Pragmatics
第六张语用学pragmatics
第六张语用学pragmatics Chapter 6pragmatics一、定义1.语境Context The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language,it's generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.2.言语行为理论Speech act theory It's an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.it's aphilosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication.it aims to answer the question"what do we do when using language?"The concept of causatives performatives,the locutionary act,the illocutionary act,the perlocutionary act and the5categories of illocutionary act suggested and formulated by J.R.Searle constitute the speech act theory.3.叙述句Constatives Constatives are statements that either state or describe,and are thus verifiable and it bearing the truth-value.；4.行为句Performatives Performatives are sentences that did not state afact or describe astate,and are not verifiable.5.言内行为Locutionary Act Alocutionary act is the act ofuttering words,phrases,clauses.it's the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon and phonology.6.言外行为Illcotionary Act An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention it's the act performed in saying something.7.言后行为Perlocutionary Act Perlocuationary Act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.it's the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.8.句子意义Sentence meaning It refers to asentence and is agrammatical concept,the meaning of asentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.9.话语意义Utterance meaning It refers to asentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication,it becomes and utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered.10.合作原则Cooperative Principle It's proposed and formulated by P.Grice,a pragmatic hypothesis,is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate,otherwise,it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.11.会话含义Conversational implicatures According to P.Grice,it refers to the extra meaning not contained in thutterance,understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker's knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the CP.话语的言外之义是说话人通过故意违反某一准则而获得这种听者能懂的暗含之意。
6.Pragmatics 简明英语语言学 戴炜栋
extralinguistic context
context of situation
time & space of the communication subject of communication formality of communication
relationship of participants
b. The patient is lying in bed when the nurse comes in. the window is open. The patient says: It’s cold in here.
Within context, the two utterances have different meanings. In (a), Cecilia most probably suggests, “let’s leave here and find a warmer place”, while in (b), the patient is suggesting to the nurse: “Close the window please”.
knowledge about the language
linguistic context
knowledge about the linguistic environment
common sense
Context
background knowledge social-cultural conventions speech conventions
linguistic and contextual
knowledge
knowledge
Semantics
pragmatics英语解释
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that studies how context and social factors contribute to meaning in language. It looks at how language is used in real-life situations and how it can be interpreted beyond its literal or grammatical meaning. Pragmatics also examines howmunicative acts are performed and understood, including the role of speaker intentions, assumptions, and presuppositions inmunication.1. Definition of PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of language. It focuses on the use of language inmunication, taking into account the speaker's intentions, the context of the conversation, and the social and cultural factors that may impact meaning. Unlike semantics, which deals with the literal meaning of words and sentences, pragmatics looks at the implied or inferred meaning of language in use.2. Key Concepts in Pragmaticsa. Speech ActsOne of the central concepts in pragmatics is speech acts, whichrefers to the actions performed by speakers through their utterances. These actions can include making requests, giving orders, making promises, or expressing opinions. Speech acts are not just about the words themselves, but also the intentions and effects behind them.b. Grice's MaximsGrice's conversational maxims are another important concept in pragmatics. These maxims, proposed by philosopher H.P. Grice, outline the principles that guide cooperativemunication. They include the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner, which suggest that speakers should be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear in theirmunication.c. ImplicatureImplicature refers to the inferred meaning that arises from an utterance, beyond its literal meaning. The study of implicature is central to the understanding of how context and pragmatic principles affect the interpretation of language. For example, when someone says "It's cold in here," the implicature might be a request to close a window or turn up the heat.3. Applications of PragmaticsPragmatics has