谈修辞格汉语_双向_与英语_PUN_的汉英翻译
英汉互译之修辞格的翻译
英语里 as ... as ...结构的明喻大多可以直 译： as cold as ice 冰冷 as hot as fire 火热 as hard as rock 坚如磐石 as light as feather 轻如鸿毛
下面的直译生动形象，也能被中国读者所 理解接受： as busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌 as bold as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛 as cheerful as a lark 像云雀一样快活 as blind as a bat 像蝙蝠一样瞎
3) How soon hath Time，the subtle thief of youth，stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! （John Milton） 时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃 了我二十又三年飞走了。
夸张； Hyperbole 1）我从乡下跑到京城里，一转眼已经六年了。 （鲁迅：《一件小事》） Six years have passed by in a twinkle since I came to the capital city from the countryside. 2) She is the prettiest girl in the world. 她是世界上最漂亮的姑娘。
暗喻；Metaphor 1) 何等动人的一页又一页篇章！ 这是人类思维的花朵。 （徐迟：《哥德巴赫猜想》） What inspiring chapters! They are the flowers of the human brainwork. 2) 霎时间，东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。（袁鹰： 《十月长安街》） At once，the Eastern and Western Chang’an Roads became roaring oceans. 3) Jane’s uncle is an old fox，up to all kinds of evils. 简的叔叔是个老狐狸，什么坏事都干得出来。 4) After that long talk，Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次长谈之后，吉姆成了她心中的太阳。
文学作品中双关语的修辞效果及其翻译
文学作品中双关语的修辞效果及其翻译双关就是人们平常所说的“一语双关”，即言在此而意在彼。
理论上的双关语是利用语言和词义的关系，使语句同时兼顾两种事物的辞格。
它是一个词语、短语或句子、句群同时含有双重意思。
一种是字面意思及本身含义，一种是言外之意。
字面的意思及本身的含义是次要的或不是强调的重点，言外之意是说话的真意或强调的重点。
双关语是世界各民族都具有的语言修辞现象。
英语也不例外，英语的辞格pun，又叫paronvmasia 或play on words，是指同形异义词（homonym）或同音异义词（homophone）的巧妙使用。
这种辞格的恰当运用能丰富戏剧语言，烘托气氛，起到讽刺、幽默的效果，有时还能展示人物性格和内心活动；它还能使语言精炼、含蓄、诙谐、生动活泼，令人回味无穷，兴味浓厚。
因此，受到人们的喜爱和关注。
一、英语双关语的修辞效果许多英语文学作品中的双关语都是利用谐音双关（homophonic puns）和词义双关（homographic puns）紧扣双重语境，造成诙谐幽默的效果。
谐音双关利用此根本不同的谐音词（同音、近音、音似）来构成的。
词义双关则是利用一词多义的特点构成表里两层的意思。
1．谐音双关（Homophonic Puns）产生的修辞效果。
例如：①Civilization is syphilization！（文而明之，梅而毒之；世界愈文明，梅毒愈蔓延。
)Civilization（文明）与 syphilization（传染梅毒）发音相似，而意义不同，构成谐音双关，讽刺自命文明的资本主义世界，人欲横流，性病猖獗的不文明状态。
言简意赅，发人深省。
② Lady M: If he do bleed, I'll gild the faces of the grooms withal,For it must seem their guilt. (William Shakespeare: Macbeth)要是他还留着血，我就把它涂在那两个侍卫的脸上；因为我们必须让人家瞧着是他们的罪过。
英语的两种修饰法：矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法跟PUN(双关语)
矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
用它来状物写景，能突出事物的实质；用它来描绘人物，能使其更加鲜明；用它来表达复杂的思想感情或意味深长的哲理，能使其更强烈，更深刻。
它是一种紧缩隽语。
矛盾修饰法是将两个意思截然不同的词放在一起，结合成一个词组，而对语是通过平行结构引起两个概念的对比。
矛盾修饰法：从哲学上讲，是对立的统一；从艺术上讲，更能体现出描写主体的个性化，更具渲染力。
例如：1.a clever fool聪明的傻瓜2.a victorious defeat胜利的失败3.cruel kindness残酷的仁慈4.expressionless expression毫无表情的表情5.sick health憔悴的健康6.a living death行尸走肉7.with careful carelessness小心翼翼又漫不经心地8.bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗9.dove-feather’d raven披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦10.with her disagreeably pleasant laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来11.an honorable villain体面的恶棍12.There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.(from Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser)这时是一片听得见的寂静，连人声听起来都是异样的。
(选自美国作家西奥多•德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》)(作者用audible来修饰stillness，匠心独具地从反面烘托环境，使人耳目一新，过目难忘。
矛盾的对立面取得了高度的一致，形成了完美的统一。
可译与不可译条件下的双关_Pun_翻译
句的亮点 ,舍去不译实在可惜 。因此 , 译文又增添了 “ the day is fine”和“deep in love”来表达原文的双关的两层意思 。
