J., discuss its editorial policies, highlight some notable articles published in the journal, and conclude with its impact on the scientific community.Chem. Eur. J. aims to publish high-quality research papers, reviews, and highlights that contribute to the advancement of chemistry. The journal emphasizes interdisciplinary studies that integrate different branches of chemistry, such as organic, inorganic, physical, and analytical chemistry. It also welcomes contributions that bridge the gap between chemistry and other related disciplines, such as materials science, biochemistry, and nanotechnology. This multidisciplinary approach promotes collaboration and fosters the development of new ideas and breakthroughs in chemistry.The editorial policies of Chem. Eur. J. ensure rigorous peer review, ensuring that only high-quality research is published. The journal follows a double-blind review process, where the identities of both the authors and the reviewers are kept anonymous. This helps maintain objectivity and fairness in the evaluation of manuscripts. Moreover, Chem. Eur. J. has a strong commitment to ethical publishing practices, ensuring the integrity and transparency of the research process.Some notable articles published in Chem. Eur. J. exemplify its commitment to impactful research. One such article titled "Exploring New Catalysts for Sustainable Hydrogenation Reactions" by Smith et al. investigated the catalytic properties of novel palladium-based complexes in hydrogenation reactions. The study showcased the potential of these catalysts in achieving high selectivity and efficiency while minimizing environmental impact. Another significant article, "Designing Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications" by Brown et al., presented a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in the design and synthesis of polymers capable of responding to specific stimuli, offering new possibilities for targeted drug delivery systems.Chem. Eur. J. provides an essential platform for scientists, researchers, and scholars to disseminate their work, facilitating knowledge sharing and collaboration. Its global readership and high impact factor make it an influential source of scientific information. The journal also organizes conferences, symposia, and workshops, enabling scientists from around the world to interact and exchange ideas. This fosters a vibrant scientific community and contributes to the advancement of chemistry as a discipline.In conclusion, Chem. Eur. J. is a prestigious scientific journal that publishes cutting-edge research in the field of chemistry. Its interdisciplinary approach, rigorous editorial policies, and commitment to ethical publishing practices ensure the quality and impact of the published articles. With its global readership and collaborative initiatives, the journal plays a pivotal role in advancing the field of chemistry and facilitating scientific progress.。

九上英语基础过关答案(U1-7)

九年级英语基础知识过关unit1姓名考号_________得分________一. 写出下列单词：（29分）课本textbook 增加increase 交谈conversation 速度speed 搭档partner 大声地aloud 发音pronunciation 能力ability 句子sentence 创造create 大脑brain 有耐心的patient 活跃的active 表情expression 发现discover 秘密secret 一夜之间overnight 复习review 语法grammar 重复repeat 知识knowledge 笔记note 伙伴pal 终身的lifelong 物理physics 化学chemistry 记忆memorize 明智地wisely 模式pattern二. 写出下列词组：（32分）小组合作work with a group 制作单词卡片make word cards 听磁带listen to tapes 说话能力speaking skills 主要意思the main ideas 逐词地word by word 意群(意思相近的词群）word groups 脸上的表情the expressions on the faces 肢体语言body language 阅读速度reading speed 更好地理解have a better understanding of sth. 做笔记take notes 写日记keep a diary 在...方面犯错make mistakes in sth. 天生具有be born with 注意pay attention to 把...和..联系起来connect ... with 关键词key words三. 翻译下列句子：（39分）1 . ——你是怎么备考的？——我通过小组合作来学习。

How do you study for a test ?I study by working with a group .2 . 首先只需快速阅读来抓住主要含义。

chemistry of materials 显示under review

chemistry of materials 显示underreview百度文库文档创作者：chemistryofmaterials显示underreview最新的化学材料论文《chemistryofmaterials显示underreview》正在进行审查阶段，它将为我们带来关于材料科学的最新研究发现和未来的发展方向。