implications for various areas of language use, including language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis.a. Language TeachingIn language teaching, an understanding of pragmatics is crucial for learners to effectively use language in real-world situations. Teaching pragmatics involves helping learners understand the appropriate use of language in different contexts and how to interpret the implied meanings and intentions inmunication.b. Cross-Cultural CommunicationPragmatics also plays a significant role in cross-culturalmunication. Different languages and cultures may have varying pragmatic norms and conventions, leading to potential misunderstandings or mimunications. By understanding the pragmatic differences between languages, individuals can navigate cross-cultural interactions more effectively.c. Discourse AnalysisIn discourse analysis, pragmatics is used to examine how language is used to achievemunicative goals in different contexts. This includes studying the patterns of interaction, power dynamics, and politeness strategies in discourse, as well as how context influences the interpretation of language in specific settings.4. Challenges and Controversies in PragmaticsDespite its importance, pragmatics also faces several challenges and controversies in its study. These include issues related to the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning, the difficulty of establishing universal pragmatic principles, and the role of pragmatics in language processing and understanding.a. Cultural and Context-Specific NatureOne challenge in pragmatics is the recognition of the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning. Differentcultures may have unique norms and conventions formunication, leading to variations in pragmatic interpretation. This makes it difficult to establish universal rules for pragmatic understanding.b. Universal Pragmatic PrinciplesAnother controversial issue is the search for universal pragmatic principles. While some scholars argue for the existence of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural pragmatic principles, others emphasize the diversity and variability of pragmatic norms across languages and cultures. This ongoing debate reflects theplexity of studying pragmatics on a global scale.c. Pragmatics and Language ProcessingThe relationship between pragmatics and language processing is another area of contention. Some researchers argue that pragmatics is an essentialponent of language understanding, while others m本人nt本人n that it is secondary to the processing of grammatical and semantic information. Resolving this issue has implications for the study ofmunication disorders and the development of natural language processing systems.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, pragmatics offers valuable insights into theplex nature of language use and interpretation. By examining the role of context, social factors, and speaker intentions inmunication, pragmatics enhances our understanding of how language works in the real world. Despite the challenges and controversies it faces, the study of pragmatics continues to be an important and dynamic field within linguistics, with implications for language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis. As we strive to better understand the multifaceted nature of language andmunication, pragmatics rem本人ns a crucial area of investigation.。
语言学知识_语用学
语用学一．语用学（Pragmatics）的定义：语用学是用以研究语言使用者如何使用句子成功进行交际的学问。
语用学（Pragmatics）与语义学（Semantics）虽然都涉及对语言意义的研究，但是语义学（Semantics）只是将语言视作一个独立的系统来研究，而语用学（Pragmatics）则是将语言置于语境（context）之中。
所以，语用学（Pragmatics）与语义学（Semantics）本质区别在于是否将语境（context）因素纳入考量范围之内。
二．句子意义与话语意义（Sentence Meaning Vs. Utterance Meaning）：1) 句子意义（Sentence Meaning）：句子意义指的是独立于语境的句子本身所传达的字面意义。
2）话语意义（Utterance Meaning）：话语意义指的是将句子的意义置于特定语境中以表达言者某种意图的意义。
三．指示现象（Deixis）：指示现象指的是说话人利用语言形式表达说话内容所涉及的人员、事物、时间、地点等方面。
指示现象是连接语言形式及其发生语境的桥梁。
指示语主要分为以下三类：1）人称指示语（person deixis）：用于表达言语交际的参与者。
2）空间指示语（spatial deixis）：用于指代言语活动中所涉及的人、物或事的相对位置。
3）时间指示语（temporal deixis）：用于表达言语交际活动中的时间点和时间段。
四．言语行为理论（Speech Act Theory）：1) 约翰·奥斯汀（John Austin）的言语行为模式：英国哲学家约翰·奥斯汀（John Austin）于20世纪50年代提出的言语行为模式区分了言有所述（constative）和言有所为（performative）。
随后，他又对原先的理论进行了发展，放弃了言有所述（constative）和言有所为（performative）的区分，发展出了新的言语行为模式。
《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 7 Pragmatics
world; 3) the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of
Contents
1 Introduction to Pragmatics 2 Deixis and Reference
3 Speech Acts 4 Pragmatic Presupposition
5 The Cooperative Principle and Implicature
6
Apply PP to teaching in future Politeness
7.2.6 Social deixis
the encoding of social distinctions, or the use of deictic expressions to indicate social status of the interlocutors
● honorifics e.g. tu/vous (in French) du/sie (in German) nǐ/nín (in Chinese)
--- the addressees being audio-visually present during the utterances to be able to understand these expressions
e.g. I like that one, not this one.