2. 引申译法 翻译过程遇到涉及双关的方言词 ,也不好处理 。有时我 们可用引申法表达原双关意 。 例 8:杨罗勃愤而一侧身 [ … ] 黄孟文《洋女孩 》 该主人公杨罗勃 ,名自 Robert,他是个极度崇洋媚外的 人 。杨罗勃跟汉语的“洋萝卜 ”同音 ,而这恰恰是广东人对 洋里洋气的华人讽刺称呼 。所以 ,原文例的名字“杨罗勃 ” 就具有了双关的意味 。但是怎么再翻译的时候也具备这样 的神韵呢 ? 很难 。只有采用引申译法 ,拼音加译注 。 例 8译文 : Yang Luobo was furious. He ducked. ( T ransla tor’s note: yang luobo“ca rrot”in Can tonese m eans som eone w ho assum es a servile a ttitude tow a rds foreign cu ltu re. ) (郑雅丽 译 ) 3. 双关的不译 尽管利用补偿译法和引申译法可以将不可译的双关的
表面意思和深层意思都表达出来 ,但是还有一些是连这都很 难做到 ,尤其是汉语中带有双关的歇后语 ,译者没有办法并
不觉得有必要为译文语言重新创作一个对等的谐音双关语 , 因为这类歇后语的意义往往非常简单明了 。
例 9: 猪鼻子里插葱 ———装象 如果是直译成“A p ig is sticking scallions into its nostrils to p retend to be an elephant. ”但是这样的译法不仅也失去双 关的意味 ,恐怕还会让英语国家的人困惑 。所以 ,对这样的 歇后语 ,只能不译 。至于其要表达的意思 ,若输出语言中有 类似的表达 ,则可以用套译法 。 例 9译文 : A vain crow has stuck a peacock’s feathers a2 mong his own! 或 A raven’s cleansing his feathers in a lake to p retend to be a swan! (《伊索寓言 》)
英语论文-英语双关语及其翻译
英语双关语及其翻译[Abstract] English pun is one of the important figures of speech, and it is widely used in various literary works, such as poems, novels, stories, advertisements and riddles, etc. Based on the definitions of English pun, this paper points out that homonyms, homophones, and homographs are available to construct puns. According to the characteristics and functions of their formation, Lv Xu divided English pun into three types, they are homophonic puns, homographic puns, puns on both pronunciation and meaning. English pun takes advantage of its distinctive features in nature and tries to produce ambiguity on purpose in order to get the effect of aiming at a pigeon and shooting at a crow. English puns can achieve many effects: humor, satire, vivid expression of the characters‟ feelings, which can increase the beauty of language and improve readability in order to attract the readers‟ interest. However, the translation of English pun is always considered to be extremely difficult. Many people even consi der puns as “untranslatable”. Since there is much difference between Chinese and English in phonology and morphology, it is difficult to find equivalence both in sound and in meaning in the target language for a translator. But there is no source text that is absolutely untranslatable; the translation of puns is possible to a certain extent. This paper introduces 3 main types to translate English puns. They are literal translation, free translation, and annotated translation.[Key Words] English pun; classification; characteristics; function; translation【摘要】英语双关语是重要的修辞格之一，这种修辞格广泛运用于各种文学作品，如诗歌、小说、故事、广告及谜语中。
3.5修辞格的翻译
3.5.1
明喻与隐喻 （simile and metaphor）（续2）
Will the Houston Rockets’ courtship of 7-5 Chinese center Yao Ming become a marriage, or will there be a breakup before Wednesday’s NBA draft? 休斯顿火箭队对7英尺5的中国中锋姚明的求爱是会 变成一场婚姻，还是他们在星期三的NBA选秀初选之 前分手？
认知语言学家George Lakoff Mark Johnson在 Metaphors We Live By一书中指出，隐喻是人类生存主要 的和基本的方式，人类隐喻认知结构是语言和社会文化 产生发展的基础。而语言是文化的载体，一种语言的比 喻折射出以这种语言为母语的人的思维方式和社会文化 特征。不管是明喻还是暗喻，翻译时首先要判断这种思 维方式或文化特征能否被译文读者所接受，然后依此进 行处理。请看下列例句：
3.5.1
明喻与隐喻 （simile and metaphor）（续5）
He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him "magpie". 他如此唠叨，同伴们给他起了个"麻雀"的外号。（汉 语中"喜鹊"喻义喜事、吉利、运气，而英语中喻义却是唠 叨、饶舌，于是取汉语中联想效果对应的比喻） "Don't be scared, chickens!" came her voice with teasing gaiety. " 别害怕， 你们这些胆小如鼠的东西！"只听得她用戏 谑的口气说道。（英语中鸡是懦弱、胆怯的代名词，而汉 语中的鸡却无法引起人们的这种联想，于是换成老鼠形象）
矛盾修辞格和双关语的翻译
That old man who got drunk all day lived a life of busy idleness.
The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and painful joy of childbirth.
The Definition of Oxymoron
In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.