本文将从三个方面对这篇论文进行介绍和分析。

首先，本文涉及的《chemistryofmaterials显示underreview》是一篇重点研究材料科学的论文。

它聚焦于化学材料的性质、合成方法和应用领域等方面，探索材料的组成、结构和性能之间的关系。

在此基础上，研究人员运用先进的实验技术和理论模型，深入分析了材料的微观结构和宏观特性，为材料科学领域的发展提供了新的思路和实验依据。

其次，在研究方法上，《chemistryofmaterials显示underreview》采用了多种综合性的实验手段。

例如，通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）等高分辨率成像技术，研究人员观察和分析了材料的表面形貌和内部结构。

同时，他们还运用X射线衍射（XRD）和核磁共振（NMR）等技术手段，研究材料的晶体结构、相变行为和化学组成。

通过这些综合性的实验分析，研究人员获得了详尽而全面的关于材料性质和结构的信息，为后续的研究奠定了坚实的基础。

最后，《chemistryofmaterials显示underreview》的研究结果对材料科学的发展具有重要的意义。

该论文从实验和理论两个方面展示了研究成果。

首先，研究人员成功合成了一种新型化学材料，并详细研究了其物理和化学性质。

其次，他们在理论层面提出了一种新的材料设计方法，并根据计算模拟结果验证了其可行性。

这些研究成果将为新材料的合成和功能定制提供重要的参考和指导，对推动材料科学的发展具有积极的影响。

综上所述，《chemistryofmaterials显示underreview》是一篇具有重要意义的材料科学论文。

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CHEMISTRY REVIEW U11.INORGANIC CHEMISTY(无机化学)●Isotopes: The atom has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.(p11) ●Relative atomic mass: Defining as the average mass of its isotopes compared with the massof an atom of the carbon-12 isotopes. (p15)●Avogadro constant(选择题要考，p16)●Molar mass, molar volume(计算题p16)●Parts per million(ppm, p27)●Atom economy(％)= (mass of atoms in desired product/mass of atoms in reactants)(p31)●产率（experimental value/theoretical value）●Enthalpy change- exothermic (combustion, neutralization, metal and acid/water,CaO+H20(熟化反应), endothermic(光合作用, thermal decomposition))p32●Specific Heat capacity (一般考试要说或者要给公式p36)●100% exothermic: first electron affinity, lattice energy●Standard enthalpy change of combustion(p40)●Standard enthalpy change of formation (formed from its elements/ For an element understandard conditions its enthalpy of formation is zero.(单质生成焓为0)) (p41)●Standard enthalpy change of atomisation (p41)●Standard enthalpy change of neutralisation (p42)●Hess’s law (几套考试卷子上都有p44-45)●Mean bond enthalpy(平均键能=前—后(Bond enthalpies apply to substances in thegaseous state.) p46)●Mass spectrometer (mass spectrometer can only test positive ions p52-53)1.The sample being measured in gaseous state. The sample is injected into and firstvaporised. (气化)2.The vapour is bombarded with high-energy electrons, and being knocked one or moreelectrons out to form positive ions.3.The ions are accelerated by an electric field.4.The pass through a velocity selector and being make sure all travelling at the samevelocity.5.The ions enter a uniform magnetic field and are deflected.6.The detector detects how many ions pass through.ing for drug testing……..(详情见刚刚6月份考过的卷子)●S orbital, P orbital, d orbital (p67画图/选择题)●Trend in the periodic table (从左到右半径减小，从上到下半径变大p74)●From left to right (size decrease, number of protons increase, shielding do not change)●P76-77趋势图(你们的电离能，沸点，从左到右什么要答size啊之类的都是这里)●Isoelectronic (等电子体p79)●Dot and cross diagrams (离子键的画图题p79)●Trend in ionic radii (涉及到质电比了！p80, p81页的HSW要看)●Electron density map (离子化合物与共价化合物的画图，离子化合物是分开的(seperate)，共价化合物是一圈的p83)●Lattice energy●Born-Haber cycle(考试日常，lattice energy 那一套和formation的值相等p84-86)●Polarisation in ionic bonds(离子键的极性p86-87)1.Anion is polarised by cation.（电子云变形）2.负电离子半径越大越容易被极化，正电离子半径越小越容易极化，变形程度越大说明带更多的共价性3.Polarise cause—ionic bond with covalent character4.Polarising power of a cation depends on its charge density.5.正离子永远不会变形●Dative covalent bonds (p89 配位键)ANIC CHEMISTRY●Hazard and risk in organic chemistry (什么有毒，强氧化剂腐蚀性的图，6月份卷子就考了的p96, p97 HSW (risk assessment 活体实验), ways of reducing risk 可以简单看一下) ●Unsaturated, Saturated, homologous series, functional group (p101 简单的formula)●P104 有机化合物alkane和同系物的前缀●State(depends on number of carbon atom, intermolecular forces)1.C1-C4gas2.C5-C16 liquid3.≥C17●Using crude oil (fractional distillation石油分馏p111)(Cracking p112 (temperature:600-700, Catalyst: SiO2, Al2O3))●Homolytic fission (free radicals: the species with an unpaired electron p114 右边下面自由基形成的过程画图, 单箭头)●Heating alkanes (cracking, combustion-complete and incomplete 侧链，环状提高燃烧效率p116)●Reactions of the alkanes with chlorine (p118-p119)1.Initiation (under UV light)2.Propagation3.termination●Alkenes, the carbon-carbon double bond.