7.2 Deixis and reference
语言学名词解释
Chapter 6: Pragmatics1. pragmatics: The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication.2. context: The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers. (05)3. sentence meaning: The meaning of a self-contained unit with abstract and de-contextualized features.4. utterance meaning: The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context. (03).6. Speech Act Theory: The theory proposed by John Austin and deepened by Searle, which believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking. (05)7. constatives: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable. (06F)8. performatives:Performatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, a nd are not verifiable.9. locutionary act: The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology.10. illocutionary act:The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something. (06F)11. perlocutionary act: The act resulting from saying something and the consequence or the change brought about by the utterance.1. historical linguistics:A subfield of linguistics that study language change.2. coinage: A new word can be coined to fit some purpose. (03)3. blending: A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.5. borrowing: When different culture come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words.6. back formation: New words may be coined from already existing words by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called back-formation.7. functional shift: Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.Chapter 8: Language And Society2. speech community: A group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms. (05)3. speech varieties: It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.4. regional dialect: A variety of language used by people living in the same geographical region.5. sociolect: A variety of language used by people, who belong to a particular social class.6. registers : The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.7. idiolect :A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. (04)10. field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior..11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.12. mode of discourse: It refers to the means of communication and it is concerned with how communication is carried out.13. standard dialect: A superposed variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.14. formality: It refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen.15. Pidgin: A blending of several language, developing as a contact language of people, who speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis.16. Creole : A pidgin language which has become the native language of a group of speakers used in this daily life.17. bilingualism : The use of two different languages side by side with each having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C)18. diaglossia : A sociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist ina speech community, each having a definite role to play.Chapter 9: Language And Culture1. culture : The total way of life of a person, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of human community.5. linguistic relativity : A belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language-----又叫Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (06C)7. denotative meaning: It refers to the literal meaning, which can be found in a dictionary.8. connotative meaning: The association of a word, apart from its primary meaning.9. iconic meaning: The image of a word invoked to people.Chapter 10: Language Acquisition1. language acquisition:It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.2. language acquisition device (LAD): A hypothetical innate mechanism every normal human child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language. (03)4. motherese: A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.(05)6. under-extension: Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation.7. over-extension: Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition1. second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.3. second language: A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.4. foreign language: A foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.12. interlingual error: errors, which mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc.13. intralingual error: Errors, which mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association.14. overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language.17. mistake: mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms andself-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly awareof their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.25. motivation:motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc. (06C)27. integrative motivation: the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05)28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes. (06F)29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.30. learning strategies:learning strategies are learners’ co nscious goal-oriented andproblem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.31. cognitive strategies: strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F)32. metacognitive strategies: the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s learning.33. affect/ social strategies: the strategies dealing with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native.。
Chapter 6 pragmatics 语言学整理的资料
Chapter 61.pragmatics:自测：Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. (T/F)术语：pragmatics语用学解释：语用学处理的是语言的实际意义，是在应用中的意义，而不是固有的意义。
术语：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 语用学是研究某一语言的言者是如何利用句子成功进行交际的。
解释：Pragmatic analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with the study of what is communicated by a speaker/writer and interpreted by a listener/reader. Analysis of intentional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context. Intended meaning may or may not be explicitly expressed. Pragmatic analysis also explores how listeners/readers make inferences about what is communicated.语用学对意义的研究主要关注的是说者或作者要交流的是什么，听者或读者读到的是什么。
并且根据语境分析要表达的意义。
语言学--Pragmatics ppt课件
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ppt课件
• Speech acts is a term derived from the work of the philosopher J. L. Austin (1962) and now used to refer to a theory which analyzes the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?”