即将两个字面意义相互矛盾甚至对立的词语紧密地 置于一处，形成修饰与被修饰或限制与被限制的关 系。处于矛盾修辞格之中的词或词组，从字面上看， 其语义自相矛盾，似乎违背逻辑和常理，但细加揣 摩却意味深长，尽在情理之中。
4. Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. 与其做愚蠢的智人，不如做聪明的愚人。
5. It is an open secret that the doctor and the nurse are already of one mind.
这位医生和护士情投意合已成为公开的秘密。
4.动词＋副词
副词与动词意义相悖，起修饰、限制作用， 如：
the moon shone darkly. 月亮发出黯淡的光。
5.名词＋名词
把两个语义对立的名词放在一起，或构成合成词， 或把前者作为中心词，使主体事物的矛盾性更加突 出、鲜明。这种情况下两个名词之间的主次关系不 是十分明显，往往用来形容二者之间的难以取舍， 或进退两难的境地，或者是复杂难辨的感情。如：
英语的两种修饰法：矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法跟PUN(双关语)
矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
用它来状物写景，能突出事物的实质；用它来描绘人物，能使其更加鲜明；用它来表达复杂的思想感情或意味深长的哲理，能使其更强烈，更深刻。
它是一种紧缩隽语。
矛盾修饰法是将两个意思截然不同的词放在一起，结合成一个词组，而对语是通过平行结构引起两个概念的对比。
矛盾修饰法：从哲学上讲，是对立的统一；从艺术上讲，更能体现出描写主体的个性化，更具渲染力。
例如：1.a clever fool聪明的傻瓜2.a victorious defeat胜利的失败3.cruel kindness残酷的仁慈4.expressionless expression毫无表情的表情5.sick health憔悴的健康6.a living death行尸走肉7.with careful carelessness小心翼翼又漫不经心地8.bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗9.dove-feather’d raven披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦10.with her disagreeably pleasant laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来11.an honorable villain体面的恶棍12.There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.(from Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser)这时是一片听得见的寂静，连人声听起来都是异样的。
(选自美国作家西奥多•德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》)(作者用audible来修饰stillness，匠心独具地从反面烘托环境，使人耳目一新，过目难忘。
矛盾的对立面取得了高度的一致，形成了完美的统一。
双关与Pun的对比
双关与Pun的对比双关与Pun的对比摘要：双关和Pun是英汉两种语言当中相对应的一种修辞格，在各种场合下，只要应用得当，都能够巧妙曲折的表达出相应的内容。
但两者也有很大的区别。
文章主要就双关和Pun的定义、分类、手段进行对比，分析两者的不同。
关键字：双关；Pun；对比在英语中，与双关相对应的是Pun。
双关是一种很常见的修辞格，它言此及彼，使得语言幽默，语义含蓄，耐人寻味。
现代，除了在文学作品中和人们的日常对话中以外，双关作为一种幽默、辛辣的语言，在广告和新闻报刊、杂志等领域也被广泛运用，展示着其独特魅力。
但是，由于中外各种因素的影响，两者并不能完全等同。
以下就定义、分类、手段和功能进行对比，分析两者的相同和不同之处。
一、定义的对比根据《辞海》的定义，双关语即修辞学上辞格之一，利用语言文字上同音或多义的关系,使一个词或一句话关涉到两件事。
而朗文词典对Pun的解释是(Longman Dictionary of American English)对pun 的解释为：“also play on words. An amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings, or words with the same sound but different meanings.”韦氏三版新国际英语词典(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary)给pun下的定义为：“The humorous of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or applications or of words having the same or nearly the samesound but different meanings: a play on words.”通过定义的对比，不难看出，汉语的双关侧重的是双重的含义，涉及到的是两件事。
英语“pun”与汉语双关语对比研究
英语“pun”与汉语双关语对比研究作者：雷蕾王月华来源：《现代语文(语言研究)》2014年第12期摘要：英语“pun”和汉语“双关语”并不完全等值。
汉语双关语只包含一语双关，而英语“pun”既包含一语双关或多关，又包含二语双关或多语多关。
本文从两者的定义入手，对英语“pun”和汉语双关语进行了分类，以《破产姐妹》和《爱情公寓》两部电视剧为例，具体分析了英语“pun”和汉语双关语的共性和差异，并探究了它们在具体语境中的语用效果。
关键词：pun ;双关语 ;英汉对比一、引言国内语言研究者们普遍把英语“pun”和汉语双关语视为完全等值的英汉修辞格，然而我们经过长期研究注意到，英语中的“pun”和汉语中的“双关语”其实并不完全对等，“pun”和“双关语”有对应的一面，也有不对应的一面。
陈望道（1979：96）指出，汉语双关语是指用一个语词同时关顾两种不同事物的修辞方式。
《现代汉语词典》也指出，双关语就是用词造句时表面上是一个意思，而暗中隐藏着另一个意思，并且往往隐藏着的意思才是说话者真正的意图①。
随着现代汉语的发展，也有人将汉语中的歧义②、换义③等修辞格等同于双关语，使双关语的外延得以扩展，实为广义上的双关语，此做法已经失去双关语的原义。
因此本文中主要讨论的是狭义上的汉语双关语。
英语里，Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary这样定义“pun”：the clever or humorous use of a word that has more than one meaning， or of words that have different meanings but sound the same④.在Shorter Oxford English Dictionary中“pun”的定义为“the humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings， or of words of similar sound with different meanings⑤”。
汉英双关比较及翻译策略
英汉双关比较及翻译策略英汉双关比较及翻译策略摘要：双关作为一种常用的修辞形式，因其言在此而意在彼，能巧妙曲折地表达内容而被广泛地应用于日常生活及文学作品当中。
通过对英汉双关的对比研究，指出两者的相似之处和差异以及如何正确翻译。
关键词：英汉双关相似差异翻译双关，顾名思义，就是利用词的多义及同音(或音近) 条件，有意使语句有双重意义，言在此而意在彼。
而在牛津英语词典( The Oxford English Dictionary) 对英语双关的定义是:‚The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations , or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sond with different meanings so as to produce a humorous effect‛。
也说是说,双关是在特定的语言环境中,巧妙地借用两种不同概念中所隐存的某些相似点,出人意料地进行两种语境的转换,以产生诙谐幽默的效果。
英汉双关两者都有着悠久的历史，成为许多文坛巨匠的重要创作手段。
古英语时期,双关语主要存在于口头语言游戏和史诗中如《贝奥武夫》。
中古英语时期,双关语更成为乔叟等诗人的创作手段。
文艺复兴时期英语双关传统空前繁荣,双关语登上大雅之堂,并成为众多作家重要的创作手段。
王政复辟之后,皇家学会倡导直白文风,文学中的双关传统在18 世纪陷入低谷。
19 世纪双关传统在幽默作家和儿童作家的努力下重登大雅之堂。
20 世纪上半叶,双关传统不仅在文学领域得以延续,而且在学术研究领域受到广泛重视。
汉语双关历史也极为悠久，《诗经》、《论语〃八佾》等中就有双关语的用例。
《老子》开篇第一句‚道可道，非常道‛也许是我国古典文献中最为经典的双关用例。
英语修辞之双关——Pun