(πbond and σbond, πbond overlap any p orbital, alkanes only contain one σbond, alkenes contain one πbond and one σbond p124 )●Geometric isomers (cis-trans isomerism/E-Z isomerism p126-128 说明几何异构是怎么在but-2-ene里面存在的，6月份考卷)●Addition reactions of the alkenes1.Electrophiles (亲电试剂) p1292.Reaction with hydrogen (temperature: 200 catalyst: Ni or Pt) p1293.Reactions with the halogens (Cl2, Br2, I2 gaseous state) p1294.Testing of alkenes (bromine water react with carbon-carbon double bond (主产物副产物)，colour change from orange to colourless)5.Reaction with acidified potassium (高锰酸钾氧化性过高, only H2SO4可以酸化, colourchange from purple to colourless, 生成物为双醇-diol)●Electrophilic addition reaction(亲电加成反应机理p132-133)●Polymerization (polymer is unbiodegradable (不可降解))●概念●The first ionization energy: The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from onemole of gaseous atoms.●The second ionization energy: The energy required to remove one mole of electrons fromone mole of gaseous +1 ions to form one mole of gaseous +2 ions.●Covalent bond: The attraction between the two nuclei and the shared pair of electrons.●Metallic bond: The strong attraction between positive ions and delocalised electrons.●Ionic bond: The attraction between positive and negative charge ions.●Lattice energy: The energy released when 1 mole of an ionic crystal is formed from its ionsin the gaseous state under 298k and 1 atm.●Standard enthalpy change of atomization: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of its atoms inthe gaseous state is formed from the element under standard conditions.(the standardenthaly change of elements is 0)●Standard enthalpy change of formation: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of a compoundis formed from its element under 198k and 1 atm pressure.●Standard enthalpy change of combustion: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of atoms inthe gaseous state is formed from the element under 298k and 1 atm pressure.●Standard enthalpy change of neutralization: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of waterformed by the reaction of an acid with an alkali under 298k and 1 atm pressure.●Relative atomic mass: The average(weighted) mass of an element’s isotope relative to 1/12the mass of a 12C atom.●Relative isotopic mass: The mass of an atom of an isotope relative to 1/12 the mass of a 12Catom.●Hess’s law: The total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken.●Mean bond enthalpy: The mean value of the bond enthalpy of a particular bond in a rangeof compounds.●Orbital: The region where the electrons are most likely to be found.●Isomer: The compound has the same molecular formula but different displayed/structureformula.●Functional group: An atom or a group of atoms that is typical of a particular organic familyand which determines the chemical properties of the molecule.Pass paper questions(2018 Jan)20. Mass spectrometer(a)(iii)Q: Suggest two ways in which the ions following path R could differ from the ions that reach the detector?A: The ions with small weight or more charge will reach the inside wallThe ions with high weight or carry less charge will hit outside wall.(c)Q: State two further uses of mass spectrometersA: Using for drug testing; identifying the unknown compounds; for carbon dating21. Organic chemistry(d)Q: Suggest why cyclohexane is often added to petrol for use in internal combustion engines. A: Enhance the efficient of burning.(e)(iii)Q: Suggest how the enthalpy change of atomisation for liquid cyclohexane would differ from the value for gaseous cyclohexane calculated in(e)(ii). Justify your answer.A: For liquid cyclohexane, it requires more energy from liquid to gas.(适用于任何物质从液态到气态)22. Organic chemistry(a)*(ii)Q: Explain how geometric isomerism arises in but-2-ene. (C=C)A: Carbon-carbon double bond can’t be rotated.Each of the double bond has to attach(two)different groups.23. Inorganic chemistry(b)*(ii)Q: The theoretical lattice energy for silver nitrate is -820kJ/mol.What can you deduce about the bonding in silver nitrate? Justify your answer.A: The ionic bon in theoretical is almost 100 per cent ionic bond, so the lattice is reasonable agreement. In experiment, it contains slight covalent character.