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6.2.3 Anaphora
• You need to know: definition of anaphora, antecedent, anaphor indirect anaphora and direct anaphora
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6.2.4 Presupposition
• a. Can I look at your Shakespeare? • b. Sure, it’s on the shelf over there. • You need to know • inference: process • reference: the act
9ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
ppt课件
6.2.2 Deixis
• You need to know: definition of deixis five types of deixis
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definition of deixis
新编语言学教程chapter 6 pragmatics (课堂PPT)
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Direct anaphora (direct relation between the antecedent and the anaphor):
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3.2 Constatives and performatives
• Constatives: statements, assertions and utterances like them; an utterance is used to state a fact or what the speaker believes to be a fact, or to describe state of affairs. e.g: She is a waitress. The characteristic property of a constative is that it can be assessed in terms of truth value.
the rest of social sience was/ wasn’t asleep. >> Chomsky was revolutionizing linguistics. • Cleft sentences It was/ wasn’t Henry that kissed Rosie. >> Somenone kissed Rosie. • Comparisons and contrasts Carol is/ isn’t a better linguist than Barbara. >> Barbara is a linguist.
pragmatics语用学-PPT
Non-detachability
• John is a genius( a mental prodigy; an enormous intellect; a big brain; an exceptionally clever human being).
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
英语语言学 语用学 Pragmatics
The essential distinction between semantics and pragmatics is whether the context of use is considered in the study of meaning.
6.1.2 pragmatics and semantics
related but different linguistic studies of meaning both study meaning
Semantics treats meaning as an abstract, self contained, intrinsic system, a property attached to language itself, which is not influenced by context.
研究语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际 的
It is a discipline of studying meaning not in isolation, but in context.
Pragmatics： the study of linguistic acts and the contexts in which they are performed
因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语 义学和语用学的根本区别所在。
如 It is cold in here 这个句子，对传统语义学 家来说，只是表达了“某一地点气温比较低” 这样的命题内容。而对语用学家来说，除了陈 述一个客观的气温情况外，说话人很可能是为 了请听话人做点什么，如关上窗户、打开暖气、 借件衣服御寒等。
语言学_Chapter 6_Pragmatics
对所使用语言的掌握 语言知识
对语言上文的了解 百科全书式的知识（常识）
语境
背景知识
语言外知识 情景知识
特定文化的社会规范 特定文化的会话规则 交际的时间、地点 交际的主题 交际的正式程度 交际参与者的相互关系
相互知识Biblioteka • 1. Situational context
• • • •
refers to the particular spatiotemporal situation in which an utterance occurs the place and time of the utterance, the speaker and the hearer, the actions they are performing at the time, the various objects and events existent in the situation.
performed via utterances • 3 simultaneous act in a speech act
6.2.1 Austin’s model: Speech Acts （言语 行为理论）
Austin (1962) distinguish two categories of utterances.
Annie: Cats were very happy today.
I think Annie means “Cats eat the cream.” What does Annie mean? Cats today were in high spirit.
Both are right. It is the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning!