1、Pun[pʌn]Definition：The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.Typology(or types)1、The homophonic pun（谐音双关）.The homophonic pun, a common type, utilizes the exploitation [,eksplɔi'teiʃən] of word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.A homophonic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous(the meaning is diffirent).Examples：①In George Carlin's phrase "Atheism is a non-prophet institution", the word "prophet 'prɔfit] " is put in place of its homophone "profit'prɔfit] ", altering the common phrase "non-profit institution".②"Pinky and the Brain" cartoon film series: "I think so, Brain, but if we give peas a chance, won't the lima beans feel left out?" which plays with the similar - but not identical - sound of "peas" and "peace".③Seven days without water makes one week(weak)2、The homographic pun（同形异义双关）exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.Examples：Douglas Adams's line "Y ou can tune a guitar, but you can't tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass." (Bible)The phrase uses the homophonic qualities of "tune a" and "tuna", as well as the homographic pun on "bass", in which ambiguity is reached through the identical spellings of /ˈbeɪs/ (a string instrument), and /ˈbæs/ (a kind of fish).3、Homonymic puns(同音异义双关语), another common type, arise from the①exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.The statement "Being in politics is just like playing golf: you are trapped in one bad lie after another" puns on the two meanings of the word lie as "a deliberate untruth" and as "the position in which something rests".②a joke repeated by Isaac Asimov gives us "Did you hear about the little moron who strained himself while running into the screen door?", playing on 'strained' as "to give much effort" and "to filter".4、compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.Examples:①a complex statement by Richard Whately includes four puns: "Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert? Because he can eat the sand which is there. But what brought the sandwiches there? Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred."[8]This pun uses "sand which is there/sandwiches there, "Ham/ham", "mustered/mustard", and "bred/bread".5、A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.Examples:① the statement "π is only half a pie." (π radians is 180 degrees, or half a circle, and a pie is a complete circle).②"Infinity（无限大）is not in finity（有限的）," which means infinity is not in finite range.③"A Freudian slip is when you say one thing but mean your mother."[9] Finally, we are given "Immanuel doesn't pun, he Kant（康德）" by Oscar Wilde.6、Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture. In European heraldry, this technique is called canting arms.Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gable stones as well as in some cartoons Examples:① Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gablestones;② In some cartoons such as Lost Consonants and The Far SidePuns in comedies、jokes、literatureIn Romeo and Juliet when Mercutio begs Romeo to dance, Romeo refuses.Unlike Mercutio’s shoes with “nimble soles,” Romeo says that he has a “soul of lead.” At one point, Romeo asks for a torch, saying “being heavy [sad], I will bear the light.”Captain Aubrey: "Do you see those two weevils, Doctor?...Which would you choose?"Dr. Maturin: "Neither. There's not a scrap of difference between them. They're the same species of Curculio."Captain Aubrey: "If you had to choose. If you were forced to make a choice. If there were no other option."Dr. Maturin: "Well, then, if you're going to push me. I would choose the right-hand weevil. It has significant advantage in both length and breadth."Captain Aubrey: "There, I have you!...Do you not know that in the Service, onemust always choose the lesser of two weevils?"Other great works of literature have included puns as well. Poet John Donne, whose name rhymed with “done,” often punned his name in his own poetry. In one of his hymns, he even puns the name of his wife Anne More, with the line “Thou hast not done, For I have more.”Our Bible reveals to us the character of our God with minute andremorseless exactness ... It is perhaps the most damnatorybiography that exists in print