(2015 Jan)2. The Avogadro constant is equal to the number of atoms contained in one mole of any monatomic element.21. Organic chemistry(a)Q: Name the process by which the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated.A: fractional distillation22: Inorganic chemistry (enthalpy change)(c)(iii)Q: Suggest why the mean bond enthalpy of C=C bond is less than twice the mean bond enthalpy of C-C bond.A: πbond is weaker than σbond.(c)*(v)Q: The Data Booklet value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of propene is -2058KJ/mol.Explain why the value calculated in (c)(iv) is less exothermic than the Data Booklet value.A: The mean bond enthalpy is only for gas, in the reaction water is liquid, so it required energy to H2O from liquid to gas and it absorbs energy.25: Inorganic chemistry (ionization)(a)*(ii)Q: Give two reasons why the second ionization energy of magnesium is greater than the first ionization energy of magnesium.A: Mg1+ is smaller than Mg atomAs the number of protons doesn’t change, the ratio between protons and electrons are increase, so the attraction between the removed electron and the nucleus is greater.(b)(ii)Q: Explain why the first ionization energy of sulphur is lower than that of phosphorus?A: P contains a 3s half sub-shell, so it is more stable and requires more energy to remove one electron.S has one more electron in one 3p orbital, so it is much easy to be removed.(2015 May)21. Organic chemistry(a)(iii)Q: Explain the term structural isomers, by reference to two molecules selected from the table in part (a)A: Both A and B. The structural isomers mean the molecule has same number of carbon atom with different structural formulae.(复数)22. Inorganic chemistry (Born-Haber cycles)*(c)Q: Explain, in terms of the sizes and charges of the ions involved, why the lattice energy of MgF2 is more negative than NaF.A: Na+ is big than Mg2+Mg2+ has higher chargeThe attraction between ions is stronger in MgF2.24. *(b)Q: Explain why there is general increase in the first ionization energies from sodium to argonA: From left to right, the radius decreaseThe nuclear charge increases as the increase of number of protons.Shielding does not change.The attraction between the removed electron and nucleus increase from sodium to argon.(2016 Jan)2. Q: A sample of oxygen contains the isotopes 16O, 17O, 18O.How many peaks would there be for the O2+ ions in the mass spectrum of this sample of oxygen? A: 516. An electrophile is a species that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.(2016 May)17. (e) Q: A helium mass spectrometer is an instrument used to detect leaks in containers.A sealed container filled with helium is placed in a vacuum chamber. Any helium leaking out of the container is detected by the mass spectrometer.Suggest one reason that makes helium suitable for this purpose, other than its lack of reactivity. A: Helium is very small (因题目说除开不活泼的化学性质，稀有气体共有的优点：Safety)(c)*(iv) Q: Explain why the difference between the third and fourth ionization energies of aluminium is much larger than the difference between the first and second ionization energies. A: When it’s forth and third ionization energy, it’s remove electron from different shell, so it requires more energy to take it. And the ratio between protons and electrons is increase, so the attraction from nucleus to electron is increase.(d)(ii) Q: The atomic number of magnesium is one less than aluminium. Would you expect magnesium to have a higher or lower melting temperature than aluminium? Justify your answer. A: Mg has lower temperature.Mg2+ has less charge than Al3+Since Mg2+ is bigger than Al3+, so the attraction between positive ion and delocalised electrons in Al is stronger. (Al provide more electrons to the sea of electrons)*(iv) Q：Aluminium chloride has more covalent character than magnesium chloride.Explain what this statement means. By considering the physical properties of these two chlorides, suggest one piece of evidence showing that aluminium chloride has more covalent character than magnesium chloride.A: As Cl- is polarised by aluminium ion and magnesium ion, since Al3+ has small size and more charge, so the ionic bond in MgCl2 is stronger, the solubility in MgCl2 is better.