语用学笔记
语用学笔记一基础知识一语用学定义1 Levinson关于语用学的9个定义及批评2 定义：语用学研究在不同语境中话语意义的恰当表达和准确理解，寻找并确立使上述目标的基本原则和准则。
二语用学的由来、产生与发展1提出：语用学（Pragmatics）这一术语最早是由美国哲学家（C.W.Morris）于1938年在其专著《符号理论基础》（Foundations of the Theory of Signs）提出。
他指出符号学（Semiotics）包括三部分，即：句法学（Syntax）、语义学（Semantics）和语用学（Pragmatics）。
其中：1）句法学：研究“符号之间的形式关系”；2）语义学：研究“符号及其所指对象的关系”；3）语用学：研究“符号与解释者interpreters（后改为使用者users）之间的关系”2 发展：1）语言哲学家Ba r·Hillel提出语用学的具体研究对象是指引词语（indexical expressions）；2）英国哲学家奥斯丁（J.Austin）和塞尔（J.Searle）的言语行为理论（Speech-Acts Theory）；3）美国哲学家格赖斯（H.P.Grice）的会话含义理论（Conversational Implicature）及合作原则（）；4）列文森（S.C.Levinson）的《语用学》（Pragmatics）；5）利奇（G.N.Leech）的语用原则（Principles of Pragmatics）；6）Wilso n﹠Sperber的关联理论（Relevance Theory）；7）范叔伦（Verschueren）的语言适应理论（Theory of Linguistic Adaptation）及综合论（）；8）新格赖斯会话机制（Neo-Gricean Pragmatic Apparatus）；9）范叔伦（Verschueren）的统一理论框架（Coherent Theoretical Framework）三结构主义语言学的功过1 区分语言（langue）和言语（parole），指出语言是语言学真正的研究对象；区分内部要素和外部要素，主张就语言而研究语言；F.de.Saussure 区分共时状态（synchronic）和历时状态（diachronic），认为共时状态的语言系统是语言研究的重点；提出语言系统共时描写的理论和方法。
语用学概述
二、语用学的主要内容 目前语用学的主要内容大致有以下几个方面： 目前语用学的主要内容大致有以下几个方面：
1.概述 1.概述 2.语境 2.语境 3.指示语 3.指示语 4.言语行为 4.言语行为 5.语用原则 5.语用原则 6.预设 6.预设 7.会话含义 7.会话含义 8.关联论 8.关联论
思考与练习：
（2）研究听话人的理解：
Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. (Yule.1996:3) said. (Yule.1996: Pragmatics is the study of understanding intentional human action. (Green, 1996:2) action. 1996: Pragmatics, as a topic in linguistics, is the study of the use of context to make inferences about meaning. (Fasold, 1993) meaning. 1993)
（1）研究说话人的意义： 研究说话人的意义：
a) Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning.(Yule.1996: meaning.(Yule.1996:3) b) Pragmatics is a theory which seeks to characterize how speaker use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication. communication. (Kempson, 1975:84) 1975:84) c) Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate. appropriate. (Levinson,1983:24) (Levinson,1983:24)
语言学导论第6章Pragmatics
Speech act theories:
Austin’s model of speech acts Searle’s classification of speech acts Indirect speech acts
E.g.,
cultural background, situation (time, place, manner, etc.) the relationship between the speaker and the hearer …
Pragmatics vs. Semantics
Semantics: (no context) the study of the literal meaning of a sentence
How these linguistic objects are used?
Pragmatics: language use in context
Roughly: the study of how to do things with words
Generally: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication
Indirect speech acts
Principle of conversation 会话原则
To converse with each other, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.
新编语言学教程chapter6pragmatics课堂
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Direct anaphora (direct relation between the antecedent and the anaphor):
husband. >> Joan hadn 't been beating her husband. ? Iteratives The flying saucer came/ didn 't come again . >>The flying saucer came before.
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? Temporal clauses
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2.2 Deixis (p.144)
Deixis is the words and expressions whose reference depends entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances.
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2. Micropragmatics (p.143) 2.1 Reference
The act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable hearer or reader to identify something is called reference.
heads. >> There exists a man with two heads. ? Factive verbs John realized/ didn ' t realize that he was in debt. >>John was in debt.