anywhere. It makes Nero an angelof light and leading by contrast. [Msark Twain]Falling in love is not at all the most stupid thing that people do —but gravitation can not be held responsible for it. [AlbertEinstein]Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future. [NielsBohr]Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. [George E.P. Box]The best material model of a cat is another, or preferably thesame, cat. [Norbert Wiener]As a child, I received instruction both in the Bible and in theTalmud. I am a Jew, but I am enthralled by the luminous figure ofthe Nazarene. [Albert Einstein]One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got intomy pajamas I'll never know. » [Groucho Marx]Puns often are used in the titles of comedic parodies. A parody of a popular song, movie, etc., may be given a title that hints at the title of the work being parodied, substituting some of the words with ones that sound or look similar. Such a title can immediately communicate both that what follows is a parody and also which work is about to be parodied, making any further "setup" (introductory explanation) unnecessary.Examples would include the Star Trek: V oyager episode entitled "False Profits" (a pun on the saying 'false prophets') or the episode of Psych entitled "The Polarizing Express" (spoofing The Polar Express and the definition of polarization, which means 'to break into factions')Non-humorous puns were and are a standard rhetorical and poetic device in English literature. Puns and other forms of word play have been used by many famous writers, such as Alexander Pope, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Robert Bloch, Lewis Carroll, John Donne, and William Shakespeare, who is estimated to have used over 3,000 puns in his plays.[citation needed]Here is an example from Shakespeare's Richard III:"Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this son of Y ork"(Son/sun)Shakespeare was also noted for his frequent play with less serious puns, the "quibbles" of the sort that made Samuel Johnson complain, "A quibble is to Shakespeare what luminous vapours are to the traveller! He follows it to all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, sure to engulf him in the mire.It has some malignant power over his mind, and its fascinations areirresistible."[14] Elsewhere, Johnson disparagingly referred to punning as "the lowest form of humour".[citation needed]In the poem A Hymn to God the Father, John Donne, married to Anne More,reportedly puns repeatedly: "Son/sun" in the second quoted line, and twocompound puns on "Donne/done" and "More/more". All three arehomophonic, with the puns on "more" being both homographic andcapitonymic. The ambiguities serve to introduce several possible meanings into the verses."When Thou hast done, Thou hast not done / For I have more.that at my death Thy Son / Shall shine as he shines now, and heretoforeAnd having done that, Thou hast done; / I fear no more."。
浅析英语修辞格双关(Pun)
浅析英语修辞格双关（Pun）双关(Pun)是英语中一种常见的修辞方式。
《牛津英语词典》(The Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon Press. V o1.xII.P832)对其的定义是：The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect.”双关可以使语言意蕴丰富，诙谐幽默，或具有嘲弄讽刺的修辞效果，达到吸引读者的目的。
双关的分类大致分为语义双关，谐音双关，习语双关，语法双关以及延伸双关。
一、英语双关的构成１、语义双关语义双关（Homograph）是利用词语或句子的多义性在特定环境下形成的双关，例如：(1) Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.明天你来找我，你就将发现我已经是个坟墓中的人了。
句中grave有两义，可作“坟墓”或“严肃的”、“重大的”解。
（2）--Why should a fisherman always be wealthy?--Because his business is net profit.为什么渔民总是湿乎乎的，因为他赚的是纯利润。
其中，net既可以指渔网，又可以指纯净的。
（3）Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft.趁年轻时学一点手艺，以便在年老时可不靠行骗为生。
句法修辞格与英译
（秦孝公）有席卷天下，包举宇内，囊括四海之意，并吞八荒之心。
——贾谊《过秦论》
King Xiao of Qin had the ambition of subjugating the other states and conquering the whole country.
We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.
The world will little note, or long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
Arthur Waley
2. 白日依山尽，黄河入海流。 ——王之涣《登鹳雀楼》
The sun beyond the mountains glows;
The Yellow River seawards flows.
许渊冲
3. 民可以乐成，不可与虑始。 ——褚少孙《西门豹治邺》
People can rejoice over the success of an undertaking, but cannot be reasoned into giving it approval at the beginning.