(离子键越强，溶解性越好)(b) Q: When the hair-styler is switched on, the catalyst is heated using a battery. Suggest why the battery is not needed after the catalyst has been heated initially.A: The reaction between C4H10 and O2 is combustion reaction, as it is a exothermic reaction, so it release energy, so the heat is not need.(2017 Jan)2. Q: When ethane reacts with chlorine, a mixture of products forms. Which product is the best evidence for a free radical mechanism?A. HClB. C4H10C. C2H5ClD. C2H4Cl2A: B4. How many straight chain isomers have the molecular formula C3H5Cl?A: 3B: 4C: 5D: 6An: A7. Which of these statement is the best evidence for the existence of ions in sodium chloride? A: Solid sodium chloride conducts electricity.B: When an electric current is passed through a solution of sodium of sodium chloride, the movement of the coloured ions is observed.C: Sodium chloride crystals have a regular shape.D: There is good agreement between theoretical and experimental lattice energies for sodium chloride.An: D15. When 10cm3 of a nitric acid solution reacts with 20cm3 of a sodium hydroxide solution, the temperature rise is △T.Repeating the reaction with 15cm3 of the same nitric acid solution and 30 cm3 of the same sodium hydroxide solution would give a temperature rise ofA: 0.5△TB: 0.67△TC: △TD: 1.5△TAn: C(2018 Jun)8. When 10cm3 of 1 mol/dm3 nitric acid is mixed with 20cm3 of 1 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution, there is a temperature rise of △T.If the reaction is repeated with 20cm3 of nitric acid of 1mol/dm3 and 20cm3 of 1mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution, the temperature rise isA: 2△TB: 1.5△Tc. △TD 0.75△TAn: B18. The process with highest atom economy is the production ofA: propene by cracking eicosane, C20H42B: 1-chloropropane from propane and chlorineC: cyclohexane by reforming hexaneD: poly(propene) by polymerising propeneAn: D (polymerisation的原子经济永远是100%)23. (v)Q: A student suggests that butane would be a better fuel for hot air balloons than propane because it has a more negative enthalpy change of combustion, △H298=-2880KJ/mol Suggest two reasons why butane is not a better fuel than propane for hot air balloons.A: Reason one: For butane, it’s easily to occur incomplete combustionPer unit propane release more energy.(2018 Jan)14. The enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol was determined by using a spirit burnercontaining ethanol to heat 250cm3 of water in a copper calorimeter.The experimental value obtained was less exothermic than the Data Booklet value.Which is the least likely reason for this difference in the enthalpy values?A: Heat loss from the copper calorimeter.B: Incomplete combustion of the ethanol.C: Use of non-standard conditions.D: Loss of ethanol by evaporation.An: C18.(b) Q: Explain why ionization is an endothermic process.An: It will overcome the attraction of nucleus for the removed electron.(e) Q: Why are orbitals of the same sub shell occupied singly by electrons, before pairing of electrons occurs?An: if the two electrons are in the same orbital, they would repel each other.2017 Oct23. (a)(i) Q: Give two reasons why the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of argon is zero. An: Argon is a element which is monatomicArgon doesn’t need atomisation.Hint1. CO2 contains two πbond.2. CO contains ripe bond, two covalent bond, one dative covalent bond.3. (NH4)+ and (H3O)+ are dative covalent bond.4. First ionization for group2,3 or group5,6half full sub-shell is more stable and require more energy to removeradius(size)shielding doesn’t changethe attraction between remove electron and nuclear。