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美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H,P.Grice)1975提出的 会话含义理论(conversational implicature )以 及合作原则(cooperative principle)等等，为语 用学的创立提供了基本的理论基础。 语用学作为一个独立的学科门类有三个标志： A、1977年在荷兰创刊的《语用学杂志》 (Pragmatics) B、1985年在意大利召开的第一次国际语 用学大会 C、1986年正式建立的国际语用学会。(IPrA)
英国哲学家奥斯汀( John Langshaw Austin) 于 1955 年在哈佛大学作题为《 论言有所为》 ( How To Do Thing with Words) 的系列演讲中提 出言语行为理论 ( Theory of Speech Act ) , 反对 逻辑实证主义的凡不能验证其真或假的陈述都是 伪陈述, 就是无意义的实证观点, 向当时的逻辑实 证主义发起挑战。 美国语言哲学家赛尔( John R. Searle) 1969 年出 版《言语行为》( Speech Act s) , 1975 年出版 《间接言语行为 》( Indirect Speech Acts ) ,继承 发展了由奥斯汀提出的言语行为理论, 使之进一 步系统化、完善化。至此, 言语行为理论成为语 用学研究的重要内容之一。
1982 年, 胡附、文炼在《 中国语文》杂志第三期上首先发 表了《 句子分析漫谈》一文, 倡导三个平面( 句法, 语义, 语 用) 语法观, 明确提出语序所表达的有的属于语义,有的属于 语法, 有的属于语用, 开始把语用纳入汉语语法的研究范围。 自1989 年, 中国社会科学院语言研究所设立了汉语运用的 语用原则课题组以来, 语用学的研究一直被限制在研究语用 法和语法( 句法) 的关系这一规定的范围内。 1997 年, 钱冠林的《汉语文化语用学》问世。此书是国内 外第一部以汉语文化为背景的语用学专著。它的构建体系 和以英语文化为背景的语用学同中有异。
Pragmatics can be defined in various way
---- the study of language in use or language communication; the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning. ---- the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
Pragmatics
By
The historical development of Pragmatics
Origin of the term “pragmatics” The background information of Pragmatics The definition of Pragmatics
The development of Pragmatics in China
Pragmatics in foreign countries
The modern usage of the term “pragmatics” is attributable to the American philosopher Charles Morris.
Definition of pragmatics
语用学是对语言和语境之间对说明语言理 解具有重要性的那些关系的研究。 这个定义的可取之处是在于它承认语用学 在本质上是跟推导有关的, 缺点是语用学要 研究语言知识跟交际参与者的关于世界的 全部( 百科全书般) 的知识之间的相互关系, 这显然是一个艰难的任务。
Pragmatics in China
早在两千多年前的先秦时期, 我国先哲们已 对语言运用问题发表了许多真知灼见。 孔子在《论语》中曾多次提过要注意语言 运用时的场合、对象、时机、适当性和适 量性问题。 《 周易》 中的占筮, 诸子百家的“辩学” “名学” “ 言意论” “谬误论” 等, 都体 现了先哲们对语言运用问题的光辉思想
Semiotics Semantics (语义学) Syntactics (or syntax)(句法学).
In 1946, Morris published Signs, Language and Behavior (<<符号，语 言和行为>>), in which he explains pragmatics as “relation between signs and their human users”.
此后, 我国古代文人不断对前人的语用思想加以 整理, 使之初步系统化, 形成了自己的语用论
宋齐梁时期的刘勰在其巨著《文心雕龙》 中提出了关于语言运用的美学原则和篇章 联结中有语助词的连贯作用。这两点是国 外语用学所绝无而我们汉语文化所仅有的。
自一百多年前的《马氏文通》 问世至今, 我国以较 快的速度不断引进西方语用学的新理论和新观点
Origin of the term “Pragmatics”
(Latin) “prāgmaticus”
(Greek) “prāgmatikós”
“affairs of a state, an act, or deed
The development of Pragmatics
The development of Pragmatics in the foreign countries
Bar-Hillel（巴尔-希勒尔）(1954)took the view that pragmatics is the study of language that contains indexical expressions(指引词语) such as “I ”, “here”, now” ,etc. He argued that the real meaning of these terms could only be determined by the real situation in which the term is uttered.
语用学是从功能的观点, 即试图通过涉及到 非语言的强制和原因来解释语言结构的某 些方面来对语言进行研究。
这个定义的缺点是不能把语用学跟关注语 言功能研究的其它学科, 例如心理语言学和 社会语言学有效地区别开来。
1996 年Hadmmod Bussman 编写的Rout ledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics中给语用学的定义是这样的: Pragmatics is a subdiscipline of linguistics developed from different linguistic philosophical and sociological traditions that studies the relationship between natural language expressions and their uses in specific situation 此定义看来较完备但是还缺少了对语用学 应用领域的论述。
In 1938, he published a book Foundations of the theory of signs,(<<符号理论基础>>) in which he outlined the general shape of a science of sபைடு நூலகம்gns, or semiotics. Pragmatics (语用学)