句法修辞格与英译
Syntactic Rhetorical Devices and Their English Translation
句法修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点而形成的修辞效果，主要有：对偶、互文、变文、顶真、回环、反复等。
对偶与英译 (对偶≈antithesis)
英语修辞格Pun与汉语双关语的互译研究
英语修辞格Pun与汉语双关语的互译研究何宁【摘要】双关语(Pun)是英语修辞格之一，深受广大文学家的青睐，其原理是利用一词多义、同音异义、同形异义的双关手段来达到多功能的修辞效果。
在此，文章研究英语修辞Pun的分类及其修辞功能，从谐音双关和寓意双关两个方面探讨英语修辞格Pun与汉语双关语的互译，促进中国文学与英语文学的发展。
%The pun (Pun) is one of the figures of English speech, many writers like to use it, its principle is to use the rhetoric effect of polysemy, homophone and homograph pun and achieves multiple functions of a word. This article researches the classification of English pun and its rhetorical function, and then explores the translation of English pun and Chinese pun from the two aspects of the homophonic pun and allegorical pun, finally promotes the development of Chinese literature and English literature.【期刊名称】《西昌学院学报（社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2015(000)001【总页数】3页(P155-157)【关键词】修辞功能;双关语;语义双关;语音双关;互译【作者】何宁【作者单位】安徽财贸职业学院，安徽合肥 230001【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315英语修辞格Pun与汉语双关语的互译研究何宁（安徽财贸职业学院，安徽合肥230001）收稿日期：2014-12-12作者简介：何宁（1980-），女，汉族，安徽巢湖人，讲师，硕士，研究方向：英语语言学、英语国家概况教学。
08级本科翻译——修辞
1) He lost his temper and his hat. 他既发了脾气又掉了帽子。 他既发了脾气又掉了帽子。 2) People gathered in the hall for friendship and a hot lunch. 人们聚集在大厅里，为了友谊， 人们聚集在大厅里，为了友谊，也为了一顿热气腾腾 的午餐。 的午餐。 轭式搭配法与一语双叙的唯一不同之处在于： 轭式搭配法与一语双叙的唯一不同之处在于：这种结构中 的某个成分只与其中一个词语的搭配是正确的， 的某个成分只与其中一个词语的搭配是正确的，而另一个 是被人为放在一起，是不合常理和语法的。 是被人为放在一起，是不合常理和语法的。它巧妙地把前 一个正常的搭配借用到后者，表面上看起来不合逻辑， 一个正常的搭配借用到后者，表面上看起来不合逻辑，但 实际上却能产生出其不意的效果，使语言生动别致、 实际上却能产生出其不意的效果，使语言生动别致、耐人 寻味。如果说一语双叙能起到出人意料的效果， 寻味。如果说一语双叙能起到出人意料的效果，那么轭式 搭配法则能体现语言使用者的创造性。 搭配法则能体现语言使用者的创造性。当然这种强制搭配 绝不是随心所欲的，必需要有一定语义基础才能水到渠成。 绝不是随心所欲的，必需要有一定语义基础才能水到渠成。
(1)Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention, saying nothing, and applauding heartily with the rest. 富兰克林•罗斯福目光炯炯 满脸笑容， 罗斯福目光炯炯， 富兰克林 罗斯福目光炯炯，满脸笑容，聚精会神地听 他没说什么，只是跟大伙儿开心地鼓掌喝彩。 着，他没说什么，只是跟大伙儿开心地鼓掌喝彩。 (2)The American society saw a gnawing poverty during the years of the Great Depression. 大萧条的岁月中，美国经历了虫咬般刻骨铭心的贫困。 虫咬般刻骨铭心的贫困 大萧条的岁月中，美国经历了虫咬般刻骨铭心的贫困。 4.双关语（pun） 双关语（ 双关语 ） 双关语是利用词的同音异义或同形异义， 双关语是利用词的同音异义或同形异义，使一个词语或句 子具有两种不同的含义，从而令语言生动有趣、 子具有两种不同的含义，从而令语言生动有趣、诙谐 幽默，达到借题发挥、旁敲侧击、由此及彼的效果。 幽默，达到借题发挥、旁敲侧击、由此及彼的效果。 双关分谐音双关和语义双关。 双关分谐音双关和语义双关。
英汉辞格比较与翻译
metaphor
• Metaphor is an implied comparison between two or more unlike things achieved by identified one with the other
• He ran down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallop.
• They swarmed up in front of Sherburn’s palings as thick as they could jam together, and you couldn’t hear yourself think for the noise.
• 改译: 他们水泄不通地拥挤在谢伯的篱笆前,由 于太吵了,你都听不见自己在想些什么.
Pun
• 英语的pun和汉语的双关相似,作为一种有趣 的语言现象,这类修辞往往运用词的多义或 异义和同音现象来取得幽默或讽刺效果.由 于英语和汉语的语音系统不同,所以英语的 谐音双关是很难直接翻译到汉语当中去的. 最好的办法是根据上下文翻译出作者的含 义.
• 译文:也许是因为他初来乍到就有关他在国外大学求 学的种种流言蜚语,也许是因为他是一位没有结婚, 无拘无束的绅士,他便被称为光棍学士.
• What do lawyers do when they die?
• Lie still. • 律师死了以后干啥? • 身子动弹不得,口里依然撒谎.
• Judge: What made you think that you could park your car there?
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谈修辞格汉语/双向0与英语/PUN 0的汉英翻译X何 颖(湛江师范学院 湛江 524048)摘 要 双向或语义双关是英汉两种语言中共有的修辞现象,是两种语言中意义传达的重要手段之一。
由于英语和汉语各自源于不同的历史社会生活和不同的运思活动,它们各自又有着不同的生成方式、表达手段和语言形式。
在将汉语中的双向译成英语或把英语中的双向译成汉语时,就必然遇到如何有效传达的问题。
关键词 双向; 英语; 汉语; 语义传达方法中国图书分类号 H 059双向(pun),或语义双关,是语言中最富智慧、最简洁、生动的表现手段之一,是语言高度发展的体现。
它直接得益于历代社会生活各个领域的、人的活动的运思的滋养。
汉语/双向0和英语/pun 0,虽然根源于两种不同的语言,滋养于各自不同的人文精神和历史生活经验,却有着相同的语义内涵和话语规约性。
具体地说,辞格双向,就是利用词的多义和同音等语词条件,言者或书写者有意识地用同一个词、同一句话、或同一个语言片断,在同一个上下文中,在同一个话语情景中,同时关照两种事物或两个人物,表达双重意思:一为表,一为里;一为显,一为隐;一为言内,一为言外;一为象自身,一为象外(味外味)。
双向语的言者或书写者,意在取得/一箭双雕0之效用,虽然说是收取/两得0之效用,不过在双重意思中,重点不在字面上的那层意识,而是在没有说出来的、却意欲/中的0那层意思。
但是,所谓言外之意,并不属于话语字面意上,也不是字面意义的自然延伸,而是字面意义的特定语境中与特定读(听)者发生关系后产生出来的一种意义。
例:¹A n ambassador is an honest man w ho lies abroad for the g ood of his country.译:大使是一个为了本国的利益而在国外说谎的诚实的人。
)))谢祖钧:5英语修辞漫谈6º杨柳青青江水平,闻郎江上唱歌声。
东边日出西边雨,道是无晴却有晴。
译:Between the willo ws green the river flo ws along,My belo ved is in a boat is heard singing a song.The wes t is veiled in rain,the east basks in sunshine,My belo ved is as deep in love as the day is fine.)))刘禹锡:5竹枝词6,许渊冲译例¹句中lies 可解作/住在0,也可解作/说谎0、/欺骗0,一词关两义,文词犀利,却不失风趣,幽默。
(遗憾的是,译成中文时,却无法保留其双关意义。
虽译成/说谎的诚实的人0而达其义,但是译者词性转换的结果,却使译文成了矛盾修辞法。
)例º字面上指的是天气阴、晴的/晴0,由于/晴0与/情0谐音,实质上是指的/感情、爱情0的/情0。
一、利用词的多义和同音等条件构成双关其方式可具体地分为两种:谐音双关和寓义双关。
第21卷第6期1999年12月 湖北三峡学院学报JO URNA L OF HUBEI THREE G ORGES UNIVERSIT Y Vol.21 No.6Dec.1999X 收稿日期:1999-09-20谐音双关英语为Ho mophonicPuns,是指利用意义不同的同音、近音、音似的词构成双关。
例:空对着,山中高士晶莹雪,/终不忘,世外仙姝寂寞林。
译:Vainly facing the hermit in sparkling sno w-clad hills,/I forget no t the fairy in the lone woo ds beyond the w orld 1)))曹雪芹:5红楼梦6,扬宪益,戴乃迭译显然,作者是以/雪0喻/薛0(宝钗),以/林0喻/林0(黛玉)。
译文明晰,流畅,然而也只能是得其意,而忘其形,原文谐音双关尽失。
寓意双关又叫语义双关或语意双关,英语为Homog raphicPuns,是指利用词语的多义现象,特别是利用多义词,构成一表一里、一显一隐/明修栈道,暗渡陈仓0的两层意思。
例:There came a train of ping-po ng players ho me wi th loaded ho no rs.译:一辆火车驶来了,上面有一队乒乓球选手,他们载誉而归。
原句中的/train 0既可当/火车0讲,又可以作/行列0解,语关双义,译文取分译法,译成/火车0和/一队0,译出了该词的本意和寓意,然而,原文语关双义也已无迹可觅了。
二、语辞格/双向0与英语/PUN 0的转译方法运用双关语是一种高级的修辞技巧,同时也最难翻译,是译家容易遇到的/滑铁卢0。
原因是两种语言的表达方式和表达手段各不相同,汉语的双关词在英语中并不一定是双向词,反过来也一样。
两种语言中的/双向0辞格都是在各自的文化际遇和不同民族的习得心理中形成的。
就翻译过程的发生来讲,译(听)者由形入神,由言得意,却又在入乎其神、得乎其意后,而忘乎其表、言。
形、言之复得或/嫁接0或/化入0,既受到源于理解之选择的羁囿,又受到语言系统/前见0之约束。
最后出场的形、言,不能不/半遮面0,于此,中英互通的人,常感到捻断须而言意未尽。
下面我将结合具体实例,来讨论翻译双关语之得失。
1、直译法直译法是指,当原文中的双关语能在译文中找到与之相对应、或基本上对应的双关语时,并且能保留原文双关语所用的形式、形象,译文在内容上和修辞上与原文保持一致时,可以采取直译法。
例:¹惯于长夜过春时,挈妇将雏鬓有丝。
)))鲁迅译:Used to spending the springtime in endless long nights,I take refuge with my wife and kid,temples grey.)))黄新渠译直观地看,原文中的/长夜0一词,是指自然现象中的/漫漫长夜0。
联系到鲁迅的生活境遇和他的创作整体语境,这里的/漫漫长夜0又指当时白色恐怖笼罩下那难熬的、暗无天日的岁月。
译者以endless long nig hts 来译,同样带有双关的意义。
因为/白昼0/长夜0是人类的共有自然现象,作为/光明0和/黑暗0的寓意,在中西文学作品中都大量存在。
同时译文在形式上和内容上与原文是对应的,一致的,可以说得到了神形的统一。
º我失骄杨君失柳,杨柳轻直上重霄九。
)))毛泽东:5蝶恋花6译A: I lost my pro ud Poplar and yo u y our Willo w,Poplar and W illo w soar i nto the Nineth Heaven.译B: I .ve lo st pro ud Yang and y ou .ve lo st Liu,Their souls fly into the blue.)))5翻译理论与翻译技巧论文集6,P101-102译C: I lo st Y ang,that though poplar,Y ou lo st Liu,that willow )they flew up to hi ghest heaven.)))Hua-Lin g Nieh &Paul Engle 译»No t I,believe me.You have dancing sho es.With nimble soles;I have a soul of lead.So stakes me to the gro und.I can no t move.译:我实在不能跳。
你们都有轻快的舞鞋,我只有一个铅一样的灵魂,把我的身体紧紧地钉在地上,使我的脚步不能移动。
75第6期 何 颖:谈修辞格汉语/双向0与英语/PUN 0的汉英翻译76湖北三峡学院学报第21卷)))Shakespeare:Ro meo and Juliet,朱生豪译莎翁利用so le(鞋底)与soul(灵魂)同音异义,构成谐音双关,并由此引出三种不同的对照和三种不同的理解:sole(舞鞋)与soul(灵魂)对照,其意思已由朱生豪的译文表达。
sole(鞋底)与sole(鞋底)对照:Yo u hav e dancing shoes wi th nimble sole;I have a so ul(sole)of lead.意思是:你们都有轻快的舞鞋,我只有铅一样重的舞鞋。
so ul(灵魂)与so ul(灵魂)对照:You have dacing shoes with nimble soles(sho es);I have a soul of lead.可以理解为:你们都有舞鞋,心情又轻松,我虽有舞鞋,但心情沉重。
原文涵盖三义,生动形象地反映了罗密欧当时的复杂心境。
例º中译文以直译的方式,直取其中/杨0/柳0,表面上指的是/杨树0/柳树0,实际上是指杨、柳二人,属于谐音双关。
原诗表现了诗人对亡妻和战友的思念和肯定。
译文A、B、C在话语表现上颇为/形似0,可以说三种译文都得其形、言。
然而,如果不曾读过原诗,更不知道原诗背景的人,便只能懂得这两行译文的/表面0价值,而且这三种译文的/表面0价值是绝对不同的。
读了/译文A0,只知道是两株树;读了/译文B0,只知道是两个人;读了/译文C0,只知道两个人是或被喻为两株树。
原诗汉字形式上给予读者的联想和美感,以及对主题的烘托,在三种译文里更是难见踪迹。
直译,丧其义(言外义),意译,又丧其形。
看来,取直译加注释的办法,或许能将原诗的意思明白地表现出来。
¼Behold,it is threatening to sho wer.W e are in the same boat,Let.s provide against the rainy days.译:看哪!风云如此险恶,我们风雨同舟,宜早作未雨绸缪之计。
原文是一个饶有风趣的双关语,其中in the same boat,字面意义是/在同一条船上0,实际意义是/风雨同舟0、/同舟共济0。
/provide against the rainy day s0与汉语/未雨绸缪0同义,其表面意义是/事前做好防雨准备0,实际意义是/宜早作准备,以防意外0。
译者直接以等值双关语来翻译,译得贴切而巧妙,可以说是美媲原文,得汉语形意谐调之味。
2、意译法有些双关语具有很浓厚的民族特色和话语者的个性人格特征以及语境的规约性,在译语中找不到对应或等值的双关语,往往只好舍弃双关的妙趣,得其意,忘其言,得其鱼,忘其筌,当一当/醉翁0,译出其基本意义或作者意欲传达的意义。